FUOIOCY LIBRARY

BOTA/tfY

OP THE

NORTHERN AND MIDDLE STATES ,-

OR

r^. - ' -" i •

A DESCRIPTION OF THE PLANTS FOUND IN THE UNITED
STATES, NORTH OF VIRGINIA,

ARRANGED ACCORDING TO THE NATURAL SYSTEM.
WITH

A SYNOPSIS .OF THE GENERA ACCORDING TO THE LINNJEAN SYSTEM

. A SKETCH OF THE RUDIMENTS OF BOTANY, AND
A GLOSSSARY OF TERMS.

BY •

LEWIS C. BECK, M. D.

PROFESSOR OF CHEMISTRY AND NATURAL HISTORY IN RUTGERS COLLEGE,

X, J. ; MEMBER OF THE ROYAL PHYSICAL SOCIETY OF EDINBURGH ;

OF THE LINNvEAN SOCIETY OF PARIS ; OF THE NATURAL HISTORY

SOCIETY OF MONTREAL ; OF THE NEW-YORK LYCEUM J

AND OF THE ALBANY INSTITUTE, &C.

ALBANY:

fRINTED BY WEBSTER A5D

Corner of State and North Pearl Streets.
1833.

Entered according to Act of Congress, in the District Court of the
United States for the Northern District of the State of New-York,
by LEWIS C. BECK, of said District, in the year 1833.

SOLOGY LIBRARY

TO THE

•

REV. LEWIS DE SCHWEINITZ, PH. D.

THIS W.ORK

IS

INSCRIBED), ,.'

AS. A TRIBUTE OP RESPECT AND ESTEEM,
: • "- * BY HIS OBLIGED FRIEND,

LEWIS C. BECK.

PREFACE.

THE object of this work is to furnish a description of
the plants of which it treats, adapted to the present
state of botanical science. ' In accordance with this de-
sign, I have followed the natural method of arrange-
ment, which has already received the sanction of the
best botanists of Europe, and cannot fail of being adopt-
ed by those of our own country. For the purpose of con-
tributing in some degree to the accomplishment of this
desirable result, I have given, as shortly as possible, the
characters of the Natural Orders, which are arranged
according to the method of Jussieu Us modified by De
Candolle. In this part of the work, I have con-
sulted with great advantage; the article BOTANY in
the new edition, of the Encyclopaedia Britannica ;
and indeed, I have, with few exceptions, adopted the
arrangement and characters of the orders there given.
Of the article -in question, I regret that I have as yet
been unable to ascertain the name of the author, but it
bears throughout the impress of one who is thoroughly
versed in the subject of which it treats. I should also
mention, that I have derived much assistance from Prof.
Lindley's Introduction to the Natural System.

. With regard to the Genera, some alterations, and as it
is conceived, improvements, will' be observed by the bot-
anist. These consist, generally, in the adoption of the
views of De Candolle and 'others, who have made the
natural system a particular study. As some of the Lin-
nsean genera are thus divided-, and others remodelled, it
may fprm a ground of objection on the part of those
who have not tluly considered the subject. But it
should be remembered, that Botany is a progressive
science ; and it would be strange indeed if the labors
of botanists, since the time of- Linnaeus, should not have
resulted in a more correct knowledge of plants, and

VI PREFACE.

hence of the* proper mode in which they should be
grouped together. It is difficult to determine the "true
import of the Linnaean maxim, " let the genus give the
character" ; but if it is intended by it that the charac-
ters thus established should be so modified as to embrace
all new plants, 'or that the genera should not be divid-
ed as nature seems to warrant, it is*, in my opinion, quite
as much honored " in the breach as in the observ-
ance." I »*

In the description of tlie Species, in addition to my
own observations, I have freely availed myself of all
the sources of information within my reach. The works
on American Botany have been constantly consulted ;
especially Pursh's Flora, Torrey's Flora and Compen-
dium, Elliott's Sketch, Nuttall's Genera, Bigelow's Flo-
rula, Muhlenberg's Grasses, and his Catalogue, &tc.
In this part of the work, it has been my object to give
an accurate and sufficiently detailed description, togeth-
er with the habitat and geographical range of each spe-
cies, and such popular characters and illustrations as it
was thought would be an additional guide to the begin-
ner. It may be observed, that I have generally adopt-
ed the specific characters of De Candolle, as far as the
PJatural Order Composite. With regard to the Gluma-
ceae, I have, with few exceptions, adopted the views of
Dr. Torrey. Dr. Hooker's valuable Flora Bor. Amer.
and- Richardson's Appcndfx to Franklin's Narrative,
have afforded me the means of determining the Northern
limits of many of our plants. For the Southern limits
I have generally depended upon Elliott, and upon the
information which 1 have received from my friends,
Prof. T. R. Ingalls of Louisiana, and Dr. Isaac Branch
of South Carolina; and. for the Western, upon my own
observations, and upon those of Mr. Nuttall, and other
botanists who have explored the region west of the Mis-
sissippi. I should also state, that while this work was

PREFACE. • Vil

passing through the press, I received through the kind-
ness of Mr, Albert R. Fox of Sand Lake, a catalogue
•of the plants found by Dr. Houghton, now of Detroit, *
in his interesting tottr to the sources of the Mississippi.

This work "being intended as a text-book for the be-
ginner, as well as a convenient manual for the more ad-
vanced botanist, I have added a Sketch of the. Rudi-
ments of Botany, drawn chiefly from Prof. Lindley's
Outlines, and the article in the Encyclopaedia, to which
I have before referred; — a Glossary of Terms, and a
Table of the Linnsean Classes and Orders. And to ac-
commodate those who wish to investigate plants accord-
ing to the Artificial System, a Synopsis, of the 'Genera is
also introduced, containing under each genus a reference
to the Natural Order, and the page where the species
are described. I have not introduced any cultivated
exotics, for the reasons, 1st, that it would have materi-
ally increased the size and expense of the work ; and
2dly, that observation has satisfied me of the injurious
effects, of commencing the study of botany with the ex-
amination of plants, which are often so much changed
in their characters by a difference of climate, soil, culti-
vation, &c. ..'•

It only remains for. me to present' my acknowledg-
ments to those individuals who' have -afforded me assist-
ance and encouragement, in the prosecution of my de-
sign. To. the Rev. L» D. de Schweinitz; I am under
particular obligations, for the important aid which he
has rendered. Nor should I omit to. .mention, that I
am indebted to Dr. Asa Gray, of Utica, for much in-
teresting information concerning the Botany 'of Western
New-York, In all cases it has been my object to give
due credit for every new or interesting fact which has
been communicated to me.

ALBANY,

ABBREVIATIONS AND CHARACTERS.

All.

Allioni,

Mich.

Michaux.

Bart.

Barton.

Mich.f.

' Michaux the younger.

Big.

Bigelow.

Mnhl. .

Muhlenberg.

De CancT.

De Candolle.

Kutt.

Nuttall.

Desf.

Pesfontaines.

P. tk B.

Palisot de Beaurois.

Desv.

DesvaUx.

Pers.

Pcrsoon.

Eat.

Eaton.

Raf.

Rafinesque.

•Ell.

Elliott. '

R. 4- s.

Roemer and Schultes.

Gmel.

Gmelin.

• Rich.

Richard.

Good.

Goodenow.

Salisb.

Salisbury.

Gron.

Gronovius. .

Schk.

Sehkuhr.

Hook.

Hooker.

Schr^.

Schreber.

Jacq. .

Jacquin. • "

Schic.

Schweinitz.

Juss.

Jussicu.

Spreng.

Sprengel.

Lam.

Lamarck.

Torr.

Torrey.

Lamb.

Lambert.

Tourn.

Tournefort.

Lehm.

Lchmann.

Trm.

Trinius.

Ullerit.

L'H«ritier. .

Walt.

Walter.

Light.

Lightfoot.

Wangh.

Wangcnheim.

Lind.

Lind ley.

WUld.

Willdenow.

Linn.

Linmeus.

Vent.

Ventenat.

0 Annual. * . .

Cf* Biennial.
2£ Perennial.
>> Shrubby or arboreous.
Can. . Canada,

Car. South Carolina, unless preceded by an N.
when it is intended for North Carolina .
W, to M iss. As far West as M issouri.
W. to Mich. As far West as Michigan.

SKETCH OF THE RUDIMENTS OF BOTANY.

ELEMENTARY ORGANS.

1. The tissue of which plants consist, appears under four forms,
viz : cellular tissue, woody fibre, spiral vessels, and ducts. These are
called elementary organs.

2. Cellular Tissue or parenchyma is composed of transparent vescicles,
variously cohering with each other. It is the only form universally
found in plants ; the other forms being often partially or entirely want-
ing.

3. Woody Fibre is a tissue consisting of elongated tubes, similar to
the vescicles of cellular tissue, and is therefore often called elongated
cellular tissue.

4. Spiral Vessels are formed of elastic tissue, twisted spirally into
the form of a cylinder, and capable of being unrolled. They only
exist in plants propogated by stamens and pistils, and hence the
two primary divisions of the vegetable kingdom into Vasculares and
Gellulares.

.5. Ducts are elongated, transparent tubes, composed of tissue that
is not capable of unrolling.

6. All these forms are covered by a membrane called the cuticle.

7. From peculiar combinations of the elementary organs are formed
the compound organs.

8. The root is formed by the descending and dividing fibres of the
•stem ; and by it plants are with few exceptions fixed to the earth, and
nutriment absorbed.

9. It is distinguished from the stem by the absence of leaves, of pith
even in those plants in which it is abundant in the stem, and of spiral
vessels.

10. It usually consists of three parts ; the neck, (collum) or line of
separation from the stem ; the body or middle portion ; and the fibres
or little roots, through which the nourishment is principally derived.

11. The following are the principal kinds of roots :

a. Conical, or principal tap root as it is sometimes called ; tapering
downwards and emitting fibres from various parts of its surface ; as in
the carrot.

b. Fusiform, when the conical root is attenuated towards the neck,
as well as below ; as in the radish.

c. Napiform, when it is swollen out extremely in the upper part and
suddenly attenuated below ; as in the turnip.

d. Abrupt, when the fusiform root is as it were cut off suddenly.

la

X RUDIMENTS OP BOTANY.

«. Fibrous, a collection or bundle of fibres connected by a common
head and often merely by .the base of the stem ; as in the grasses.

/. Fasciculated, when the fibres swell out slightly in the middle.

g. Tuberous, a fibrous root bearing either at its neck or here and there
attached to its fibres one or more tubete, fleshy, and containing much
starchy feculent matter. These tubers are properly short subterranean
stems, containing usually eyes or buds from which new plants arise.
— The root should be called tuberiferous.

h. Granulated, a collection of small tubercles with eyes fit for the
reproduction of a plant, but not enveloped by cellular tissue filled
with starchy matter.

i. Bulbous, consisting of a number of scales or coats closely applied
to each other, with a crown at the top and fibres below; — It performs
the 'office of a bud, and such roots may rather be termed bulbifcroua.

12. The direction of the root is usually towards the centre of the
earth ; but it is sometimes contorted or bent upwards and downwards in
a zigzag manner ; or creeping when it proceeds laterally at right angles
from this. These have often been confounded with subterranean
branches ; the last of which only are troublesome to the agricultur-
alist.

13. This is the part which springs upwards during the germination
of a seed ; it is the intermediate body between the root and the leaves.

14. When the stem of a plant arising from a seed is evident, the
plant is termed caulescent ; and when not apparent or scarcely so, the
plants have received the name ofacaules, or stemlcss.

15. When the stem instead of ascending, stretches either wholly or
in part, under ground, emitting here and there roots from below and
branches or leaves which rise upwards, it is called a rhizoma ; or if it
do not emit fibres, a cormus. Most of what Linmeus incorrectly de-
scribed as creeping roots are of the former description.

16. Stolons or runners are long stems of a peculiar nature issuing
horizontally from a plant, and emitting only from the extremity roots
and leafy buds, as in the strawberry.

17. The stem varies in structure, in three principal modes.

18. In vascular plants it is either formed by successive additions to
the outside of the wood, when it is called Exogenous ; or by successive
additions to its centre, when it is called Endogenous. In cellular
plants it is formed by the union of the base of the leaves, or by a sim-
ple elongation or dilatation where no leaves or buds exist.

19. The stem of Exogenous plants may be distinguished into the
pith, the medullary sheath, the wood, the bark, the medullary rays,
and the cambium.

20. The pith is a mass of spongy cellular tissue occupying the centre
of the stem.

21. The medullary sheath surrounds the pith, and consists of ipiral
vessels and ducts. It communicates on one side with ths pith and on
the other with the medullary rays, leaf buds and veins of the leaves.

22. The wood lies upon the medullary sheath and consists of con-
centric layers, one of which is formed every year. These layers are

RUDIMENTS OP BOTANY. XI

composed of cellular tissue, woody fibre and ducts, and are traversed
by the medullary rays composed of cellular tissue, and connecting the
centre with the circumference.— The fully formed or central layers are
called the heart-wood, and the exterior the alburnum.

23. The bark surrounds the wood, and like it consists of concentric
layers, but of these the hardest or most fully formed is exterior and
the youngest interior. Each concentric layer is composed of woody
fibre and ducts covered externally by a layer of cellular tissue ; — the
woody fibre and ducts constituting the liber ; and the outer cellular
tissue, the epidermis.

24. The cambium is a viscid secretion which is formed in the spring,
between the liber and alburnum.

25. The stem of Endogenous plants presents no distinction of pith,
medullary rays, wood and bark, but is formed of bundles of ducts and
spiral vessels interspersed through a cellular tissue ; and this is sur-
rounded by a stratum of cellular tissue and woody fibre different from
bark, inasmuch as it cannot be separated from the stem itself. Such
plants have their diameter increased by the addition of central vascular
tissue and ducts.

26. Projections from the medullary sheaths sometimes reach the
circumference of the stem and branches, forming what are called nodi,
to which are attached leaves and leaf buds, and the spaces between
these are called internodia.

27. Whatever is produced by the evolution of a leaf bud is a branch :
A spine therefore is a kind of branch ; it differs from the prickle which
is a mere dilatation of the cellular portion of the bark.

28. The stem peculiar to the grasses and other allied tribes is term-
ed a culm. ' This is simple or rarely branched, generally hollow within
or fistulose, and separated at intervals by knots ; or partitions from
which issue the leaves.

29. The stem may be simple or branched, and with the branches
may be cylindrical, or conical ; round, (terete, ) or angled ; smootfi, fur-
rowed, or rough, or hairy, &c.

30. With regard to duration the stem is

a. Annual, (0) when it is completely developed and decays during
the same season.

b. Biennial, ( $ ) when it produces fruit the second season and then
decays,

c. Perennial, (If) when it produces flowers and fruit during many
successive seasons.

31. The term herl or herbaceous employed in opposition to perennial,
denotes that the stem generally dies down to the ground every year.

LEAF-BUDS.

32. Buds are of two kinds, leaf-buds and flower-buds.

33. Leaf -buds consist of rudimentary leaves surrounding a vital point,
the tissue of which is capable of elongation ; upwards in the form of
stem, and downwards in the form of wood or root.

34. Flotcer-buds consist of rudimentary leaves surrounding a point,
which does not elongate after it is once developed, and assumes when
fully developed, the form of reproductive apparatus.

Xll RUDIMENTS OP BOTANY.

35. Leaf-buds are of two kinds ; the regular only found in the axil*
of the leaves ; and the adventitious which may be produced wherever
there is an anastomosis of woody fibre.

36. Leaf-buds have sometimes been confounded with roots by old
botanists. A bulb is a leaf-bud.

37. Leaves are those expansions which issue laterally from the stem
and branches of plants. They take their origin from the bark, and are
always to be observed, whether perfect or rudimentary, immediately
below the leaf-buds.

38. Those leaves situated near the root are often larger, and of a dif-
ferent shape from those higher up the stem ; the former are termed
radical, the latter cauUne.

89. A leaf consists of a petiole, a lamina or limb, and a pair of sti-
pules ; but sometimes only one of these three part? can be observed.

40. The petiole is the channel through which the vessels of the leaf
are connected with those of the stem ; it is formed of one or more
bundles of spiral vessels and woody fibre, enclosed in a cellular integu-
ment.

41. The lamina of a leaf is an expansion of the parenchyma of the
petiole, and is transversed by veins which are ramifications or exten-
sions of the bundles of vascular tissue of the petiole, or when there is
no petiole, of the stem.

42. These veins either branch in various directions among the paren-
chyma, anastamosing and forming a kind of net-work, or they run
parallel to each other, being connected by single transverse unbranched
veins ; the former structure being characteristic of Exogenous, and the
latter, of Endogenous plants. To this the Conjferai and Cycadete form
perhaps the only exceptions ; these haying the stems of the Exogen-
ous, but the same arrangement of the veins as in the Endogenoe.

43. The principal vein of a leaf is a continuation of the petiole, run-
ning in a direct line from the base to the apex of the lamina, and is
called the midrib.

44. The lamina is variously divided and formed ; it is usually thin
and membranous, with a distinct upper and under surface, but some-
times becomes succulent, when the surfaces cannot be distinguished.

45. A leaf is either simple or compound ; simple when its lamina is
undivided, or when, if separated into several divisions, these segments
are not articulated with the petiole ; compound when the lamina is ar-
ticulated with the petiole.

46. The modes in which leaves are divided are distinguished by par-
ticular names, as pinnate, pinnatifid, bipinnate, bipinnatifid, &c. &c.
These terms apply to the mode of division, and are equally applicable
to simple and compound leaves.

47. Stipules are those small foliaceous organs sometimes situated on
each side at the base of the petiole. They never occur in the Endo-
genae, nor in any Exogenous plants that have sheathing petioles, and
are rarely found in genera with opposite leaves. They are sometimes
transformed into leaves ; they sometimes have leaf-buds in their axils ;
and sometimes also they are changed into spines.

RUDIMENTS OP BOTANY. Xlll

48. Leaves are originally continuous with the stem, bat afterwards,
from a cause which is still unknown, an articulation more or less com-
plete takes place and the fall of the leaf ensues.

49. The mode in which leaves are arranged within their bud is call-
ed vernation or gemmation. This varies much in different groups of
plants.

FLOWER-BUDS.

50. The flower-bud consists of imbricated rudimentary or metamor-
phosed leaves, the external or inferior of which are usually alternate,
and the internal or superior always verticillate or opposite ; the latter
are called floral envelopes and reproductive organs.

51. The leaves from the axils of which the flower-buds arise are call-
ed bracts, (bractea,} or floral leaves ; and those leaves which appear on
the pedicel between the bracts and calyx, are called bracteolce. These ,
although essentially distinct, are often confounded with the former.

52. When a single bract is rolled together, highly developed, and
coloured, and is placed at the base of the form of inflorescence called a
spadix, it is named a spathe, (spatha. )

53. When several bracts are verticillate or densely imbricated around
the base of the forms of inflorescence called the umbel, or capitulum,
they are termed an involucre ; and those at the base of each partial
umbel are called involucels.

54. Small imbricated bracts are often called scales ; as in the Com-
posite.

55. Bracts, when placed immediately below the stamens and pistils,
as in apetalous flowers, are only distinguished from the calyx by being
alternate with each other, and not verticillate ; hence the glumes and
paL&E of grasses are bracts and not calyx.

56. The elongation of the axis of the flower bud from the point of
its connexion with the stem, as far as the floral envelopes, is called the
peduncle.

57. When several peduncles spring from the axis near to each other,
the axis is termed a rachis, and the peduncles themselves are called

58. Those axes that spring from the earth and bear no true leaves
are denominated scapes.

59. The modes in which the flower-buds are arranged are called
forms of inflorescence ; and the order in which they unfold, is called the
order of expansion.

INFLORESCENCE,

60. When a flower-bud gives rise to only one flower, terminal on its
peduncle, and the axis of the plant does not elongate beyond the bud,
the flower is commonly called terminal and solitary.

61. When the axis, however, continues to elongate and the bract re-
tains the form and size of a leaf, the flower is called axillary and soli-
tary.

62. If the buds instead of giving rise to one terminal flower have the
axis elongated, bearing several flowers, and each flower on a peduncle,
a raceme is formed.

la*

XIV RUDIMENTS OF BOTANY.

63. WJien each flower is sessile or placed in the axil of the bracts,
without a peduncle, a spike is produced : Hence the only difference
between a spike and raceme in, that in the former the flowers are ses-
sile and the latter stalked. The term spike, however, is applied in
those cases where the peduncle is scarcely perceptible.

64. A spadix is a sort of spike, in which the flowers are closely
packed together upon a succulent axis, which is enveloped in a spathe.

65. An ament or catkin, is a spike, the bracts or scales of which are
nearly of equal size and closely imbricated, and which is articulated
with the stem.

66. When a bud produces flower-buds, with a little elongation of its
own axis, -either a head, (capitulum,) or an umbel is produced. The
former bears the same relation to the latter as the spike to the raceme ;
that is, they differ in the flower-buds of the head being sessile, and of
the umbel having pedicels.

67. A raceme, the -lowest flowers of which have long pedicels and
the uppermost short ones, forming a sort of level top, is a corymb.

68. A panicle is a raceme, the flower-buds of which have, in elon-
gating, developed other flower-buds.

69. A panicle, the middle branches of which are longer than those
of the base or apex, is termed a thyrse.

70. A panicle, the elongation of all the ramifications of which is ar-
rested, so that it assumes the appearance of an umbel, is called a cymt.
The cyme may have the lateral branches very short and the flowers
clustered together, forming n fascicle \ or it may be so contracted and the
ramification of it so little apparent, as to be confounded with the true
head, when it is called a gltrmcruU.

71. In all the modes of simple inflorescence, that is those which pro-
ceed from the buds of a single branch, the flowers expand first at the
base and last at the summit. This kind of expansion is called centri-
petal.

72. When the inflorescence ia compound, or the result of the expan-
sion of several buds or branches, the uppermost or central flowers are
first developed, and lastly the outer or lower ones. This kind of ex-
pansion is called the centrifugal.

FLORAL IlfVELOPKS.

73. These immediately surround the stamens and pistils and are
formed of one or more whorls of variously modified leaves. When
they consist of but one whorl, they are called calyx ; when of two
whorls, the outer is called calyx, the inner carol, (corolla. )

74. If the floral envelopes are of such a nature that it is not obvious
whether they consist of both calyx and corol, or calyx only, they re-
ceive the name of perianth, or perigonium.

75. Some plants have no floral envelopes ; the flowers are then said
to be naked or achLamydeous.

76. The calyx consists of two or more divisions, usually green, call-
ed sepals, which are either distinct, when a calyx 1s said to be polyse-
palous, or which unite by their margins in a greater or less degree,
when it is called monosepalous or monophyllous, ("more properly gamo-
sepaloui. )

RUDIMENTS OP BOTANY. XV

77. The corol or corolla consists of two or more divisions, more or
less coloured, called petals ; when the petals are distinct, a corol is
said to be polypetalous ; when they are united by the margins, it is
called monopetalous, (more properly gamopetalous.)

78. When all the petals are equal, the corol is said to be regular, but
when they are unequal in size or cohere unequally, it is then called
irregular.

79. The regular monopetalous corol varies greatly in its form, being
campanulate or bell-shaped, infundibuliform or funnel-shaped, rotate or
whed-shaped, &c.

80. The calyx or corol are said to be labiate or bilabiate, when the
sepals or petals are united in one or two parcels.

81. The papilionaceous corol consists of five petals ; the upper
one, usually larger than the others, is palled the vexillum or standard ;
the two lateral ones, the ala or wings ; and the two lower ones,
usually more or less united together by their lower margins, the carina
or keel.

82. When the petal tapers conspicuously towards the base, it is said
to be unguiculate or clawed ; its lower part is called the unguis or
claw, its upper, the limb.

83. The dilated apex of the pedicel, from which the floral envelopes
and stamens arise, is called the torus or receptacle,

84. Whatever intervenes between the bracts and the stamens be-
long to the floral envelopes, and is either calyx or corol ; of which na-
ture are many of the organs commonly called nectaries.

85. The manner in which the floral envelopes are arranged before
they expand is called their (estivation, or proqfloration.

DISK.

86. Whatever intervenes between the stamens and pistils receives
the general name of disk.

87. The disk usually consists of an annular elevation encompassing
the base of the ovary ; but it sometimes appears in the form of a glan-
dular lining of the tube of the calyx, as in the Rose ; or of tooth like
hypogynous processes, as in the Cruciferse ; or of a fleshy mass, as in
Lamium.

88. The disk sometimes appears to be a mere cellular expansion or
the torus, (83) as in Nelumbium.

89. It is one of the parts commonly called nectary.

STAMENS.

90. The whorl of organs immediately within the petals is composed
of bodies called stamens, and they are essential to the production of
seed.

91. When stamens and pistils occur in the same flower it is termed
perfect or hemaphrodite; but when the stamens are in one flower and
the pistils in another, the flowers are imperfect or diclinous.

92. The number of stamens is variable, five or ten being the nsual
number among the Exogenous, and three to six among the Endogen-
ous plants.

XVI RUDIMENTS OF BOTANY.

93. When the stamens do not contract any union with th'e sides of
the calyx, they are hypogynous ; as in Ranunculus.

94. When they contract adhesion with the side of the calyx, they
become perigynous ; as in Rosa.

95. If they are united both with the surface of the calyx and of the
ovary, they are epigynons ; as in Umbelliferce.

96. The stamen consists of a filament and an anther.

97. The filament is the body which arises from the torus, and is
sometimes cylindrical, -or awl-shaped, or prismatical, and is even at
times expanded, as if iato a scale or petal ; but it is not essential to
the stamen.

98. The filaments are usually free or isolated from each other ; but
they are sometimes united into one tube, when they are called monadd-
phous ; or into two parcels, diadclphous ;^or into several, polyadelphous.

99. When they are united into a solid body along with the style,
they form what is called a column, and are said to be gynandrous.

100. The anther is a kind of bag borne by the filament, and corres-
ponds to the lamina of a leaf. It is sessile when there is no filament,
or it is placed at the top of the filament in various ways.

101. The bags or cells of the anther are termed lobes, and the solid
substance which connects them, corresponding to the midrib of a leaf,
the eonncctirum. These cells are usually two in number ; sometimes
they are four, rarely one.

102. The lobes or cells of the anthers open in different ways by
what is called the line of dchiscence ; sometimes only a portion of this
line opens, the anther is then said to dehisce by pores ; Ex. Azalea.

103. The anthers frequently grow together by their margins, as in
the Composite ; when they are called syngeneswus.

104. The anther contains and frequently emits a matter called the
poUen, the use of which is to give life to the ovule or young seed.

105. When the grains of pollen burst, they again discharge a multi-
tude of very minute particles, called molecules, or granules.

IOC. When the grains of pollen easily detach from each other, they
are said to be pulverulent, and then they may be either perfectly smooth
or they may be viscous.

107. Sometimes the grains contained in one cell or bag, instead of
separating readily, cohere into what is termed a pollen mass, (pol-
Ex. Orchidese.

108. The pistil or pistittum is the organ which occupies the centre of
a flower, within the stamens, and is the fruit-bearing apparatus of
plants.

109. It is distinguished into three parts, viz : the atarg, the style,
and the stigma.

110. The ovary is a hollow case enclosing the ovules or young seeds.
It contains one or more cavities called cells.

111. The stigma is the upper extremity of the pistil.

112. The style is that part which connects the ovary and stigma ;
but it is often wanting, when the stigma is said to be sessile.

RUDIMENTS OP BOTANY. XVH

113. The pistil is either the modification of a single leaf, or of one
or more whorls of modified leaves ; the latter being termed carpels.

114. When the margins of the folded leaf out of which the carpel is
formed meet and unite, a copious developement of cellular tissue takes
place, forming what is called the 'placenta.

115. If no union takes place among the carpels, the ovary is termed
apocarpous, as in Ranunculus ; but if there is an adherence, so that a
compound ovary is formed, it is called syncarpous.

116. When carpels unite, those parts of their sides which are con-
tiguous grow together, and form partitions between the cavities of the
carpels, called dissepiments.

117. When these dissepiments are so contracted as not to separate
the cavity into a number of distinct cells, but merely project into a
cavity, the placentas which occupy the edges of these dissepiments be-
come what is termed parietal.

118. If the dissepiments are abortive or obliterated, the placente re-
maining unaltered in the axis, a free central placenta is formed.

119. A one-celled ovary may also be formed out of several carpels
in consequence o.f the obliteration of the dissepiments ; Ex. Nut.

120. If the ovary adheres to the sides of the calyx it is called inferior,
and the calyx is said to be superior.

121. If it contracts no adhesion with the sides of the calyx, it is
called superior, and the calyx inferior.

122. The ovule or ovulum is a body borne by the placenta, and is
destined to become the seed ; its position is of great importance in de-
termining natural affinities.

123. When the ovule is fixed by its base to the bottom of one of the
cells of the ovary, of which it takes the direction, it is said to be erect ;
or if it hangs from the summit of the cell, it is inverted.

124. When it is attached to the middle portion of the placenta, it
may have an upright direction, and is then called ascendant, or point
downwards and is then suspended. Generally, however, the erect and
ascendant ovule are confounded under one name, and the inverted and
suspended are known by the term pendulous.

125. The ovule is either sessile, or on a stalk called thefuniculus or
podosperm ; and in either case the point by which the union is formed
is termed the base of the ovule, and the other extremity the apex.

126. The ovule consists of a nucleus and two external coats ; the
outer of which is called the testa-or primine sac ; and the inner, the in-
ternal membrane, or secundine sac, or the tegmen.

127. The base of the nucleus is always incorporated with the base of
the internal membrane, and their common base is attached at some
points to the testa. The junction of the three, forms the chalaza.

128. The mouths of the primine and secundine sacs usually con-
tract into a small aperture called the foramen of the ovule, or the exos-
tome. It is through this foramen that the molecules of the pollen are
introduced into the nucleus ; and its position indicates the future posi-
tion of the radicle of the embryo, the radicle being always next the
foramen.

XVlll RUDIMENTS OP BOTANY.

129. When the apex of the nucleus is contiguous to the base of the
ovule, a connection takes place between the base of the ovule and the
base of the nucleus, by a bundle of vessels called a raj/lie.

FRUIT.

130. Fecundation having taken place, the floral envelopei usually
fade away, the stamens disappear and the pistil increases in size and
becomes the fruit.

131. Hence the fruit should have the same structure as the pistil,
but this is not always the case, for as the pistil advances to maturity
many alterations take places, in consequence of abortion, non-deve-
lopemeut. obliteration or even union of parts.

132. The base of the fruit is the part where it is joined to the pedun-
cle ; the apex is where the remains of the style are found.

133. The portion of the pistil called the ovary is in the ripe fruit
termed the pericarp.

134. The pericarp consists of three parts, the outer coating called
the cpicarj), the inner lining called the cjidocarp or putamen, and the in-
termediate substance named the sarcocarp or mesocarp. Sometime*
these three parts are readily distinguished, as in the peach ; but they
frequently form one uniform substance, as in the nut

1 35. The axis of the fruit is often called columcUa ; the space where
two carpels unite is named the commissure.

136. If the pericarp neither splits nor opens when ripe, it is said to
be indchiscent ; but if it does split or open, it is said to ddiisce, or to be
dehiscent ; and the pieces into which it divides are termed voices.

137. When a fruit is in its simplest state, or formed by the trans-
formation of one carpellary leaf, there may be two sutures or lines by
which it may open, the one where the margins of the leaf or the pla-
centte meet, called the ventral suture, the other at the part correspond-
ing to the midrib of the leaf, or the dorsal suture.

138. If, in a compound fruit, the line of opening corresponds with the
junction of the carpels the dehiscence is scpticidal. Formerly in this
kind of delu'scence the valves were said to be alternate with the dissepi-
ment.

139. If the opening is by the dorsal suture of each carpel, the de-
luscence is locuticidal \ or as it was formerly said, die dissepiments are
opposite to tkt valets.

140. When a separation of the pericarp takes place across the cells
horizontally, the dehiscence is transverse.

141. If the dehiscence is effected by partial openings of the pericarp,
it is said to take place by pores.

142. All fruits are either simple or multiple ; the former proceeding
from a single flower, as the Apple, Nut, Strawberry, &c. : the latter
formed out of several flowers), as the Pine-apple, Fig, &c.

143. Simple fruits are either indchiscent or dehiscent ; of the former
the most important are the caryopsis, the utricle, the achenium and the
drupe.

144. The caryopsis, is where the pericarp is very thin and membran-
ous, and adheres firmly to the integument of the seed ; Ex. Wheat
and Barley.

RUDIMENTS OP BOTANY. xix

145. The utricle is similar to the caryopsis, the pericarp being mem-
branous, but it has no adherence with the seed.

146. The achenium, (acine,} in which the pericarp is hard and bony,
as well as distinct from the proper covering of the seed ; as in the Com-
posites.

147. A drupe is a fleshy nut enclosing a putamen ; Ex. Cherry and
Peach.

148. The nut contains a putamen, but the sarcocarp is coriaceous,
instead of being fleshy.

149. The dry dehiscent fruits are the follicle and the legume.

150. The follicle is a carpel dehiscing by the ventral suture, and hav-
ing no dorsal suture.

151. The legume is a carpel having both ventral and dorsal sutures,
by either of which or by both or neither it may dehisce ; rarely the
sides fall off", bearing nothing but sutures, which then form a kind of
frame, called a replum. When articulations take place across the
legume and it falls into several pieces, it is said to be lomentaceous.

152. Of fruit formed of several carpels the principal are the capsule,
the silique, gland, berry, orange, pome, and pepo.

153. The capsule is a many-celled, dry dehiscent pericarp.

154. The- silique, for pod, ) consists of two (or 'four) carpels fastened
together, the placentae of which are parietal and separate from the
valves, remaining in the form of a replum and connected by "a mem-
braneus expansion ; when the silique is very short, or broader than it is
long, it is called a silicle or pouch.

155. The gland is a dry bony, indehiscent, one-celled and one-seed-
ed fruit, proceeding from an ovary of several cells and seeds, and en-
closed by an involucre called a cupulc. Ex. Quercus.

156. The berry is a succulent fruit, the seeds of which lose their ad-
hesion when ripe, and lie loose in pulp ; as the grape or gooseberry.

157. The orange is a berry having a pericarp, separable into an epi-
carp, an endocarp and a sarcocarp, and the cells filled with pulpy bags,
which are cellular extensions of the sides of the cavity.

158. The pome is a union of two or more inferior carpels, the peri-
carp being fleshy and formed of the floral envelope and ovary firmly
united.

159>. Thepepo is composed of about three carpels, the sides of which
do not turn far inwards, nor the margins unite. It is a one-celled,
fleshy, indehiscent fruit, with parietal placentae.

160. The most remarkable modifications of multiple fruits are the
cone, pine-apple, and fig.

161. The cone or strobile is an indurated ament. When it is much
reduced in size, and its scales cohere, it is called a galbulus ; as in
Thuja.

162. The pine-apple in a spike of inferior flowers, which all grow
together in a fleshy mass.

163. The fig is a fleshy, hollow, dilated apex of a peduncle, within
which a number of flowers are arranged, each of which contains an
achenium.

XX RUDIMENTS OP BOTANY.

364. The seed is the ovule arrived at maturity.

165. It consists of integuments, albumen and embryo ; a naked seed
is only found in those rare cases in which the ovule is naked.

166. The seed proceeds from the placenta, to which it is attached
by the funiculus ; sometimes this becomes expanded about the seed into
a fleshy body, called the arU.

167. The scar which indicates the union of the seed with the pla-
centa, is called the h'dum or umbilicus.

168. The integuments are called collectively testa, and consist of
membranes resulting from the sacs of the ovule. These membranes
are called by various names.

169. Between the integuments and the embryo of some plants lies a
substance called the albumen or perispcrm ; the nature of this is of great
importance.

170. The albumen is sometimes farinaceous, as in the grasses ; cori-
aceous and almost cartilaginous, as in many Umbelifene ; ruminated or
wrinkled as in Anonacese ; horny as in the coffee-bean ; or thin and
membranous, as in many Labiate.

171. The embryo is the organized body that lies within the seed,
which is destined to* become a plant similar in all respects to the pa-
rent. It is usually solitary in the seed, but occasionally there are two
or several.

172. The embryo consists of the cotyledons, the radicle, the plumu-
la and the neck.

1 73. The cotyledons represent' the undeveloped leaves.

174. The pbimula, is what is destined to become the stem, and is
therefore a rudimentary leaf-bud.

175. The radicle is the rudiment of the root, and by germination be-
comes the root.

176. The neck or coUum is the line of separation between the radicle
and the portion above it.

177. The number of cotyledons varies from one to several.

178. Plants that have but one cotyledon, or if with two, then the
cotyledons alternate with each other, are Monocotyledonous. These
are also Endogenous plants.

179. Plants that have two cotyledons placed opposite each other, or
a greater number placed in a whorl, are called Dicotyledonous. These
are also Exogenous plants.

180. Plants that have no cotyledons, are said to be Acotyledonous.
But this term is only applied to cellular plants, which having no sta-
mens and pistils, can have no seed.

181. When the radicle is so bent that it touches the back of one of
the cotyledons, it is said to be dorsal, or the cotyledons incumbent.

182. When the radicle is applied to the edge or cleft of the cotyle-
dons, it is said to be lateral, or the cotyledons accumbcnL

183. When the seed is called into action, germination takes place
.and growth commences.

XXL

GLOSSARY OF BOTANICAL TERMS.

The figures refer to the preceding Sketch.

Abortion, an Imperfect .develope-

rnent of any given organ.
Abruptly pinnate, pinnate with

even pairs only, wanting the odd

or terminal leafet.
Accumbent, lying on, prostrate, a

term employed in Cruciferae.

182.
Acerose, stiff, linear, and sharp, as

in the leayes of the Pines.
Acine or achenium, 146.
Acotyledonous, 180.
Aculeate, prickly.
Aculeus, a prickle ; growing to the

bark, not to the wood.
Acuminate, taper pointed, more

than acute.

Acute, ending in a sharp poir^t.
Adnatc, growing to, affixed lateral-

]y-

Agglomerated, bunched, crowded
together.

Aggregate, standing together, ma-
ny on the same receptacle, but
not compound.

Alated, see Winged.

Albumen, 169.

Alternate, placed alternately on op-
posite sides of the stem.

Amcnt, or catkin, 65.

Amplexicaul, see Clasping.

Ancipital, two edged.

Androgynous, having barren and
fertile flowers on the same spike,
or Ihe same plant, but no per-
fect ones.

Annual, 30 a.

Anther,. 100. , .. . •;•*

Antheriferous, bearing anthers.

Apetalous, without petals,

Apex, end, tip, or sharp extremity.

Aphyllous, without leaves.

Appendiculate, having some appen-
dage.

Appressed, pressed against or close
to.

Approximate, nea.r together.

Apterous, without wings. A term
applied to some parts of flowers.

Arboreous, like a tree.

Arborescent, approaching to the

size of a tree.

Arcuate, curved or bent like a bow.
Aril, 166.

Aristate, awned, ending in a bristle.
Armed, furnished with thorns or

prickles.

Articulated, jointed.
Ascending, rising from the ground

obliquely.

Assurgent, rising upwards.
Attenuated, gradually diminished or

tapering.

Auriculate, having an ear- like base.
Awn, a stiff bristle, frequently

rough or bearded ; as in the

flowers of certain grasses.
Awned, having awns.
Aionless, without awns.
Axil, the. angle between a leaf and

stem on the upper side. .
Axillary, growing in or from the

axil.

Baccate, berried, having a fleshy

coat or covering.
Banner or vexillum, 81.
Barren, producing no fruit, eon-

taining stamens only.
Beak) any thing which resembles

the beak of a bird, hard short

points.
Berry, 156.

Bicuspidate, with two points.
Bidentate, with two teeth.
Biennial, 30 b.
Bifid, two cleft, cut nearly in two

parts.

Biglandular, having two glands.
Bilabiate, having two lips.
Bilobed, having two lobes.
Bilocular, having two cells.
Binnate, growing two together. •
Bipinnate, twice pinnate, when

both the leaf and its subdivisions

are pinnate.
Bipinnatifid, twice pinnatifid, both

the leaf and its segments beingf

pinnatifid.

2a

xxir

GLOSSARY OP TERMS.

Bitemate, twice ternate, the petiole

supporting three ternate leaves.
Bivalved, two valved.
Border, the brim, or spreading part

of a corol.
Brachiate, branches opposite, and

each pair at right angles with the

preceding. •
Bract, 51.
Bulb, 36, 11 i.

Caducous, falling early, sooner than
deciduous. ,•.:.

Caspitose or cespitose, growing in
tufts.

Calcaratc, resembling, or furnished
with, a spur.

Calli, small callosities or rough
protuberances.

Calycjform, shaped like a calyx.

Calyculated, furnished with an ad-
ditional outer calyx.

Calyptriform , shaped like a calyp-
tra or extinguisher.

Calyx, 73.

Campanulate, bell-shaped.

Canaliculate, channeled or furrow-
ed.

Canescent, whitish, hoary.

Capillary or capillaceous, very slen-
der, resembling a hair.

Capitate, shaped like a head, or
bearing a head.

Capsnde, 153.

Carina, 81.

Carinated, keeled, furnished with
a sharp or prominent back like
the keel of a vessel.

Carpel, 113.

Caryopsis, 144.

Catkin, see Arr-ent.

Caudate, having a tail ; as in some
seeds.

Caudex, the main body of a tree or
root.

Caulescent, 14.

Cauline, growing on the stem.

Cell, a cavity or compartment of a
seed vessel, or anther.

Cellular, made up of little cells or
cavities.

Chaffy, made of short membranous
portions like chaff.

Ctiiate, fringed with parallel hairs.

Cirrose, or cirrhosc, bearing a ten-
dril.

Clasping, surrounding the item

partly or quite, with the base of
the leaf.

Clavate, club shaped, larger at top
than bottom.

Claw, the taper base of a petal, 82.

Cleft, split or divided less than half
way.

Clypcatc, .shaped like a Roman
buckler.

Coadunate, united at base.

Cochlcate, resembling the shell of a
snail.

Coloured, different from green
which is the common colour of
plants.

Columella, 135.

Column, 99.

Comose, covered with cottony hair.

Compound, made up of similar sim-
ple parts.

Compressed, flattened.

Cone, 161.

Conglomerate, crowded together.

Confluent, running into one another.

Connate, jointed together at base.

Connivent, converging, the tips in-
clining towards each other.

Contorted, twisted, bent from a
common position. •

Convolute, rolled together.

Cordate, heart shaped.

Coriaceous, leathery, tough and
thick.

Corneous, horny, having a consis-
tence like horn.

Corniculate, horn shaped.

Corol or Corolla, 77.^

Cortical, belonging to the bark.

Corymb, 67.

Cos tote, ribbed.

Cotyledons, 171-2.

Creeping, 12, 16.

Crcnalc, scolloped, having sharp
notches on the edge separated by
round or obtuse denture^.

Crenulate, finely or minutely cre-
nate.

Crovmcd, having a circle of pro-
jections round the upper part of
the tube of a flower, on its inside.

Cruciform, or cruciate, consisting of
four petals placed like a cross.

Crustaceans, having a hard brittle
shell.

Cucullate, hooded or cowled, rolled
or folded in ; Ex. spathe of Arum
triphyllum.

GLOSSARY OP TERMS.

XX111

Cucurbitaceous, like gourds or mel-
ons.

Culm, or straw, 28.

Ouneatc, or cuneiform, wedge shap-
ed.

Cupulc, 155.

Cuspidate, having a sharp straight
point.

Cuticle, 6, 23.

Cyathiform, cup-shaped.

Cylindrical, round and not tapering,
cylinder shaped.

Cyme, 70.

Cymose, bearing or flowering in
cymes.

Deciduous, falling off, in opposition

to persistent and evergreen, later

than caducous.

Declined, or declinate, turned down-
wards.
Decompound, twice compound,

composed of compound parts.
Decumbent, leaning upon the

ground, the base only erect.
Decurrent, when the edges of a leaf

run down the stem or stalk.^
Decursive, see decurrent.
Decussated, or decussating, in pairs

crossing each other.
Deflected, bent off.
Dehiscent, gaping or cracking open.
Deltoid, nearly triangular.
Dentate, toothed, edged with sharp

projections separated by notches,

larger than serrate.
Denticulate, minutely toothed.
Dentures, teeth, the sharp parts

which separate notches.
Depauperated, few flowered.
Depressed, flattened or pressed in at

top. ;4P

Diapfianous, transparent.
Dickotomous, forked, dividing into

two equal branches.
Dicoccous, containing two grains or

seeds.

Dicotyledonous, 179.
Didymous, twin.
Didynamous, belonging to the class

Didynamia, with two short and

two long stamens and a ringent

corol.

Diffuse, scattered, widely spread.
Digitate, when a petiole gives off

five or more leafets from a single

point at its extremity.

Dimidiate, halved.

Dioecious, having the barren and

fertile flowers on different plants.
Discoid, having a disk covered with

florets, but no ray.
Disk, 86 ; also the centre of a head

of flowers of Composite.
Dissepiments, the partition or inter-
nal wall of a pericarp.
Distichous, two-rowed ; producing

leaves or flowers in two opposite

rows.
Divaricate, diverging so far as to

turn backward.
Divergent, spreading, separating

widely.
Dorsal, growing on, or belonging

to, the back.
Drooping, inclining downward,

more than nodding*
Drupaceous, bearing, or resembling,

drupes,
Drupe, 147.

Echinate,beset with prickles, hedge-
hog like.

Effuse, a term applied to a loose one-
sided panicle ; Ex. Juncus effu^
sus.

Elliptic, oval..

Elongated, exceeding a common or
average length.

Emarginate, having a notch in the
end.

Ensiform, sword shaped, two edged.

Entire, even and whole at the edge.

Epidermis, see cuticle.

Eroded, appearing as if gnawed at
the edge.

Esculent, eatable.

Evergreen, remaining fresh through
the winter, not deciduous.

Exsertedj projecting or extending
out of the flower or sheath.

Falcate, sickle shaped, linear and

crooked!
Fascicle, 70.
Fascicled, or fasciculate, collected

in bundles.

Fastigiate, flat topped.
Favose, resembling a honey comb.
Fertile, containing perfect pistils

and yielding fruit.
Fibrous, being composed of fibres.
Filiform, thread like, or very slend-

XXIV

GLOSSARY OF TERMS.

, finely divided at the
edge like fringe.

Fistulous, orfistular, hollow or tu-
bular.

Flabcllifonn, spreading like a fan.

Flagelliform, like a whip lash.

Flezuous, serpentine or zigzag.

Floral leaf, see bract.

Floret, a little flower, one in an ag-
gregate or compound flower.

Follicle, 150.

Frond, the leaf of cryptogamous
plants.

Frutescent, orfruticose, shrubby.

Fugacious, that which lasts but for
a short time.

I'unicle, orfuniculiis, 166.

Funnel shaped, tubular at bottom
and gradually expanding at top.

Fusiform,

Galea, a helmet ; the upper part
of a ringent corol.

Geminate, doubled.

Gemmaceous, belonging to a bud,
made of the scales of a bud, 49.

Geniculate, bent like a knee.

Germ or germen>ihe old name of the
Ovary.

Germination, the sprouting of a
seed.

Gibbous, swelled out, commonly on
one side.

Glabrous, smooth, as it regards
hairiness or pubescence.

Glandular pubescence, hairs tipped
with little heads or glands.

Glaucous, sea green, pale blucish-
green.

Glomerate, gathered in around heap
or head.

Glume, the scales, valves, or chaff,
which make the calyx of grass-
es.

Glutinous, adhesive, viscid, cover-
ed with an adhesive fluid.

Gramineous, resembling grasses.

Granular, formed of grains, or cov-
ered with grains.

Gymnospermous, having naked
seeds.

Gynandrous, having the stamens
growing on the pistils.

Habit, the general external appear-
ance of a plant, by which it is
known at sight.

Hamate, hooked, a bristle curves!
at the end.

Hastate, shaped like a hulbert ; it
differs from arroic shaped in hav-
ing the barbs or lateral portions
more distinct and divergent.

Head, 66.

Hebntt, see galra.

Herbaceous, or herb, 31.

Hermaphrodite, 91.

Hilum, 167.

Hirsute, rough with soft hairs,

Hispid, rough with stiff hairs.

Hoary, covered with white down,

Hooded, see cucullate.

Horn; see spur.

Hybrid, a mongrel or partaking of"
the nature of two species.

Hypocrateriform , salver shaped,
with a tube abruptly expanded
into a flat border.

Hypogynous, 93.

Imbricate, lying over each other like-
scales, or the shingles of a roof.

Incised, cut, separated by incisions-

Included, wholly received or con-
tained in a cavity, the opposite
of exserted.

Incrassdted, tliickened upward, lar-
ger toward the end.

Incumbent, lying against or across;
181. • f

Indefiiscent, not opening.

Indusium, the involucre or veil
which covers the fruit of ferns.

Inferior, lowermost.

Inflated, blown up like a bladder.

Inflexed, bending inwards.

Inflorescence, 5&.

IrfundUiuliform, funnel shaped.

Inserted into, growing out of.

Internode, the space between joints ;
as in Grasses.

Interruptly pinnate, when smaller
leafetsare interposed among the
principal ones.

In r of we I, a partial involucre, 53;

Involucre, or involucrum, 53: also>
the Indusium.

Involute, rolled inwards.

Irregular corol, 78.

Keel, 81.

Keeled, shaped like a keel.

Kidney-shaped, heart-shaped with-
out the point, and broader than. '
long.

GLOSSARY OF TERMS.

XXV

Labiate, 80.

Laciniate, cut or divided into seg-
ments.

Lactescent, yielding a white, or
milky juice, when wounded ;.as
in the Poppy.

Lacunose, covered with little pits or
depressions.

Lamellated, in thin plates.

iMinina, 41.

fMnceolate, spear shaped, narrow,
with both ends acute.

jMnuginous, woolly.

Lateral, at the side*

Lax, loose, not compact.

Lcafet, a partial leaf, a constituent
of a com pound leaf.

Legume, 151.

Leguminous, bearing legumes.

Ligneous, woody.

Ligulate, ribbon shaped, a kind of
corol found in compound flow-
ers, consisting of a tube at bot-
tom, continued into a long flat
portion at top.

Liliaceous, resembling the lily.

Limb, 82.

Linear, long and very narrow with
parallel sides.

Lip, the front segment of an or-
chideous or other flower;

Lobe, a large division or distinct
portion of a leaf or petal.

Lament, 151...

Lunate, or lunulate, shaped like a
half-moon.

Lyrate, pinnatifid, with a large
roundish leafet at the end.

Marcescent, withering.

Melliferous, honey bearing.

Membranous, or membranaceous,
very thin and delicate.

Midrib, 43.

Monadelphous, 98.

MoniUform, arranged like the beads
of a necklace.

Monocotyledonous, 178.

Monoecious,. having barren and fer-
tile flowers on the same plant.

Monopetalous, 77.

Monopfiyllous, 76.

Monosepalous, 76.

Mucronate, having a small point
projecting from an obluse end.

Multifid, many cleft.

Multipartite, many parted.

Muricate, covered with sharp spines
or prickles.

Nectariferous, bearing honey.
Nectary, 84, 89.
Nerves, parallel veins, 42.
Nodding^ inclining to one side,

partly drooping.
Nodi or nodes, 26.
Nodose, having many nodi or

joints.
Nticamentaeeous, producing nuts.

Ob, a particle^ which when pre-
fixed to any other term, denotes
the inversion of the usual posi-
tion; as obovate, obcordate, &c.,
?. e. inversely ovate, inversely
cordate, &c.

Obconic, conic with the apex down-
ward.

Obcordate, heart shaped with the
point inward, or downward.

Oblong, longer than oval with the
sides parallel.

Obovate, ovate, but inverted.

Obsolete, indistinct, appearing as if
worn out.

Obtuse, blunt, rounded, not acute.

Ochroleucous, whitish yellow,
cream-eolour.

Opposite, standing directly against
each other on opposite sides of
the-stem.

Orbicular, circular.

Oval, elliptical.

Ovarium or ovary, 110.

Ovate, egg shaped, oval with the
lower end largest.

Ovoid, egg-like.

Ovule, or ovulum, 122;

Palate, a large obtuse projection
which closes the throat of a per-
sonate flower.

Pa/ert, a term applied to the parts
of the corol in Grasses.

Paleaceous, chaffy.

Palmate, hand shaped, deeply di-
vided into spreading and some-
what equal segments.

Panduriform, contracted in the
middle like a violin.

Panicle, 68.

Papilionaceous, 81.

Papillose, producing small glandu-
lar excrescences like nipples.

2a*

XXVI

GLOSSARY OF TERMS.

Pappus, the crown of the fruit of
Compositffl and similar plants.

Parasitic, growing on another plant
and drawing nourishment from
it; as the Misseltoe.

Parietal, 117.

Parted, deeply divided, more than
cleft.

Partial, a term applied to small or
constituent parts in distinction
from general.

Partition, the dividing wall or dis-
sepiment in seed vessels.

Pectinate, like the teeth of a comb,
intermediate between fimbriate
and pinnatifid.

Pedicel, small footstalk of a flower,
57.

Peduncle, the common footstalk of
flowers, 56.

Pellicle, a very thin stratum or
coat.

Peltate, having the stalk attached
to some part of the surface or
disk, and not to the margin.

Pendulous, hanging down.

Pencilled, ending like a painter's
pencil or brush.

Perennial, 30 c.

Perfect flower, 9J .

Perfoluite, surrounding the stem on
all sides and perforated by it ; it
differs from connate, in not con-
sisting of two leaves; Ex. Eupa-
toriutn perfoliatum.

PeriantJi, periantliium or perigoni-
um, 74.

Pericarp, 133.

Pcrigynous, 94.

Permanent, see persistent.

Persistent, not falling off; those
parts of a flower are persistent
which remain till the fruit is ripe.

Personate, masked, having the
mouth of the corolla closed by a
prominent palate.

Petal, 77.

Petaloid, like a petal.

Petiole, 40.

Phanogamous, applied to all plants
which have visible flowers con-
taining stamens and pistils.

Pilose, hairy, with a stiff pubes-
cence.

Pinna, the leafets or divisions of a
pinnate leaf.

Pinnate, a leaf is pinnate when the

leafets are arranged in two rows
on the side of a common petiole.

Pinnatifid, cut in a pinnate man-
ner ; it differs from pinnate in
consisting of a simple or contin-
uous leaf, not compound.

Pisiform, formed like peas.

Pistil, 108.

Pistillate, having pistils, but no
stamens.

Plane, flat.

Plicate, plaited, folded like a ruffle
or fan.

Plumose, feathery, feather like.

Plumula, 174.

Pod, 154.

Polygamous, having some flowers
which are perfect, and others
which have stamens only, or
pistils only.

Polygynous, having many styles.

Polymorphous, changeable, assum-
ing a variety of forms.

Polyp elalous, 77.

Polyphyllous, having many leaves,
applied to the calyx.

Polysepalous, 76.

Polyspfrmous, having many seeds.

Pome, 158.

Porrecled, extended forward.

Pouch, 154.

Protmorse or abrupt, 11 rf.

Prickle, 27.

Prismatic, having several parallel,
flat sides.

Procumbent, lying on the ground.

Proliftrous, an umbel or Sower is
said to be proliferous when it has
smaller ones growing out of it.

Pseudopinnate, falsely or imper-
fectly pinnate, not resolving at
any time into separate leafets ;
as the Pea, Vetch, &c.

Pubescent, hairy or downy.

Pulp, the soft, juicy, cellular sub-
stance found in berries and simi-
lar fruits.

Pulverulent, dusty, composed of
powder, or appearing as if co-
vered with it

Punctate, appearing as if pricked
full of small holes, or dots.

Punctiform, resembling dots.

Pungent, sharp, acrid, prickling.

Putamen, a hard shell.

Pyriform, shaped like the fruit of a
pear.

GLOSSARY OF TERMS.

xxvii

Quadrangular, four angled.
Quaternate, four together.
Quinate, five together.

Raceme, 62.

Racemose, flowering in racemes.

Rackis, that part of a culm which
runs up through the ear of corn,
and consequently the part that
bears the flowers or fruit in
other plants.

Radiant or radiate, often applied to
a cluster or head of flowers when
those of the circumference or ray
are long and spreading, and un-
like those of the disk.

Radical, growing immediately from
the root.

Radicle, 175.

Ramose, branching.

Ray, the diverging florets or petals
which form the outside of radiate
flowers, cymes, and umbels.

Receptacle, £3.

1 Reclined, orreclinate, bending over,

with the end inclining toward
the ground.

Recurved, curved backwards.

Rejkxed, bent backward, more than
recurved.

Reniform, kidney shaped, heart
shaped without the point.

Repand, slightly wavy or serpen-
tine at the edge.

Resupinate, turned upside down ;
as the corol of Trichostema.

Reticulate, net like, having veins
distributed like net work.

Retuse, having a slight sinus, or
superficial notch in the end, less
than emarginate.

Revolute, rolled barkward or out-
ward.

Rhomboidal, having four sides with
unequal angles.

Ribbed, marked with parallel ridges
or veins.

Ringent, irregular, with an upper
and under lip. See Labiate.

Rooting, sending out lateral roots.

Rostrate, furnished with a beak.

Rotate, wheel shaped, applied to a
monopetalous corol,. the limb of
which is flat and tube very short.

Rudiment, a term applied to an or-
gan that is imperfectly develop-
ed.

Rufescent, becoming reddish- orange
or rusty.

Rugose, wrinkled, leaves of Sage.

Rugulose, finely wrinkled.

Runcinatc, having large teeth point-
ing backward ; as the leaves of
the Dandelion.

Saccate, bagged, having a bag or
pouch ; as in many petals.

Sagittate, arrow shaped, like the
head of an arrow.

Salver shaped, see Hypocrateriform.

Samara, a seed vessel not opening
by valves, having a winged or
membranous appendage.

Sarmcntose, running on the ground
and striking roots from the
joints ; as the straicberry.

Scabrous, rough with little asperi-
ties.

Scale, any small processes resem-
bling minute leaves ; also the
leaves of the involucre of Com-
positee.

Scape, 58.

Scarious, having a thin me.mbran-
ous margin ; the calyx scales of
Liatris scariosa.

Scions, lateral shoots or offsets
from the root.

Scrobiculate, excavated into little
pits or hollows.

Secund, arranged on one side only,
the same as unilateral.

Segment, a part or principal divi-
sion of a leaf, calyx, or corolla.

Semibivalvular, half divided into
two -valves.

Sepals, 76.

Septa, the partitions that divide
the interior of the fruit.

Scptiferous, bearing septa.

Sericeous, silky.

Serrate, notched like the teeth of a
saw, the points tending upward.

Serrulate, minutely serrate.

Sessile, placed immediately on the
stem without the intervention
of a stalk.

Setaceous, bristle like.

Seta, bristles.

Setiform, formed like a bristle.

Setose, covered with bristles.

Sheath , a tubular or folded leafy
portion inclosing the stem ; see
the leaves of Grasses.

xxvm

GLOSSARY OP TERM?.

SUlicle, 154.

Siliquc, 154.

SUiguose, having siliques.

Simple, not divided, branched, or
compound.

Sinuate, having.sinuses at the edge.

Sinus, a large rounded indentation
or cavity.

Soboljfcrous, producing young-
plants from the root.

Sori, plural ofsorus, small clusters
of minute capsules on the back
of the fronds of ferns.

Spadiz,Gt.

Spathe, a sheathing calyx opening
lengthwise on one side, and con-
sisting of one or more valves.

Spatulate or spaOiulatc, obtuse or
large at the end, and gradually
tapering into a stalk at base.

Spike, 63.

Spikclct, a small spike ; as in many
of the Grasses.

Spindle shaped, see Fusiform*

Spine, 27.

Spinulose, covered with small
spines.

Sporule, that part in cryplogamous
plants which answers to the
seed of other plants.

Spur, a sharp hollow projection
from a flower, commonly the
nectary.

Squainjform, scale shaped.

Squamose, scaly.

Sguarrose or sqvarrous, ragged,
having reflected or divergent
scales.

Staminate, having stamens, but no
pistil.

Standard, see Banner.

Stellate, like a star.

Stem, 13.

Stemless, 14.

Sterile, barren*

Stigma, 111.

Stipe, the stem of a fern or fun-
gus ; also the stem of the down
of seeds, as in Dandelion ; also
a particular stalk of germs, seeds,
&c., which is superadded to the
pedicel.

Stipitate, having a short stalk.

Stipular, belonging to stipules.

Stipule, 47.

Stoloniferous, having scions or run-
ing shoots.

Striate, marked with fine parallel
lines.

Strigose, bristly.

Strobile, 161.

Strophiolate, surrounded by protu-
berances.

Style, 112.

Sub, a particle prefixed to various
terms, to imply the existence of
a quality in a diminutive or in-
ferior degree, as

Subacute, somewhat acute, less
than acute, &c.

Subserrate, slightly serrate, &c.

Subsesrile, nearly sessile.

Subulate, awl shaped, narrow, stiff
and sharp pointed.

Succulent, juicy.

Sucker, a shoot from the root or
lower part of the stem.

Suffruticose, somewhat shrubby,
shrubby at base.

Sulcate, furrowed.

Suture, 137.

Tendril, a filiform appendage of
certain vines, which supports
them by twining round other ob-
jects.

Terete, round, cylindrical.

Terminal, extreme, situated at the
end.

Tcrnate, three together ; as the
leaves of common Clover.

Testa, 168.

Thorn, see Spine.

Throat, the passage into the tube
of a corolla.

Tliyrse, 69.

Tomentose, downy, covered with
fine matted pubescence.

Toothed, divided so as to resemble
teeth.

Torose, uneven ; alternately ele-
vated and depressed.

Torulose, slightly torose.

Torus, 83.

Trifid, three cleft,

Trifoliate, three leaved, see Ternate.

Trilobate, three lobed.

Trilocular, three celled.

Tripartite, three parted.

Triquetrous, having three sides or
angles.

Truncate, having a square termina-
tion as if cut off.

GLOSSARY OS1 TERMS.

XXIX

Tubcrculate, covered with knobs or
tubercles.

Tuber, a solid fleshy knob, 11, g.

Tuberous, 11, g1.

Tubular, shaped like a tube ; in a
compound flower, the florets
which are not ligulate, are call-
ed tubular. ' ,.-i:

Tunicated, coated with concentric
layers ; as the Onion.

Turbinats, shaped like a top or 'pear.

Valves, the segments or parts of a
seed vessel, into which it finally
separates, 136 ; also the leaves
which make up a glume or
epathe.

Valvular, or valved, consisting of
valves or seed cells.

Vaulted, arched over, with a con-
cave covering.

Femed, having the divisions of the
petiole irregularly branched on
the under side of the leaf.

Ventricose, swelling, inflated.

Vcrrucose, warty, covered with lit-
tle protuberances.

Vertical, perpendicular.

Verticillate, whorled, having leaves
given off in a circle round the
stem.

Versatile, swinging lightly on a
stalk so . as to be continually
changing direction.

Vesicular, made of vesicles or little
bladders.

Vesiculose, bladder like.

Villous, or villose, hairy, the hairs

long and soft.
Virgate, long and slender, wand

like.
Virose, poisonous, nauseous, and

strong to the smell.
Viscid, or viscous, thick, glutinous,

covered with adhesive juice.
Viviparous, producing^ a collateral

offspring by means of bulbs*

Umbtl, 66.

Umbelliferous, bearing umbels.

Umbilicate, marked with a central
depression.

Unarmed, without prickles or

. thorns.

Uncinate, hooked, hook shaped.

Undulated, wavy, serpentine, gen-
tly rising and falling.

Ungiticulate, inserted by a claw. 82,

Unilateral, growing all on one side,
or with the flowers leaning to
one side.

Urceolate, pitcher shaped, swelling
in the middle and slightly con-
tracted at top.

Utricle, or utriculus, 145.

Wedge shaped, formed like a wedge,.

ajid commonly rounded at the

largest end. .

Wheel shaped, see Rotate.
Winged, having the sides extended

into a leafy expansion.
Wings, the two lateral petals of at.

papilionaceous flower, 81,.

XXX

TABLE OF LINN^AN ARTIFICIAL CLASSES AND ORDERS.
Div. i. Plants with conspicuous flowers. PHANEROGAMIA.

A. Stamens and Pistils in the same flower.

* Stamens free and equal.

CL. 1. MONANDRIA, with 1 stamen. 6. HEXANDRIA, 6 stamens.

2. DIANDBIA, 2 stamens. 7. HEPTANDRIA, 7 stamens.

3. TRIANDRIA, 3 stamens. 8. OCTANDRIA, 8 stamens.

4. TETRANDRIA, 4 stamens. 9. ENNEANDRIA, 9 stamens.

5. PENTANDRJA, 5 stamens. 10. DECANDRIA, 10 stamens.
*11. DOUECANDRIA, 11 to 19 stamens.

12. ICOSANDRIA, 20 or more stamens, perigynous or inserted on the calyx.

13. POLYANDRIA, 20 or more stamens, bypogynous or inserted on the re-

ceptacle.

ORDERS. — In the first 13 classes the orders depend solely on the number of
pistils, and they are named — Monogynial. DiqyniaZ. TrigyninS. Tetragy
nia 4. Pentagynia'5. Hexagynia 6. Heptagynia 7. Octqgynia 8. Enneagyn-
ia 9. Decagynia 10. Polygynia more than 10.

** Stamens free, unequal.

14. DIDVNAMIA, 4 stamens, 2 longer than the others.

Two orders. 1. Gymnospermia, the .seeds naked. 2. Angiospermia, the
seeds inclosed ia pericarp.

15. TETRADYNAMIA, 6 stamens, 4 longer than the others.

Two orders. 1. Siliculosa, fruit a silicic or pouch. 2. Siliquosa, fruit a
long pod or eilique.

**» Filaments united.

16. MOXADELPHIA, filaments forming 1 set. .

17. DIADELPUIA, filaments forming 2 sets.

*18. POLYADELPHIA, filaments forming more thnn 2 sets.
Orders depend upon the number of stamens, and have the same names as
the first 13 classes.

*** Anthers united.

10. SfYNGENESiA, 5 stamens, the anthers united (compound flower?.)
Five orders. 1. Polygamia sEqualis, florets all perfect. 2. P. Superflua,
disk florets perfect, rays putiliferous. 3. P. Frustr&nea, disk perfect, rays
neutral. 4. P. Necessaria, disk with stamons, rajs with a pistil. 5. /'. Segre~
gata, with a perianth to each floret

»*»»» Anthers united to the pistil.

20. GYNANDRIA.

Orders named according to the number of stamens, as Afonandria, &c.

B. Stamens and Pistils in different flowers. '

21. MONOECIA, stamens and pistils on the same individual.

22. DIOECIA, stamens and pistils on different individuals.

Orders named according <o the number of stamens, except where there is a
union of the filaments ; then named Monadelj>hia, &f.

*23. POLYGAMIA, perfect and unisexual flowers either on the same or dif-
ferent individuals.

Three orders. Monoecia. Dioecia. Trioecia.

Div. ii. Plants with inconspicuous flowers. CRYWOGAMIA.
24. CRYPTOGAMIA, neither stamens nor pUtils.

Six orders, vii. 1. Filices. 2. tlusci. 3. Alg<?. 4. Fungi. 5. Hepaticce.
6. Lichenes.

* The classes marked thus, * viz. Dodecaodria, Polyadelphia, and Polyga-
mia, are generally discarded by the American botanists. They comprize, at
least in our country, but few genera, and their characters are extremely va-
riable. They are, however, retained by Muhlenberg and Bigelow, and very
generally by the European authors.

XXXI

SYNOPSIS OF GENERA, ACCORDING TO THE LINN^AN
SYSTEM.

MONANDRIA.

MONOGYNIA. '> 4 '

SALICORNIA. Perianlh single, turbinate, fleshy, closed. Slam. 1 — 2.
Style bifid. Utricle included. Chenopodea, p. 29&.

HIPPURIS. Cal. adnate to the ovary ; limb minute entire. Cor.
none. Style received into a groove of the anther. Nut 1 -seeded.
Haloragea, p. 123.

DlGYNIA.

CALLITRICHE. Fl. perfect or imperfect. "Bracts 2, opposite, peta-
loid. Cal. (corol of authors,) inconspicuous. Cor. none. Caps.
compressed, 2-celled, 4-seeded. Haloragea, p. 123.

BLITUM. Perianth single, 3-cleft. Seed 1, covered by the -calyx
which becomes a berry. Chenopodea, p. 299.

DlANDRlA.

MONOGYNIA.

* Flowers complete, inferior, \-petalled , regular.

LIGUSTRUM. Cal. minute, 4rtoothed. Cor. with the tube short ; the
limb 4-clefl, spreading, Berry 1 -celled 2 — 4-seeded. O/eaccce, p. 231.

CHIONANTHUS. Cal. 4-parted ; Cor. deeply 4-parted ; segments long
and linear. Drupe 1-seeded. Nut striate. Oleacea, p. 232.

** Flowers complete, inferior, l-petalled, irregular.

VERONICA. Cal. 4- rarely 5-parted. Cor. subrotate, 4-lobed, un-
equal. Caps. 2-celled, obcordate. Seeds few. Scrophularinete, p. 261.

LEPTANDRA. Cal. 5-parted ; segments acuminate. Cor. tubular-
canipanulate ; border 4-lobed, a little ringent. Stam. and at length
the pistil much exserted. Caps, ovate, acuminate, 2-celled, many-
seeded. Scropliularinea, p. 262.

GRATIOLA. Cal. Si-parted, often with 2 bracts at the base. Cor,
tubular, sub-bilabiate ; upper lip emarginate ; lower 3-lobed. Stig.. 2-
lobed. Caps, ovate, 2-celled, 2-valved. Scropkularinece, p. 264.

LINDERNIA. Cal. 5-parted. Cor. tubular, ringent ; upper lip short,
emarginate ; lower one 3-cleft, unequal. Fil. 4 ; the two longe'r, fork-
ed and sterile. Caps. 2 celled, 2-valyed ; dissepiment parallel with
the valves. Scrophulariiiece, p. 265.

HEMIANTHUS. Cal. tubular, cleft on the under side ; border 4rtooth-
ed. Cor. with the upper lip obsolete ; lower 3-parted ; intermediate
segment ligulate and truncate, much longer, closely incurved. Stam.
2. Fil. birid ; lateral fork antheriferous. Caps. 1-celled, 2-valved,
many- seeded. Sfrophularineot, p. 267. '

OATALPA. Cal. -2-parted. Cor. campanulate ; tube ventricose-;
border 4-lobed, unequal. Stam. 2, fertile ; 2—3 sterile. Stig. bila-
mellate. Caps, long, cylindric, 2-valved ; dissepiment opposite to the
valves. Seed membranaceously margined. Bignoniaceu, p. 245.

JUSTICIA. Cal. 5-parted, often with 2 bracts, Cor. 2-lipped ; upper

XXX11 SYNOPSIS OT GENERA.

tip etnarginate ; lower 3-cleft. Anth. 1 or 2on~each filament. Caps.
attenuated, 2-celled, 2-valved ; dissepiment growing from the centre of
each valve. Acanlliacea, p. 285.

UTRICULARIA. Cat. 2-parted, nearly equal. Cor. personate, with the
lower lip spurred at the base ; Fil. incurved, bearing the anthers within
the apex. Slig. 2-lipped. Caps. 1-celled. Lenlibularix, p. 286.

PINGUICULA. Col. 4 — 5-cleft. Cor. ringent, spurred at the base be-
neath. Slam, very short. Slig. 2-lipped. Lent i balance, p, 286.

CRYPTA. -Cal. 2-leaved, inferior. Cor. 2—3, petalled, closed. Style
almost wanting. Slig. obtuse. Caps. 2 — 3-celled, 2 — 3-valved ; cells
4— 5-seeded. Elalinea, p. 5.r>.

OBS. The remaining genera of this division have lipped corols, and
4 naked seeds. They form, with the plants of Didynamia Gymnosptr-
mia, (from which indeed they only differ in baring two of the stamens
abortive,) the Natural Order Labialas, p. 270.

*** Flowers complete, superior.

CIRCAA. Cal. short ; limb 2-parted. Pet. 2. Stig. ernarginatc.
Caps, ovate, hispid, 2-celled, 2-valved, 2-seeded. Circeeacea, p. 120.

• »»»» Floicers incomplete.

LEMMA. Sterile and fertile Jl. collateral. Ulriclt 1 — 5-seeded.
Pisliacea:, p. 383.

TKIANDRIA.

MONOGYNIA.
* Flouers superior, complete.

"VALERIANELLA. Cal. with the limb toothed and persistent. Cor.
not calcarate, regular, 5-lobed. Fruit 3-celled, submembranaceous, in-
dehiscent, crowned by the limb of the calyx; 1 or 2 of the cells only
fertile. Valerianea, p. 164.

VATERIANA. Cal. with the limb involute, at length evolvecfin a de-
cidous plumose pappus. Cor. with the tube obconic or cylindric, equal
or gibboils at base ; limb obtusely 5-clefl. Fruit indehiscent, 1 -celled,
1-seeded. Valerianect, p, 164.

** Flowers superiort incomplete'.

IRIS. Perianth 6-cleft ; 3 of the segments larger and reflexed, the
others erect. Style short or none. Stig. 3, petaloid, covering the sta-
mens. Iridea, p. 353.

LACHNANTHKS. Perianth G-parted ; segments unequal. Style de-
clining. Stig. minutely 3-lobed. Caps. 3-celled, truncated, many-
seeded. Hotmodoracea, p. 374.

*** Flowers inferior, complete.

COMMELINA. Cal. 3-leaveJ. Cor. 3-petalled. Stam. 6, 3— 4 usual-
ly sterile and furnished with cruciform glands. Caps. 3-celled, 3-valved ;
one of the valves often abortive. Commelinea:, p. 375.

XYRIS. Fl. in an ovate cylindric head. Cal. glumaceous, cartila-
ginous, 3-valved. Cor. 3-petalled, equal. Siig. 3-cleft. Xyridea, p.
370.

SYNOPSIS OP GENERA. XXXlii

**** Flowers inferior, incomplete .

SCHOLLERA. Sp aihe 1-flowered. Cor. tube very long ; limb deeply
6-parted. Anlh. of 2 forms. Caps. 1-celled. Pontederece, p. 369.

HETERANTHERA. Fl. in a spathe. Cor. tube long and slender ;
border 6-parted, equal. Anth. of 2 forms. Caps. 3-celled, many-seed-
ed, opening at the angles ; dissepiment contrary. Ponteder&e, p. 369.

SISYRINCHIUM. Spathe 2-leaved, Perianth 6-cleft, flat, equal. Stam.
cohering below. Slig. 3-cleft. Irid&e, p. 353.
***** Flowers glumaceous.

OBS. All the genera of this division belong to the subclass Gluma-
cea, and all except Cenchrus, Spar Una and Oryzopsis, belong to the
order Cyperacece, p. 420,

DlGYNlA.

OBS. All the genera of this order are proper grasses. — Graminece,
p. 386. The family is so entirely natural, that it is unnecessary to re-
peat the generic descriptions.

>?j . TRIGYNIA.

MOLLUGO. Cal. 5-parted, coloured within. Cor. none. Caps. 3-
celled, 3-valved, many-seeded. Caryophylleas, p. 50.

LECHEA. Cal. 3-sepalled, with 3 outer bracts. Pet. 3, lanceolate.
Stig. 3, scarcely distinct. Caps. 3-valved, with as many inner valves
opposite the others. Seeds few. Cistinea, p. 36.

PROSERFINACA. Cal. superior, with the tube adhering to the trique-
trous ovary. Corp. 3, indehiscent, dry, concreted into a 3-sided fruit.
Haloragete, p. 121.

TETRANDRTA.

MONOGYNIA.

* Flowers superior. Carol 1-petalled.

CEPHALANTHUS. Common cal. none ; proper minute, angular, 4-
clefl. Cor. tubular, slender, 4-cleft. Style much exserted. Stig. glo-
bose. Caps. 2-celled, 2-seeded. Recept. globose, hairy. Rubiacea,
p. 160.

DIPSACUS. Common cal. maiiy-leaveri, foliaceous ; proper superior,
1-leaved. Cor. tubular, 4-lobed. Seed solitary. Recept. conic, chaffy.
DipsacecB, p. 164.

GALIUM. Cal. with the tube ovate-globose or oblong ; limb nearly
wanting. Cor. rotate, 4-parted. Seeds 2, roundish, rarely oblong.
RubiacecE, p. 161.

DIODIA. Cal. with the tube ovate or obovate, 2 — 4-toothed. Cor.
funnel-form, 4-lobed. Caps, ovate, 2-celled, bipartile. Rubiacea, p.
161.

. HEDYOTIS. Cal. 4-toothed or 4-parted. Cor. tubular, bearded at the
throat, 4-parted. Caps, ovate, 2-celled, opening transversely at the
top, many-seeded ; dissepiment contrary to the valves. Rubiacecs, p.

HOUSTONIA. Cal. 4-cleft. Cor. funnel-form, 4-cleft. Caps. 2-celI-
ed, 2-valved, many-seeded, opening transversely. Gentianea, p. 242.

3a

XXXIV SYNOPSIS OF GENERA.

MITCHELLA. Ft. by pairs upon the same germ. Col. 4-toothed.
Cor. funnel-form ; tube cylindric ; limb 4-parted, spreading, villous on
the inner side. Stain, scarcely exserted. Stig. 4-cleft. Ber. by the
union of 2 germs didymous, 4-seeded. Rubiacea, p. 160.

LINN.SA. Col. with the tube ovate ; limb 5-parted ; segments lanceo-
late-subulate. Cor. turbinate, subcampanulate, 5-lobed. Stam. some-
what didynamous. Stig. globose. Ber. small, ovate, dry, 3-celled :
(one cell«nly with a perfect seed.) Caprtfotiacea, p. 159.

** Flowers suptrio'r. Carol many-pctalled, or none.

CofcHus. Col. 4-toothed. Pet. 4, oblong. Drupe with a 2-celled
nut. Cornea, p. 153,

ISNARDIA. Cat. 4-parted, persistent. Cor. 4-petalled or none.
<Caps. 4-sided, 4-celled, many-seeded. Onagraria;, p. 119.

SANGUISORBA. Col. 4-cleft, with 2 scales at base externally. Pet.
none. Carp. 2, included within the calyx, crowned by a style with a
imbricate apex, converted into dry indehiscent 1-seeded acines. San-
gidsorbcte, p. 114.

*** Flowers inferior. Corol \-petallcd.

PLANTAGO. Col. 4-cleft. Cor. 4-clefl ; border reflected. Slam.
mostly exserted, very long. Caps. 2-celled, opening transversely.
PlantagincK, p. 292.

CENTAURELLA. Col. 4-parted, appressed. Cor. subcampanulale, 4-
parted ; segments somewhat erect. Stig. thick, glandular, and some-
what 2-cleft. Caps. 1 -celled, 2-valved, many-seeded, surrounded by
the persistent calyx and corol. Gentianete, p. 243.

EXACUM. CaL deeply 4-parted. Cor. 4-clefl ; tube globose. Caps.
bisulcate, 2-celled, many-seeded. Gentiancte, p. 242.

SWERTIA. Cal. flat, 4— 5-parted. Cor. 4 or 5-parted ; tube very
short ; border spreading, with 2 nectariferous ciliate pores at the base
of each. Style short. Stig. 2. Cop*. 1 -celled, 2-valved. Gentiajwe ,
p. 240.

FRASERA. Cal. deeply 4-parted. Cor. 4-parted, spreading ; seg-
ments oval with a bearded orbicular gland in the middle of each. C \ips.
compressed, partly margined, 1-celled. Seeds few, large, imbricate,
with a membranaceous margin. Gentianeec, p. 241.

OBOLARIA. Cal. 2-parted, resembling bracta. Cor. campanulate 4-
cleft ; segments entire, sometimes crenulate. Stam. proceeding from
the cleft of the corol, somewhat didynamous. Stig. emarginate. Caps.
ovate, 1-celled, 2-valved, many-seeded. Gentianefs, p. 244.

**»* Flowers inferior. Corol 4—5-petalled.

AMMANIUA. Cal. campanulate, 8-toothed. Cor. 4-petalled or none,
inserted upon the calyx. Caps. 4-celled, many-seeded. Salicarue, p.
125.

' PTELEA. CaL 4 — 5-parted. Pet. 4 — 5, spreading. Stig. 2. Sa-
mara compressed, orbicular, 2-cell«d, 2-seeded, with a broad and cir-
cular margin. Zanthozylcte, p. 71.

SYNOPSIS OF GENERA. XXXV

***** Floioers inferior. Carol wanting.
Cat. 4-parted, persistent. Pet. none. Ber. 1-seeded.
8sed lentiform, scabrous; (Stam. 4, 8 and 12.) Phytolaccea, p. 300.

STYRANDRA. Perianth 4-parted, spreading. Stain, divergent. Ber.
2-celled. Smilaceee, p. 357. ^

SYMPLOCARPUS. Spathe ventricose-ovate, acuminate. Spad. subglo-
bose, covered with perfect flowers. Cat. deeply 4-parted, persistent ;
segments cucullate, truncate, becoming thick and spongy. Pet. none.
Style pyramidal, 4-sided. Stig. simple, minute. Seeds_ numerous, im-
mersed in the spadix. Aroidea, p. 382.

ALCHEMILLA. Cal 8-cleft ; segments spreading, alternately small-
er. Cor. -none. Style lateral, from the base of the germ. Fruit cover-
ed by the calyx. Sanguisorbeee, p. 114.
DIGYNIA.

HAMAMELIS. Cal. . 4-lobed, with 2 — 3 scales at the base. Pet. 4,
long, ligulate. Caps, coriaceous, 2-celled, 2-valved at the top. Seed
I in each cell. Hamamelidece, p. 152.

TETRAGYNIA.

ILEX. Cal. 4— 5-toothed, persistent. Cor. 4 — 5- parted. Stam.
4 — 5. Stig. 4 — 5,- subsessile. Ber. 4— 5-seeded. Ilicinece, p. 230.

SAGINA. * Cal. 4 — 5-parted. Pet. 4 — 5, or none. Caps. 4 — 5-valved,
Kcelled, many-seeded. Caryophyllece, p. 49.

TILLJEA. Cal. 3 — 4-parted. Cor. 3 — 4-petalled, equal.- Carp. 3
or 4, two-seeded. Crassulacea ;, p. 133.

RUPPIA. Fl. on a spadix. Cal. and cor. none. Seeds, (Drupes,) 4,
p&dicillate. Fluviales, p. 385.

POTAMOGETON. Fl. on a spadix. Cal. 4-leaved. Cor. none. Ant/i.
sessile. Nuts 4, 1-seeded, sessile. Fluviales, p. 385.

PENTANDRIA.

MONOGYNIA.

* Flowers 1-petalled, inferior, with 4 naked seeds or nuts.

OBS. The genera of this division constitute the Nat. Ord. Boragin-
ecc, p. 251.

** Flowers 1 petalled, inferior. Seeds in a capsule.
(Capsule I- celled.}

ANAGALLIS. Cal. 5-parted. Cor. rotate, 5-lobed. Fil. hairy. Caps.
globose, bursting transversely all round. Primulace(e} p. 291.

LYSIMACHIA. Cal. 5-parted. Cor. rotate, 5-cleft. Caps. 10-valved.
PrimulacecE, p. 290.

PRIMULA. Cal. tubular, 5-toothed. Cor. salver-form ; tube cylin-
drical ; orifice naked. Stig. globose. Caps, opening with 10 teeth.
PrimulacecE, p. 288.

DODECANTHEON. Cal. 5-cleft. Cor. rotate, reflexed, 5-cleft. Stam.
seated in the tube. Caps, oblong, opening at the apex. Primulacece,

p. 288.

MENYANTHES. Cal. 5-parted. Cor. funnel-form ; limb spread-

XXXvi SYNOPSIS OP GENERA.

ing, 5-lobed, equal, hairy within. Stig. capitate. Caps, with the axis
of the valves seminiferous. Gentiancce, p. 244.

VILLARSIA. Col. 5-parted. Cor. rotate; limb spreading, 5-lobed ,
ciliate on the margin. Stig. 2-lobed. Glands 5, alternating with the
stamens. Caps. 2-falved, many-seeded. Gentianea, p. 243.

HOTTONIA. Cdl. 5-parted. Cor. salver-form, 5-lobed. Stam. seated
on the tube of the corol. ' Stig. globose. Caps, globose, acuminate.
Primulace*, p, 289.

SABBATIA. Col. 5— 12-parted Cor. rotate, 5— 12-parted. Anth.
at length revolute. Stig. 2, spiral. Cans. 2-valved, many-seeded.
Gentianea, p. 241.

ERYTHRJEA. Col. 5-clefl. Cor. funnel-form ; limb short, 5-cleftr
spreading. Antii. after flowering spiral. Style erect. Stig. 2, round-
ish. Caps, linear. Gentianea, p. 242.

HYDROPHYLLUM. Cal. 5-parted. Cor. campanulate, 5-cleft, with 5
longitudinal melliferous grooves inside. Stam. exsert ; filament*
bearded in the middle. Stig. bifid. Caps, globose, 2-valvecL Hydro-
phyltac, p. 255.

NEMOPHILA. Cal. 10-parted ; alternate lobes reflexed. Cor. sub-
campanulate, 5-lobed ; the lobes emarginate, with margined nectarifer-
ous cavities at base. Stam. shorter than the corol ; jtl. naked. Style
2-cleft. Caps, fleshy, 2-valved, 4-seeded. HydrophyUets, p*. 255.

(Capsules 2— 3- celled.)

PHACELIA. Cal. 5-parted. Cor. subcampanulate, 5-cleft, with 5
longitudinal margined grooves within. Stam. exsert. Style filiform.
Stig. 2. Caps. 2-celled, 2-valved, 4-seeded. HydrophyUea, p. 256.

SPIGELIA. Cal. 5-parted. Cor. funnel-form ; border 5-cleft, equal.
Antk. convergent. Caps, didymous, 2-celled, 4-valved, many-seeded.
Spigeliacea, p. 238.

NICOTIANA. Cal. urceolate, 5-cleft. Cor. funnel-form, 5-cleft.
Stiff, emarginate1. Caps. 2-celled, 2-valved. Solaneee, p. 258.

VERBASCUM. Cal. 5-parted. Cor. rotate, 5-lobed, unequal. Stam.
declined, often hairy. Caps. 2-valved, ovate or globose. Solanece.
p. 259.

HYOSCYAMUS. Cal. tubular, 5-cleft. Cor. funnel-form, irregular :
lobes obtuse. Stig. capitate. Caps, ovate, covered with a lid. Solu-
ne<e, p. 259.

CONVOLVULUS. Cal. 5-parted, naked or with 2 bracts at base. Cor.
funnel-form or campanulate, plicate. Stig. capitate, lobed or divided.
Caps, valved, 1— 4-celled. Convolvulacea , p, 248.

(Capsules 3— 5 celled.)

PHLOX. Cal. deeplv 5-cleft Cor. salver-form ; border 5-lobed, flat.
Stam. inserted into the tube of the corol above the middle, very un-
equal. Caps, roundish, 3-celled ; cells 1-seeded. Polemoniacetc , p.
246.

POLEMONIUM. Cal. campanulate, 5-cleft. Cor. rotate, 5-parted.
Stam. inserted upon the five teeth or valves wlu'ch close the orifice of
corol. Polemoniacca, p. 247.

DIAPENSIA. Cal. 5-parted, subtended by 3 bracts. Cor. salver-form;
border 5-cleft, flat. Stam. inserted into the tube and alternating with

SYNOPSIS OP GENERA. XXXVli

the segments ' of the corol. Caps. 3-celled, 3-valvcd, many-seeded.
Hydroleacece, p. 250.

AZALEA. Cat. 5-parted. Cor. short; campanulate, 5-cleft. Stam.
equal, shorter than the corol. Anth. opening longitudinally. Caps.
5-celled, 5-valved, opening at the top. Ericece, p. 222.

*** Flowers 1-petalled, inferior. Fruit a berry.

PHYSALIS. Cal. 5-cleft. Cor. rotate, 5-cleft. Stam. connivent.
Ber. globose, covered by the inflexed calyx. Solanece, p. 257.

SOLANUM. Cat. 5-cleft. Cor. rotate, 5-cleft, spreading. Anth.
opening with two pores at the top. Ber. subglobose, 2— 4-celled.
Solaneee, p. 257. *

NICANDRA. Cal. 5-parted, 5-angled, the angles compressed, segments
sagittate. Cor. campanulate. IStam. incurved. Ber. 3 — 5-celled,
covered by the calyx. Solanecc, p. 258.

**** Flowers \-petalled, superior. Fruit a capsule.
CAMPANULA. Cat. mostly 5-cleft. Cor. campanulate, the base closed
with 5 staminiferous valves. Stig. 3 — 5-cleft. Caps. 3 — 5-celled,
opening laterally, Campanulacece , p. 213.

LOBELIA. CaL 5-cleft Cor. 5-parted, irregular, cleft on the upper
side to near the base. Stam. united into a tube. Stig. 2-lobed. Caps.
2— 3-celled. Lobettacece, p. 214.

DIERVILLA. Cal. 5-eleft, bibracteate at the base. Cor. funnel-form,
5-cleft, spreading, much longer than the calyx. Stig. capitate. Caps.
oblong, naked, acute, 1 -celled, many-seeded. CapnfoliacecB, p. 157.

***** Floivers 1-petalled, superior. Fruit a berry.
LONICERA. Cal. 5-toothed. Cor. tubular, campanulate or funnel-
form, 5-cleft, often irregularly. Stig. capitate. Ber. 3-celled, few
seeded. Capi-i/oliaceac, p. 157.

SYMTPHORIA. C&l. minute, 4 — 5-toothed. Cor, funnel-form, sub-
equally 4 — 5-lobed. Stig. subglobose. Ber. crowned by the calyx,
4-celled, 4-seeded ; 2 cells sometimes abortive. Caprifoliacece, p. 159.

TRIOSTEUM. Cal. 5-cleft ; lobes linear-lanceolate, nearly as long as
the corol. Cor. tubular, 5-lobed, gibbous at base. Stig. capitate.
Ber. 3-celled, 3-seeded, crowned by the calyx. Caprifoliacece, p. 157.

****** Flowers 4 — 6-petalled, inferior. Fruit a capsule.
ITEA. Cal. 5-cleft, campanulate. Pet. 5, linear, reflexed, spread-
ing, inserted into the calyx. Stig. capitate, 2-lobed. Caps. 2-celled,
2-valved, many-seeded. Saxifrages, p. 139.

IMPATIEKS. Sep. 5, the lower one spurred. Cor. 4-petalled, irregu-
lar ; the 2 inner petals unequally bilobed. Stig. 5, united. Caps.
prismatic* terete, elongated, 5-valved. Balsaminecs, p. 68.

VIOLA. Sep. 5, auricled at their base. Pet. unequal, lower one
spurred. Anth. cohering at the top. Caps. 1 -celled, 3-valved. Viala-
cea, p. 37.

SOLEA. Sep. not auricled at base, decurrent into a pedicel. Pet.
nearly equal ; the lower a little larger and somewhat gibbous at base.
Fil. with short broadish claws at base. Violacex, p. 41.

CLAYTONIA. Cal. 2-leaved or2-partecL Pet. 5> obcordate or obovate, .
3a*

XXXV111 SYNOPSIS OF GENERA.

unguiculate. Style 3-cleft. Caps. 1-celled, 3-valved, 3 — 5-seeded-
Portulacea, p. 130.

CEANOTHUS. Cat. 5-cleft, campanulate. Pet. 5, saccate and arched,
with long claws. Stig. 3. Caps. 3-celled, 3-seeded, 3-parted, opening
on the inner side. RhamnetR, p. 74.

EVOWTMVS. Cal. 4 — 6-lobed, flat, covered at base by a peltate disk.
Pet. 4 — 6, spreading, inserted into the disk. Caps. 3 — 5-celled, 3—5-
angled ; cells 1 — 4-seeded. Celastrineee, p. 71.

CELASTRCra. Cal. minute, 5-lobed. Pet. 5, unguiculate. Ocary
with 10 striee, immersed in the disk. Caps. 2— 3-valved; valve*
septiferous in the centre. Seed 1, covered with a large fleshy aril.
CelastrinctB, p. 72.

******* Flowers 4 — 5-petalled, inferior. Fruit a berry.
Vrris. Cal. about 5-toothed. Pet. 5, cohering at the top, decidu-
ous. Stig. capitate, sessile. Eer. 2-celled, .4-seeded ; cells and s«ed»
often abortive. Ampelidete, p. 66.

AMPELOPSIS. Cal. nearly entire. Pet. 5. Stig. capitate. Ovary
not immersed in the disk, 2 — 4-seeded. Ampdide.tc, p. 65.

RHAMNUS. Cal. urceolate, 4 — 5-cleft. Pet. alternating with the
lobes of the calyx, or none. Stig. 2— 4- cleft. Ber. 2~- 4-<jelled.
Rkamnea, p. 73.

«**«•*»* plovers 5-petalled, superior. .

RISKS. Cal. campanulate, 5-cleft. Style 1 — 4-cleft. Ber. 1 -celled,
many-seeded Grossulacete, p. 135.

********* Flowers incomplete.

HAMILTOHIA. Polygamous. Perianth turbinate-campanulate, 5-
cleft. Stig. 2 — 3. Germ immersed in the 5-toothed glandulous disk.
Drupe 1-seeded, inclosed in the adhering base of the calyx. Santala-
GMR, p. 307.

THESIUM. Perianth 4 — 5-cleft. Slam. 4 — 5, villoui externally. Nut
\ -seeded, covered by the persistent perianth. Santalacea, p. 307.

GLAUX. Cal. campanulate, 5-lobed, coloured. Cor. none. Caps.
globose, 5-valved, 5-seeded, surrounded by the calyx. Primulace<e, p.

ANTCHIA. Cal. 5-parted ; segments connivent, subsaccate, callou*
at the top. Cor. none. Fil. 3—5, distinct. Stig. 2, sub-capitate.
Caps, indehiscent, 1-seeded, surrounded by the calyx. llUcebrta, p.
131.

DlGYNIA.

* Flowers inferior. Corol \-petalled.

APOCTWITM. Cal. very small, 5-cleft, persiStent. Cor. campanulate :
border with 5 short spreading or revolute lobes ; the base furnished
with 5 glandular teeth alternating with the stamens. Anth. sagittate,
connivent, cohering to the stigma by the middle. Follicles long, dis-
tinct. Apocynece, p. 233.

PKRIPLOCA. Cal. 5-cleft. Cor. rotate, flat, 5-parted; orifice sur-
rounded with a 5-cleft crown, terminating in 5 filiform awns. Antk.
cohering, bearded on the back. Follicles 2, smooth, divaricate. Ascle-
piadea, p. 238.

GOWOLOBVS. Or. rotate, 5-parted. Stamine&l crovm, (nectary,)

SYNOPSIS OF GENERA. XXXIX

scutelliform, lobed. Anth. opening transversely, terminated by a
membrane. Pollinia (masses of pollen) 5-pairs, not separated into
grains. Stiff, depressed. Follicles 2, ventricose. Asdepiadece , p. 237.

ASCLEPIAS. CaL small, 5-parted. Cor. 5^-parted, mostly reflexed.
Stamineal crown 5-leaved, concave, erect with a subulate process at the
base of each. Stig. with 5 angles, opening by longitudinal chinks.
Pollinia 5 distinct pairs. Follicles 2, ventricose. Asclepiadeee, p. 235.

GENTIANA. CaL 4 — 5-cleft. Cor. bell- or funnel-form, tubular at
the base, with the orifice naked. Stam. 4 — 5, included. Stig. 2-lbbed.
Caps. 1-celled, 2-valved. Gentianea, p. 239.

CUSCUTA. Cdl. 4 — 5-cleft. Cor. globose-urceolate ; limb 4 — 5-lobed.
Caps. 2-celled, opening all round transversely ; cells 2-seeded,
Convolxulaeea , p. 249.

** Flowers 5~petalled, inferior'.

HEUCHERA. CaL 5-cleft, persistent. Pet. 5, inserted on the calyx.
Caps, with 2 beaks, 1-celled, many-seed. Sazifragece , p. 139.

*** Flowers b-petalled, superior.

PAN AX. Fl. polygamous, umbelled. CaL obsoletely 5- toothed.
Pet. 5. Styles 2 — 3, short. Fruit fleshy, compressed, orbicular or
didymous, 2-celled. Araliacea, p. 151.

* * * * Flowers incomplete .

ATRIPLEX. Polygamous. PERFECT FL. Perianth 5-parted. Fruit
depressed. FEMALE FL. Perianth 2-parted. Stam. none. Chenopo-
dea, p. 296.

CHENOPODIUM. Perianth inferior, 5-cleft, persistent, partly covering
the fruit. Chenopodetf, p. 295.

SALSOLA. Peiianth inferior, 5-«left, persistent, enveloping the fruit
with its base and crowning it with its broad scariose limb. Embryo
spiral. Chenopodece, p. 298.

ULMUS. Perianth inferior, campanulate, 4^-5-cleft. Fruit com-
pressed, with a broad membranaceous border. Ulmacca, p. 333.

CELTIS. Perfect or polygamous. Perianth inferior, 5-lobed. Drupe
globose, 1-seeded. Ulmce<z, p. 334.

***** piowers 5-petalled, superior, 2-sceded.

OBS. The genera of this division form the Natural Order UmbeUiferce .
p. 139.

TRIGYNIA.
* Flowers superior.

VIBURNUM. CaL with the limb small, 5-toothed and persistent. Cor.
rotate subcampanulate or tubular, 5-lobed. Ber. ovate or globose, 1-
seeded, crowned by the teeth of the calyx. Caprifoliacce, p. 155.

** Flowers inferior* ^ . .,

RHUS. CaL small, 5-parted. Pet. 5, ovate, spreading. Drupe near^
ly dry, with one bony seed. Anacardiacea , p. 75.

STAPHYLEA. CaL 5-parted, covered at base by an urceolate disk ;
lobes oblong, concave, coloured. Pet. 5, alternate with the sepals,
Caps. 2— 3-celled ; cells membranaceous, inflated, united at base or
throughout their whole length. Staphyleacea, p. 73.

X SYNOPSIS OP GENERA.

TKTRAGYNIA.

PAR* ASSIA. Cal. 5-sepalled. Pet. 5. Scales 5, terminating in glan-
dular bristles at. the apex. Caps. 1-celled, 4-valved. Seeds arillate.
Droseracece, p. 43.

NEMOPAPTTHES. Fl. by abortion dioecious or polygamous. Cat.
scarcely conspicuous. Pet. 5, distinct, oblong-linear, deciduous.
Stig. 3—4, sessile, Ber. subglobose, 3— 4-oelled, 3 — 4- seeded. Ida-
netc, p. 230. •

PENTAGYNIA.

ARALIA. Cat. 5-toothed, or entire, superior. Pet. -5. Ber. 5—10,
seeded. Fl. in umbels. Araliacete, p. 151.

STATICE. Cal. funnel-form, scariose, plaited, Pet. 5. Pericarp in-
dehiscent. Plumbaginea, p. 292.

LINUM. Cal. 5-parted, persistent. Pet. 5, unguiculate. Caps, sub-
globose, 10-valved, 10-celled. Seed solitary, ovate, compressed,
Linea, p. 56.

SIBBALDIA. Cal. 10-cleft, with the alternate segments narrower.
Pet. 5, minute. Styles preceding laterally from the germ. Seeds 5.
clustered in the bottom of the calyx. ROIISCC&, p. 108.

DROSERA. Cal. deeply 5-cleft. Pet. 5, Caps, superior, 3-celled,
3 — 5-valved, many-seeded. Droseracete, p. 42.

PoLYGfNIA,

ZANTHORI/A. CaL deciduous, 5-sepalled. Pet. 5, Cups. Q — 3-
seeded, by abortion 1-seeded. RanunaUacea:, p. 14.

MONOGYHIA.

* Flowers complete, having a calyx and corol.

TRADESCANTIA. CaL 3-leaved. Pet. 3. Fil. villous. Caps, supe-
rior. 3-celled, many-seeded. Commelinea, p, 376.

BERBERIS. Cal. inferior, 6-sepalled» Pet. 6, with 2 glands upon
their claws. Ber. 2 — 3-seeded. Berderidea, p. 17,

LEONTICE. Cal. 6-sepalled, naked without. Pet. 6, bearing a scale
at the base. Caps. 2— 4rseeded. Seeds globose, inserted into the bot-
tom of the capsule. Berberidea, p, 17.

PRINOS. Cal. minute, 6-clefl. Cor. 6-par.ted, Ber. 6-seeded. IK-
cineat, p. 230.

FL(ERKIA. Cal. 3-sepalled. Pet. 3, shorter than the sepals. Style
bifid. Seeds 2 or 3, membranaceously coated, superior. Hydropdti-
d*e, p. 19.

** Flowers issuing from a spathe*

AMARYLLIS. Perianth superior, 6-parted, petaloid, irregular. FiL
arising from the orifice of the tube, declined or straight, unequal.
Amaryttideai, p. 354.

ALLIUM. Perianth inferior, 6-parted, generally spreading. Ft in
crowded umbels, arising from a 2-leaved spathe. Asphoddea, p. 363.

HYPOXIS. Spathe 2-valved. Perianth superior, 6-parted, persistent.

SYNOPSIS OF GENERA. xlf

Caps, elongated, narrowed at the base, 3-celled, many-seeded. Seeds
roundish, naked. Hypoxideae, p. 354.

PONTEDERIA. Perianth inferior, 6-parted, 2-lipped ; under side of
the tube with 3 longitudinal perforations. Stem, unequally inserted ;
3 of them upon the summit of the tube. Caps, muricate, 1-seeded.
Pontederea, p. 368.

*** Floicers icith a single corol-like perianth.

ALETRIS. Perianth tubular-ovate, 6-cleft, wrinkled. Stam. inserted
upon the orifice. Style 3-sided, 3-parted. Caps, half-superior, 3-cell-
ed, many-seeded. Asphodelca, p. 364.

LOPHIOLA. Perianth 6-parted, woolly, bearded inside. Anth. erect.
Fil. naked. Stig. simple. Caps, opening at the summit. Hxmo-
doracea, p. 374.

AGAVE. Perianth superior, tubular, funnel-form, 6-parted. Stam.
longer than the corol, erect. Caps, triangular, many-seeded. Bro-
meliacece, p. 375.

HEMEROCALLIS. Perianth large, persistent, campanulate, 6-cleft.
Stam. declined. Stig. somewhat villous. Asphodeiea, p. 362.

ORNITHOGALUM. Perianth 6-parted, spreading above. Fil. dilated at
the base. AsphodelecK, p. 362.

NARTHECIUTYI. Perianth 6. parted, coloured. Fil. hairy. Caps:, pris-
matic, 3-celled. Seed appenctaged at each extremity. Juncece, p. 374^

ASPARAGUS. Perianth inferior, 6-parted. Style very short. Stig. 3.
Her. 3-celled ; cells 2-seeded. Asphodelece, p. 363.

ERYTHRONIUM. Perianth campanulate, 6-parted ; segments reflexed ;
the 3 inner ones usually with a callous tooth on each side near the base,
a,nd a nectariferous pore. Caps, superior, roundish, somewhat stiped.
Liliacece, p. 365.

LILIUM. Perianth campanulate, deeply 6-parted ; segments mostly
reflexed, marked with a longitudinal nectariferous line. Stig. entire.
Caps, superior, 3-sided. Liliacece, p. 364.

UVULARIA. Perianth inferior, 6-parted, erect ; segments with a nec-
tariferous 'cavity at base. Fil. very short, growing to the anthers.
Stig. reflexed. Caps. 3-sided, 3-celled, 3-valved. Seeds many, sub-
globose, arillate at the hilum. Smilacete, p. 361.

SMILACINA. Perianth 6-parted, spreading. Stam. attached to the
base of the segments. Ber. globose, 3-celled. Smilacecc, p. 357.

CLINTONIA. Perianth 6-parted, bell-form. Stam. inserted at the
base. Style compressed. Sli£. 2-lobed, compressed. Ber. 2-celled ;
cells many- seeded. Smilacece, p. 358. -v1

POLYGONATUM. Perianth 6-cleft, cylindrical. Stam. inserted on the
upper part of the tube. Ber. 3-celled ; cells 2-seeded. Smilacete, p.

STREPTOPUS. Perianth 6-parted ; segments with a nectariferous pore
at base. Anth. longer than the filaments. Stig. very short. Ber.
subglobose, smooth, 3-celled. Seeds few. Smilacecc, p. 359.

**** Flowers with a single calyx-like perianth, not spathed.
ORONTIUM. Spad. cylindric, crowded with flowers. Perianth C-pe-
tailed, naked. Style and stigma scarcely any. Cans, bladder-like. 1.
swded. Aroidece, p. 381.

Xl SYNOPSIS OP GENERA.

ACORUS. Spad. cylindric, covered with flowers. Perianth glumace*
ous, 6-petalled, naked. Stig. sessile, very minute. Caps. 3-celled, 3-
angled. Aroidea, p. -381.

Juicers. Perianth inferior, glumaceous, 6-parted. Caps. 3-celled, 3-
valved. Seeds many. Juncett, 371.

LUZCLA. Perianth 6-parted, glumaceous. Caps, superior, 3-celled,
3- valved ; cells 1 -seeded. Juncea;, p. 373.

TRIGYNIA.

MELANTHIUM. Polygamous. Perianth rotate, 6-parted ; segments
with claws and 2 glands at the base of each; claws stamimferous.
Caps, sabovate, 3-celled ; apex partly trifid. Seeds many, membrana-
ceously winged. Melantliacete, p. 366.

VKRATRUM. Polygamous. PeriantJi 6-parted, spreading ; segments
8e*sile, without glands. -S'tom, inserted upon the receptacle. Caps.
oblong, 2-valved, many-seeded, Mdantitacea, p. 368.

HELONIAS. Perianth 6-parted, spreading, without glands. Styles 3,
distinct. Caps. 3-celled, 3-horned ; cells few-seeded. Melantkacea,
p. 367.

XEROPHYLLUM. Perianth subrotate, deeply 6-parted. Fil. contigu-
ous at base. Stig. 3, revolute, partly united below. Caps, subglo-
bose, 3-celled ; cells 2-seeded, opening at the .top. Melanthacete, p.
367.

TOFIELDIA. Perianth 6-parted, with a small 3-parted involucre.
Caps. 3 — 6-celled ; cells many-seeded. Melanthacete, p. 366.

SCHEUCHZERIA. • Perianth 6-parted. Ant/i. linear. Stig. sessile, la-
teral. Caps, inflated, 2-valved, 1 — 2-seeded. Juncaginea:, p. 379.

TRIGI.OCHIN. Perianth of 6 deciduous leaves, 3 inserted above the
rest. Stam. very short Caps. 3 — 6, unjted by a longitudinal re-
ceptacle. Juncagineae, p. 378.

MEDKOLA. Perianth 6-parted, revolute. Slig. 3, divaricate, united
at the base. Ber. 3-celled ; cells 3— 6-seeded. Smilacea, p. 360.

TRILLIUM. Perianth 6-parted ; 3 outer segments resembling a calyx;
3 inner petaloid. Stig. 3, sessile. Ber. superior, 3-celled ; cells many-
seeded. Smilacea, p. 360.

Kf.MKx. Perianth 6-leaved. Nut triquetrous, covered by the 3 in-
ner valviform leaves of the perianth. Stig. many-cleft. Poh/gonea, p.
303.

TETRAGYMIA.

BAURCRUS. FL in an ament or crowded spike. Scales 1 -flowered.
Cor. none. Anth. adnate to the filaments. Caps. 4, each 1 or rarelj
^seeded. Saururea>, p. 317.

POLYGYNIA.

Ar.is.MA. Col. 3-leaved. Cor. 3-petalled. Caps, many, clustered,
distinct, 1-seeded, not opening. Alismacea, p. 378.

HEPTANDRIA.

MONOGYNIA.

TRIKNTALIS. Cal. 7-parted. Cor. 7-parted, regular and flat. Ber.
dry, opening at the suture, many-seeded. Primulacetc, p. 289.

SYNOPSIS OF GENERA.

Cal. campanulate. Pet. 4 — 5, expanded. Ftt. recurved
backwards. Caps, echinate. Hippocastanea, p. 65.

OCTANDRIA.

MONOGYNIA.

* Flowers superior.

RHEXIA. Cal. ventricose-ovate at base ; limb 4-cleft. Pet. 4, obo-
vate. Caps, included in the calyx, 4-celled. Seeds numerous, cochle-
ate. Melastomacea, p. 127.

OENOTHERA. Cal 4.sepalledf sepals united into a long 4-sided or
8-ribbed tube ; limb and part of the tube caducous. Cor. 4-petalled.
Stig. 4-cleft, or spherical. Caps. 4-celled, 4-valved, many-seeded.
OnagraricB, p. 117.

GAURA. Cal. 3— 4-sepalled ; sepals united into a long obovate tube;
limb caducous. Cor. 3 — 4-petalled. . Seeds I — 4, not crowned with
pappus. Onagraria, p. 117.

EPILOBIUM. Cal. 4-sepalled ; sepals united into a long 4-sided tube;
limb caducous. Pet. 4. Caps, elongated, 4-celled, 4-valved, many-
seeded. Seeds crowned with pappus.. Onograria, p% 116.

OXYCOCCUS. Cal. superior, 4-cleft. Cor. 4-parted ; segments sub-
linear and re volute. Fil. converging. Anth. tubular, 2- parted. #«r,
many-seeded. Vaccinea, p. 225.

** Flowers inferior.

MENZIESIA. Cal. deeply 5-cleft. Cor. ovate, 4 — 5-cleft. Stam. in-
serted into the receptacle. Caps. 4 — 5-celled, the partitions formed by
the inflexed margins of the valves. Seeds numerous, oblong. Eiice<e,
p. 218.

ACER. Fl.. mostly polygamous. Cal. 5-lobed, or 5-parted. *Pet. 5,
or none. Caps 2, each with a long membranous expansion, (samara}
wnited at base, 1 -seeded. Acerinea, p. 63.

DIRCA. Perianth coloured, campanulate ; border obsolete. Stam.
unequal, exserted. Ber. 1-seeded. Thymelea, p. 306.

JEFFERSONIA. Cal. 4-sepalled. Pet. 8. Caps, obovate, opening be-
low the top by semicircular foramen. Seeds many, arillate at base.
Podophyttcce, p. 18.
^,y TRIGYNIA.

POLYGONUM. Perianth 4— 6-parted, petaloid, persistent. Nut 1-seed-
ed, mostly triangular. Polygonece, p, 300.

ENNEANDRIA.
MONOGYNIA.

LAURUS. Perianth 4— 5«-cleft, equal. Stam. 8—12, in a double row ;
outer ones all fertile ; alternate inner ones fertile and furnished at base
with 2 appendices or glands, (nectary.) Drupe fleshy. Laurinea, p.

^*vO» •

DECANDHIA.

MONOGYNIA.

* Flowers regular.

Cal. superior, 4 — 3-toothed. Cor. urceokte or cam»

SYNOPSIS OF GENERA.

panulate, 4 — 5-cleft. Fil. inserted upon the germ. Ber. globose,
4 — 5-celled, many-seeded. Vaccinete, p. 223.

OBS. The remaining genera of this division are included in the
Natural Orders, Ericece, p. 215, and Pyrola:eai, p. 225. — ( Leiophytlum,
omitted in its proper place, is described in the Appendix, p. 463.)

** Floiocrs irregular.

CASSIA. Sep. 5, scarcely united at base, somewhat unequal. Pet.
5, subequal. Stnm. unequal ; 3 upper ones sterile ; 3 lowest beaked,
upon longer and incurved filaments. Legume membranaceous, 2-valved.
Leguminosa, p. 93.

BAPTISIA. Cal. half 4 or 5-cleft, bilabiate. Cor. papilionaceous.
Pet. nearly equal in length. Stand, with the sides jceflexed. Stam.
deciduous. Leg. ventricose, pedicelled, many-seeded, teguminosa,
p. 77.

CF.RCIS. Cal. 5-toothed, gibbpus at base. Pet. 5, with claws, sub-
papilionaceous, all distinct ; wings large. Leg. compressed ; upper
eeminiferous suture margined. Seeds obovate. Leguminosa, p. 94.

DlGYKIA.

•

HYDRANGEA. CaL superior, hemispheric, 5-toothed. Pet. 5, regu-
lar. Cap* 2-celled, 2-beaked, opening by a hole between the 2 horns.
Saxifragca, p. 137.

SAXIFRAGA. Cal. 5-parted. Pet. 5, entire, with short .claws. Caps.
with 2 beaks, 2-celled, many-seeded, opening between the beak*.
Saxifrages, p. .137.

CHRYSOSPI.KNIUM. Cal. superior, 4 — 5-clefl, coloured. Cor. none.
Caps, with 2-beaks, 2-valved, many-seeded. Saxifragea, p. 138.

TIAJIELI.A. Cal. 5-parted, persistent. Pet. 5, inserted into the
calyx, unguiculate, entire. Caps. 1-celled, 2-valved ; valves unequal.
Saxtfragea, p. 138.

MITELLA. Cal. campanulate, 5-cleft. Pet. 5, laciniate or toothed,
inserted into the calyx. Caps. 1-celled, 2-valved ; valves equal.
Saxifragea:, p. 138.

SAPONARIA. Cal. tubular, 5-toothed, naked at the base. Pet. 5,
unguiculate. Caps. 1-celled. Caryopkyllea, p. 49.

DIANTHUS. Cal. tubular, 5-toolhed, with 2 — 4 imbricated scales at
the base. Pet. 5, with long .claws. Caps. Kseeded. Caryopkylleec,
p. 47.

SCLERANTHUS. Cal. 5-cleft, with the stam. inserted upon it. Cor.
none. Caps. 1-celled, covered with the calyx. Sclerantheee, p. 132.
TRIGYNIA*

SILENE. Cal. tubular, 5-toothed, naked. Pet. 5, unguiculate, most-
ly crowned at the orifice ; limb bifid. Caps. 3-celled at base, dehis-
cent at the top into 6 teeth. . Caryopkyllea;, p. 47.

STELLARJA. Cal. 5-parted. Pet, 5, bifid. Caps. 1-celled, opening
with 6 teeth, many-seeded. . Caryophyllece, p. 50.

ARENARIA. CaL 5-sepalled. Pet. 5, entire. Caps. 1-celled, many-
eeeded. Caryophyllea, p. 51.

PENTAGYNIA.

SEDUM. CaL 5-parted. Pet. 5. Caps. 5, with a nectariferous scale
at their base. Crassulacut, p. 133.

SYNOPSIS OP GENERA. Xlv

OXALIS. Col. 5-parted, persistent. Pet. 5. Caps. 5-angled, 5-cell-
ed, bursting at the angles. Seeds covered with an elastic aril. Oxali-
decs, p. 69.

AGROSTEMMA. Cat. 1-leaved, tubular, coriaceous, 4-sided. Pet. 5,
•clawed ; limb undivided. Caps. 1-celled. Caryophyllece, p. 49.

CERASTIUM. Cal. 5-parted. Pet. 5, bifid. Caps. 1-celled, dehiscent
at the apex with 5 or 10 teeth. Caryopkyllece, p. 53.

SPERGULA. CaL 5-parted. Pet. 5, undivided. Caps, ovate. Cary-
ophyllea, p. 50.

PENTHORUM. Cal. 5-parted. PeL 5 or none. Caps. 5-pointed, 5-cell-
^d, 5- sided at the apex. Crassulacece, p. 133.
DECAGYNIA.

PHYTOLACCA. Perianth 5-leaved, petaloid. Ber. superior, 10-celled,
10-seeded, Phytolaccea, p. 299.

ICOSANDRIA.

MONOGYNIA,

OPUNTIA. Cal. many-sepalled ; outer sepals flat, short ; inner ones
petal-like, obovate, rosaceous. Ber. ovate, umbilicate at the apex, tu-
berculate and often bearing spines. Cactea, p. 134.

PRUNUS. Cal. inferior, 5-toothed. Cor. 5-petalled. Drupe ovate or
oblong, fleshy, very smooth, covered with -greyish dust ; putamen com-
pressed, acute at both ends, subsulcate at the margin, elsewhere
smooth. Amygdalae, p. 95.

CERASUS. Drupe globose or umbilicate at base, fleshy, very smooth,
destitute of grey powder ; nucleus subglobose, smooth. Amygdalece,
p. 96.

LYTHRUM. Cal. cylindric, striate, 8 — 12-toothed. Pet. 4 — 6, equal,
inserted on the calyx. Caps. 2-celled, many-seeded. Salicariee, p. 125.

CUPHEA. Cal. inflated, tubular, 6— 12-toothed, unequal. Pet. 6—7,
unequal, inserted into the calyx. Caps. 1 — 2-celled, at length bursting
longitudinally. SalicaritB, p. 126.

DECODON. Cal. hemispheric-campanulate, 10-toothed ; 5 teeth longer
and spreading. Pet. 5, undulate. Caps, covered with the calyx, 3-
celled, 3-valved. Saticarue, p. 126.

DI-PENTAGYNIA.
(From Order 2 to Order 5 inclusive.)

SESUVIUM. Cal. 5-parted, coloured. Pet. none. Stig. 3 — 5. Caps.
superior, 3 — 5-celled, opening circularly, many-seeded. Ficoidea, p.
134.

OBS. The remaining genera of this division belong to the Orders
Rosacea, (p. 98,) and Pomacea, (p. 110.)

POLYGYHIA.

CALYCANTHUS. Lobes of the cal. in many rows, imbricate, lanceolate,
somewhat coriaceous, coloured. Cor. none. Stam. unequal. Acines
many. Calycanthece, p. 115.

OBS. All the other genera of this order are included under Rosa-
tea, p. 98.

4a

Xv SYNOPSIS OP GENERA.

POLYANDRIA.

MONOGYNIA.-

TILIA. Col. 5-parted, inferior, deciduous. Pet. 5, naked, or with a
scale within. Caps, coriaceous, 5-celled ; cells 2-seeded, (rarely 1-
celled, 1-seeded.) Titiacea, p. 59.

HELIANTHEMUM. Col. 5-leaved, 2 smaller than the rest. Cor. 5-pe-
talled. Caps. 1-celled, 3-valved ; valves septiferous in the middle.
Cistinea, p. 35.

HUDSONIA. Cat, tubular, 5-parted, unequal, inferior. Cor. 5-^etall-
ed. Stam. 9—30. Caps. 1-cellid, 3-valved, 1— 3-seeded. Cistinea:,
p. 36.

PORTULACCA. CaL inferior, 2-parted. Pet. 4 — 6. Caps. 1-celled.
opening circularly. Portulacete, p. 130.

TALINUM. Col. of 2 ovate sepals. Cor. 5-petalled. Caps. 1-celled,
3-valved, many-seeded. Receptacle globose. Portulacca, p. 130.

CHELIDONIUM. Sepals 2, smooth. Pet. 4. Caps, elongated, 1-celled,
2-valved. Seeds numerous, crested, free. Papavcracca, p. 21.

MZCONOPSIS. Pet. 4. Stig. 4 — 6-rayed. Caps, obovate, 1-celled,
4 — 6-valved. Papaveracea:. p. 21.

ARGEMONE. Pet. 4 — 6. Stig. 4 — 7, radiating, free. Caps, obovate,
1-celled, opening at the summit by valves. Papaveracea, p. 21.

SANGUINARIA. Sep. 2, deciduous. Pet. 8—12. Stig. 2. Caps.
superior, oblong, 2-valved Papareraceat, p. 21.

PODOPHYLLUM. Sep. 3. Pet. 6—9. Stig. large, subsessile, peltate-
Bcr. somewhat fleshy, not dehiscent. PodophylUa:, p. 18.

ACTJEA. CaL 4-leaved, deciduous. Pet. 4. Carpels many-seeded.
Ranunculacea, p. 13.

SARRACENIA. CaL double, persistent; outer one of 3 leavos ; inner
one of 5, much larger. Pet. 5. Stijr. very large, peltate, covering the
stamens. Caps. 5-celled. Sarracenia, p. 22.

NYMPHJEA. Sep. at the base of the disk. Pet. and stam. connected
with the whole of the disk, which covers the carpels. Xymph&acete, p.
20.

NUPHAR. Sep., pet. and stajn. inserted at the base of the disk. Nym~
pkaaccir, p. 20.

DI-PENTAOYNIA.

ASCYRUM. Cat. 4-sepalled ; the 2 inner larger and cordate. Pet. 4.
. scarcely united at base. Styles 1 — 3. Ilypcricinctc, p. 62.

HYPERICUM. Sep. 5, unequal, more or less united at base. Pet. 5.
Stam. in 3 or 4 parcels. Styles 3—5. Caps, membranaceous. IJypc-
ricinea, p. 60.

OBS. The other genera belong to Ranwiculacta, p. 3.

POLYGYNIA.

MAGNOLIA. Sep. 5. Pet. 6—9. Carpels 2-valved, 1-seeded, imbri-
cated in a cone. Seeds pendulous, arillate. Magnoliacea, p. 14.
LIRIODESDRON. Sep. 3. Pet. 6. Samara, (wing-like carpek,) 1 or

SYNOPSIS OF GENERA.

2-seeded, imbricate in a cone, not opening, attenuated. Magnoliacea,
p* 15.

ASIMINA. CaL 3-parted. Pet* 6, spreading, ovate-oblong ; the in-
ner smaller. Anth. subsessile. Ber. several, ovate, sessile, many-
seeded. Anonacea, p. 16.

HYDROPELTIS. CaL of 3—4 sepals. PeL 3—4. Ovaries 6—18'
Seeds pendulous, ovate, globose . Hydropeltidece, p. 18.

NELUMBIUM. Col. petaloid, of 4—6 sepals. Pet. numerous. Carp.
numerous, deeply immersed in the upper surface of a turbm&te receptacle
or torus, 1-seeded. Nymplweacece, p. 19.

OBS. The remaining genera belong to the Order Ranunculacea,
p. 3.

DlDYNAMIA.

2 orders. 1. Gymnospermia. Seeds naked.

2. Angiospermia. Seeds in a capsule.

OBS. The genera of this class form a very natural group, hav-
ing irregular or bilabiate flowers, with mostly 4 stamens (2 longer) ;
but sometimes 2 are abortive, and hence such are arranged artificially
in the class Diandria. The whole will be more easily, as well as cor-
rectly studied, by the natural orders. The genera belonging to the order
Gymnospermia will be found among the Labiate, p. 270 ; those belong-
ing to Angiospermia among the Orobanchece, p. 260, Scrophularinece, p.
261, and Ferbenacece, p. 283.

TETRADYNAMIA.

OBS. This class is entirely natural ; and it is therefore altogether
unnecessary to repeat the generic descriptions. It is identical with the
natural order Crucifera, p. 24. I have chiefly for the sake of conven-
ience, preserved the Linnasan division into Siliculosce and Siliquosce. —
Gynandropsis and Polanisia, ( Cleome Linn. ) usually arranged under
this class, form the order Capparidece, p. 34.

MONADELPHIA.

PENTANDRIA.

PASSIFLORA. CaL 5 -parted, coloured. Pet. 5, or none, inserted in-
to the calyx. Nect. a filamentous crown. Ber. pedicelled. Passiflo-
rea, p. 129.

DECANDRIA.

GERANIUM. Sep. 5, equal. Pet. 5, equal, 5 alternate stant. long-
er, with nectariferous scales at the base. Fruit beaked, separating into
5 1-seeded capsules, each with a long naked simple awn. Geraniace&t
p. 67.

POLYANDRIA.

OBS. The genera of order from the Natural Order Malvaceae, p. 56.
DlADELPHIA.
HEXANDRIA.

OBS. The succeeding genera belong to the Natural Order Fumaria-
eea, p. 22,

SYNOPSIS OF GENERA.
OCTANDRIA.

POLYGALA. CaL 5-leaved, 2" of tliem wing-shaped and coloured
Caps, compressed, obovate or obcordate, 2-celled, 2-valved. Seeds pu-
bescent. Polygafae, p. 44.

DECANDRIA,.

OBS. The genera of this order, with a few usually arranged under
the class Decaudria, constitute the Leguminosa, p. 76.

SYNGENESIA.

OBS. 'The plants of this class, with a few exceptions, have 5 anthers
united into a single tube. They are further characterized by the flowers,
commonly called florets, being clustered together in heads and insert-
ed upon a common receptacle which is surrounded by an involucre ;
being usually known as compound flowers. They form the Natural
Order Composite, p. 165.

GYNANDRIA.

OBS. The orders Monandria and Diandria of this class, constitute
the Orchidea:, p. 342.

HEXANDRIA.

ARISTOLOCHIA. Perianth tubular, ventricose at base, dilated at the
apex and ligulate. Caps, inferior, 6-celled, many seeded. Aristolo-
chia, p. 308.

DODECANDRIA.

ASARUM. Perianth campanulate, 3-cleft. Anth. adnate to the mid-
dle of the filaments. Caps, inferior, 6-celled. Aristolochia, p. 309.

MONOECIA.

MONANDRIA.

ZOSTERA. Stam. and Pist. separated, in two rows on one side of a
spadix. Spathe leafy. Perianth none. STERILE FL. Anth. ovate ses-
sile, alternating with the germs. FERTILE FL. Ooaryl, ovate. Style.
bind. Drupe 1-seeded. Flutialt*. p. 384.

ZANNICHELLIA. STERILE FL. Perianth none. FERTILE FL. Perianth
single, 1-leaved. Style 1. Stig. peltate. Caps, sessile. FktciaUf.
p. 384.

CAULINIA. Perianth none. STERILE FL. Anth. sessile. FERTILE FL_
Style aliform. Stig. 2-cleft. Caps. 1-seeded. Fluciales, p. 384.

EUPHORBIA. Perianth mostly wanting, Invol. 1-leaved, campanu-
late, 8 to 10 toothed, the inner segments membranaceous and erect.
STERILE FL. 12 or more. Fit. articulated in the middle. FERTILE FL.
solitary, stipulate, naked. Cap*. 3-lobed. Euphorbiacece, p. 311.

DIANDRIA.

PODOSTEMUM. Cal. and Cor. none. STERILE FL. Stam. 2, affixed to
a common pedicel. FERTILE FL. Germ ovate. SHg. 1, sessile. Cap$.
2-celled, 2-valved, many-seeded. Scedt minute. Podostemect, p. 124.

TRIANDRIA.

SPARGANIUM. Fl. in spherical heads. Perianth 3-leaved. Drupe
dry, 1-seeded. Typhacea, p. 379.
CAREX. Fl. collected into an imbricated ament. Glume 1-flowered.

SYNOPSIS OP GENERA. xlix

Cor. (nectary or perianth) ventricose, l-valved, persistent, enclosing
the coriaceous nut or caryopsis. Cyperacece, p. 430.

TYPHA. Fl. forming a long cylindrical dense spike. STERILE FL.
Perianth none. Stamens 3, united below into 1 filament. FERTILE
FL. Perianth none. Pericarp pedicellate, surrounded at base with
hairs resembling a pappus. Typhacece, p. 380.

SCLERIA. STERILE FL. Glumes 2 or 6, many-flowered. Palecs un-
armed. FERTILE FL. Glumes2or6, 1-flowered. Palece none. Stig.
1 — 3. Jfut coloured, subglobose. Cyperacece, p. 430.

TRIPSACCM. STERILE FL. Glume 2 flowered ; outer one sterile ; in-
ner neutre. Cor. a membranous glume. FERTILE FL. Glume 1-flow-
ered, surrounded by a 1-leaved involucre, perforated near the base.
Cor! a 2-valved glume. Style, 2. &eed 1. Graminece, p. 399.

COMPTONIA. STERILE FL. Amtnt cylindrical ; scales 1-flowered. Per-
ianth 2-parted. FERTILE FL. Jlment globose ; scales 1-flowered; Styles
2. Nut ovate, 1-celled. Jlmentacece, p. 324.

TETRANDRIA.

ERIOCAULON. FL collected into a compact scaly head. STERILE
FL. in the disk. Perianth single, 4-cleft ; the two inner segments
united nearly to their summit. Stamens 4 — 6. FERTILE FL. in the
margin. Perianth single, deeply 4-parted. Style 1. Stig. 2 — 3, Caps.
2—3 lobed, 2—3 celled : cells 1-seeded. Restiacece, p. 369.

ALNUS. STERILE FL. Jlment long cylindrical ; scales 3-lobed, 3-
flowered. Perianth single, 4-parted. FERTILE FL. J3men( ovate ; scales
2-flowered. Perianth none. Styles 2. Nut compressed. Jlmentaceee,
p. 326.

BOEHMERIA. STERILE FL. Perianth 4-parted. FERTILE FL. Perianth
none. Style 1. Nut compressed. Urticece, p. 315.

URTICA. STERILE FL. Perianth single, 4-leaved. FERTILE FL. Per-
ianth 2-leaved. Nut 1, shining. Urticea, p, 313,

PARIETARIA. FL polygamous. PERFECT FL. Perianth 4-cleft. Sta*
mens elastic. Style 1. Nut 1, enclosed by the enlarged perianth. Ur-
ticece, p. 315.

MORUS. Perianth 4-parted ; lobes concave. FERTILE FL. Styles 2.
. Seeds 1 — 2, covered by the fleshy perianth. Jlrlocarpece, p. 316.

PENTANDRIA.

CROTONOPSIS. STERILE FL. Perianth 5-parted, with 5 petaloid scales.
FERTILE FL. Perianth 5-parted. Stig. 3, twice bifid. Caps. 1-seeded,
not opening. Euphorbiacea, p. 310.

AMARANTHUS. Perianth 2 to 5-leaved. STERILE FL. Stam. 3 — 5.
FERTILE FL. Styles 3. Caps. 1-celled, 1-seeded, opening transversely
all round. Arnaranthacece, p. 294.

XANTHIUM. STERILE FL. Involucre imbricate. Anlh. approximate
but not united. Recept. chaffy. FERTILE FL. Invol. 2-leaved, 1-flow-
ered. Cor. none. Nut 2-celled. Composites, p. 210.

AMBROSIA. STERILE FL. Involucre 1-leaved, hemispherical. Anih.
approximate but not united. Recept. naked. FERTILE FL. Invol. l-
leaved, entire or 5-toothed, 1 -flowered. Cor. none. Nut formed from
the indurated calyx, 1 seeded. Composite, p. 209.

4a*'

1 SYNOPSIS OF GENERA.

HEXANDRIA.

ZIZANIA. Glume none. STERILE FL. Palea 2, subawned. FER-
TILE FL. PalecK 2, cucullate and awned. Style 2-parted. Seed 1, in-
vested by the plaited pales. Gramincee, p. 419.

HYDROCHLOA. Glume none. STERILE FL. Palea 2, awnless. FER-
TILE FL. Palece 2, awnless. Stig. 2, very long. Seed 1, reniforni.
Graminea, p. -419.

POLYANDRIA.

(Stems not woody.)

CKRATOPHYLLUM. Cal. many-parted. STERILE FL. Cor. none. Stam.
16_20. Anlk. tricuspidate. FERTILE FL. Cor. none. Style 1, fili-
form. Nut 1-seeded. Ceralophyllea, p. 124.

MYRIOPHYLLUM. STERILE FL. Cal. 4- parted. Cor. 4-petalled. Slain.
4-6-8.. FERTILE FL. Cal. adhering to the ovary ; limb 4-lobed. Pet.
none. Nuts 4, compressed or subglobose, 1-seeded. Haloragece, p. 121.

SAGITTARIA. Cal. 3-leaved. Pet. 3. STERILE FL. Stam. about
24. FERTILE FL. Ovaries numerous. Caps, compressed, margined,
1 -seeded. Atismacea, p 376.

AKUJI. Spathc 1-leaved, cucullate, convolute at the base. Spad.
naked above, bearing sessile anthers below the middle and ovaries at
the base. Ber. 1 -celled, many-seeded. Aroidecc, p. 381.

RENSSKLAERIA. Spatfie convolute. Spad. covered with flowers, fer-
tile at the base, sterile above. Perianth none. Ber. 1-seeded. Arui-
dect, p. 382.

CALLA. Spathe ovat«, somewhat flattened. Spad. covered with
flowers. Perianth none. Ber. many-celled, many-seeded. Aroidea.
p. 282.

(Stems woody.}

OBS. The genera of this division are Forest Trees, and are included
under the Nat. Ord. Amentacea, p. 317.

MONADELPHIA.

(Stems not woody.}

ACALYPHA. STERILE FL. Perianth 3 or 4-parted. Stam. 8—16.
FERTILE FL. Styles 3, 2-parted Caps. 3-celled, 3-seeded. Euphor-
biaccx, p. 311.

RICINUS. STERILE FL. Perianth 5- parted. Stam. numerous. FER-
TILE FL. Perianth 3- parted. Styles 3, 2-cleft. Caps, mostly echin-
ate, 3-celled, 3-seeded. Euphorbiaceat, p. 311.

PHYLLANTHUS. STERILE FL. Perianth 5 — 6-parted. Fit. often col-
umnar. FERTILE FL., resembling the sterile. Nectary ? a 12 angled
margin. Styles 3. Caps, mostly 3-grained. EuphorbiactcK, p. 310.

MELOTHRIA. STERILE FL. Cal. 3 — 5-topthed. Cor. bell-form. /'//.
5, in 3 sets. FERTILE FL. Cal. and cor. as in the sterile. Style 1 .
Stig. 3. Fruit 3-celled, many-seeded. Cwwbitacut, p. 128.

MOMORDICA. STERILE FL. CaL 5 cleft. Cor. 5 parted. Stam. in
3 sets. FERTILE FL. Stole 3-cleft. Ovary 3-«elled. Fruit often mu-
ricate. Cucubitacw., p. 128.

Sictos. STERILE Fu CaL 5-toothed; teeth subulate, 5-parted.

SYNOPSIS OF GENERA. 11

FU. 31 FERTILE FL. Style 3-cleft. Fruit 1-seeded, often spiny.
Cucurbitacea, p. 128.

(Stems woody-}
OBS. The genera of this division belong to Conifera, p. 337.

DlOECIA.
DlANDRIA.

VALLISNERIA< STERILE FL. Spathe ovate, 2 — 4-parted. Spad. co-.
vered with minute flowers. Perianth 3-parted. FERTILE Ft. Spathe
2-cleft, 1-flowered. Perianth elongated, 6-parted. Stig. 3, sessile,
ovate, bifid. Caps, cylindric, 1-celled, many-seeded. Hydrocharidea,
p. 341,

SALIX. STERILE FL. Ament cjdindric. Scales 1-flowered, with a
nectariferous gland at the base. Perianth none. Stam. 1 — 5. FER-
TILE FL. Scales 1-flowered. Perianth none. Stig. 2. Caps. 1-celled,
2-valved, many-seeded. Seeds woolly. Amtntaceoe, p. 318.

FRAXINUS. Cat. none, or 3 — 4-cleft. Cor. none, or deeply 4-parted,
Stam. 2. Caps. 2-celled, 2-seeded, compressed and foliaceous at the
extremity. Polygamous. Olt ace a, p. 232.

TRIANDRIA.

EMPETRUM. Perianth consisting of 2 rows of scales. STERILE FL.
Stam, 3. FERTILE FL. Stig. with 6—9 spreading rays. Ber. round,
superior, 6— 9-seeded. Empetrtct, p. 309.

TETRANDRIA.

MYRICA. Ament ovate-oblong ; scales lunulate. STERILE FL. Stam.
4—6. Anth 4-valved. FERTILE FL. Ovary 1. Stig. 2 Drupe 1-cell-
ed, 1-seeded. Amentacca, p. 324.

VISCUM. Cal. with the margin entire or a little prominent. STE-
RILE FL. Pet. 4, united at base. Anth. 4, adnate with the petals.
FERTILE FL. Pet. 4, distinct. Stig. 1, obtuse, sessile. Ber. globose,
mucilaginous, 1-seeded. Loranthacea, p. 154.

PENTANDRIA.

NYSSA. STERILE FL. Perianth 5-parted. Stam. 5—10. PERFECT
FL. Perianth 5-parted. Stem. 5. Style 1. Drupe inferior. Santala-
cea, p. 307.

ZANTHOXYLUM. Cal. 3— 9-lobedr often 4— 5-parted. Pet. as many
as the lobes of the calyx, rarely none. Stam. and carp, as many as the
lobes of the calyx. Zanthoxylea, p. 70.

ACNIDA. STERILE FL. Perianth 5-parted. FERTILE FL. Per. 3-
parted. Stig. 3— 5, sessile. Caps. 1-seeded. Chenopodea, p. 297.

HUMULUS. STERILE FL. Perianth 5-parted. Anth. with 2 pores at
the extremity. FERTILE FL. Scales of the ament large, concave, en-
tire, 1-flowered. Per. none. Styles 2. Seed 1. Urticea, p. 315.

CANNABIS. STERILE FL. Perianth 5^parted. FERTILE FL. Per. ob-
long, opening at the side. Styles 2. Nut 2-valved, covered by the
closed perianth. Urticece, p. 315.

HEXANDRIA.
SMILAX. Perianth campanulate-spreading, 6-parted. STERILE FL.

Hi SYNOPSIS OP GENERA.

adnate to the filaments. FERTILE FL. Stig. 3. Ber. globose.
3-celled. Smilaceot, p. 356.

DIOSCOREA. Perianth 6-parted. FERTILE FL. Styles 3. Caps. 3-
celled, triangular, compressed ; cells 2-seeded. Seeds with membrana-
ceous margins. Dioscorea, p. 355.

GLEDITSCHIA-. Sepals .3-4-5, equal. Pet. as many as the sepals,
arising from the tube of the calyx. Style short. Stig. pubescent. Le-
gume compressed, 1 or many-s,eeded. Seeds compressed. Legumina-
,«, p. 93.

OCTANDRIA.

POPULUS. Amtni cylindrical ; scales lacerated. STERILE FL. Anlh.
8 — 30, arising from a turbinate, oblique, entire, single perianth. FER-
TILE FL. Per. turbinate. Stig. 4. Caps. superior, 2-celled, 2 valved.
many-seeded. Seeds woolly. Jlmenlacc<x% p. 322.

DIOSPYROS. Calyx 4 — 6 cleft. Cor. urceolate, 4—6 cleft. STERILE
FL. Stain. 8 — 16 ; f.1. often producing 2 anthers. FERTILE FL. like
the sterile. Stig. 4—5. Ber. 8—12 seeded. Ebenaceu, p. 229.

SHEPHKRDIA. STERILE FL. Perianth 4-cleft. Slam. 8, included,
alternating with 8 glands. FERTILE FL. Per. 4-cleft, bell-form, supe-
rior. Style 1. Sltg. oblique. Ber. 1-seeded. Eluagnece, p. 306.

E.VNEANDRIA.

UDORA. Spathe bifid. Perianth 6-parted ; 3 inner segments pet-
aloid. STERILE FL. Slam. 9, 3 of them interior. FERTILE FL. Tube
of the perianth very long. Sterile fil. 3. Caps bladder-like, about 3-
seeded. Seeds cylindric. Ilydroc/mriJta:. p. 342.

DECAIO>RIA.

GYMNOCLADUS. Cal. tubular, 5-cleft. Cor. 5-petalled. Legume ob-
long, thick, pulpy within. Leguminosce, p. 93.

POLYANDRIA.

MENISPERMUM. Sepals and pet. arranged in fours, 2 or 3-rowed. STE-
RILE FL. Stam. 16 — 20. FERTILE FL. Ovaries 2 — 4. Drupe berried,
roundish-reniform, 1-seeded. JMenispermacece, p. 16.

MO-VADELPHIA.

JIWIPERUS. STERILB FL. Amtnt ovate ; scales whorled and peltate.
Jlnth. 4 — 8, 1 celled. FERTILE FL. Amtnl globose ; scales 3, coadu-
jiate. Slig. gaping. Ber. with 3 bony 1-seeded nuts, surrounded
with the united and fleshy scales. Com/era, p. 337.

TA*US. Fl. surrounded with numerous scales. STERILE FL. Stam.
8 — 10. jlnlk. peltate. FERTILE FL. Style none. Slig. concave. Drupe
fleshy, open at the extremity. JVuf 1 seeded. Coniferce, p. 341.

CBYPTOGAMIA.

FlLICES.

OBS. This order forms the Filicoidece, or Fern-like plants, p. 445,

TABLE

NATURAL ORDERS:

Showing the accordance of the Systems of JUSSIEU andl
DIE CANDOLLE.

liv

TABLE OF THE NATURAL ORDERS.

VASCULARES OR FLOWERING PLANTS.

CLASS i. EXOGENJE or DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.

SUBCLASS i. Dichlamydta. Thalamiflora. D. C.

Perianth double. Petals distinct and hypogynous.

(1. Hypopetal®. Juss. Stamens hypogynous.

Page.
Order 1. Ranuneulaceas,

2. Ma^noliaceae, 14

3. Anonaceae, 15

4. Mcnispermaceae, 16

5. Berbeiideae,

6. Podyphylleje,

7. Hydropeltideae,

8. Nymphaeaceae,

9. Papaveraceae,

10. Sarracenieae,

11. Furnariaceae,

12. Crucifene,

13. Capparideae,

14. Cislinete,

15. Violacew,

1 Order 16. Droseraceae,

17. Polygaleas,

18. Caryophylles,

19. ElafinejE,
17 20. Lineae,

17 21. Malvaceae,

18 22. Tiliacese,

19 23. Hypericineae,

20 24. Acerinett,

22 25. Hippocastaneae,

22 26. Ampelidete,

24 27. Geraniacece,

34 28. Balsamineae,

35 29. Oxalideas,

37 30. Zanthoxyllece,

SUBCLASS n. Dichlamydea. Calydflorce. D. C.
Perianth double. Petals inserted on the calyx.
(2. PeripetalaB. Juss. Stamens perigynous. )

31. Celastrineas.

32. Staphyleaceae

33. Rhamncx,

34. Anacardiaceae,

35. Leguminosoe,

36. Amygdaleae,
27. Rosaceffi,

38. Pomaceae,

39. Sartguisorbeae,

40. Calycantheae,

41. Onograriae,

42. Circa aceae,

43. Halo rage ae,

44. Podostemeae,

71

72

73

74

76

94

98

110

114

115

115

12U

121

124

45. Ceratophylleaj,

46. Salicarite,

47. Melastomaceae,

48. Cacurbitaceae,

49. Passifloreae,

50. Portulaceae,

51. lllecebreas,

52. Sclerantbra:,

53. Crassulaceoe,

54. Ficoidea?,

55. Cacteae,

56. Grossulaceje,

57. Saxifrageae,
60. Hamamelideae,

(3. Epipetalee Juss. Stamens epigynous. )
58. Umbellifcne, 139 59. Araliaceae,

61. Cornea, 152

Page.
42
43
46
55
55
56
59
60
62
64
65
60
68
69
70

124
125
126
127
129
129
131
132
132
133
134
135
137
152

150

(4. Epicorollee Corisantheree Juss. Corol epigynous. Anthers free. )

62. Loranthacese, 154 65. Valerianese, 163

K3. Caprifoliaccse, 155 66. Dipsaceae, 164
64. Rubiaceae, 159

(5. Epicorollee Synantherse Juss. Corol epigynous. Anthers united. )
67. Composite, 165

(6 PericorolleB Juss. Corol perigynous.)

63. Campanulaceae, 212 71. Vaccineae,

69. Lobetiaceae, 214 11. Pvrotaceae,

70. Erice®, 215

2-22
225

TABLE OP THE NATURAL ORDERS.

iv

SUBCLASS HI. Dichlamydecs Corolliflora. D. C.

Perianth double. Petals hypogynous and bearing the stamens.

(7. Hypocorollee Juss. Corol hypogynous.

Ord«r 73.

Ebenaceae,

229 Order 85.

Boragineae.

251

74.

llicineas,

229

86.

Hydrophylleae,

255

75.

Oleaceas,

231

87.

Solaneae,

256

76.

Apocynese,

233

88.

Orobanche.T,

260

77.

Asclepiadeas,

234

89.

Scrophularlne.T,

261

78.

Spigeliaceae,

238

90.

Labiates,

270

79.

Gentianeae,

238

91.

Verbenaceae,

283

80.

Bignoniaceae,

244

92.

Acanthaceae,

285

81.

Pedalineae,

245

93.

Lentibulariae,

286

82.

Polemoniaceae,

246

94.

Primulaceae,

288

83.
84.

Convolvulaceae,
Hydroleaceae.

248
250

95.

96.

Plumbagineae,
Plantagjneae,

291
292

97.

98.

99.

100.

104.

SUBCLASS iv. Monochlamydea. D. C.

Perianth or Perigonium single.
(8. Hypostaminese Juss. Stamens hypogynous.)
Amaranthaceae,

294

(9. Peristaminese Juss,
Chenopodeae,
Phytolacceae,
Polygoneae,

(10. Epistaminese Juss
Santalaceas, 307

295
299
300

Stamens perigynous.)

101. Laurineae,

102. Elaeagneae,

103. Thymelese,

Stamens epigy nous. )
105. Aristolochise,

305
306
306

308

111.
112.
113.
114.

118.
119.
120.

Amentaceae,
Ulmaceae,
Juglandea;,
Coniferae,

Amaryllideee,

Hypoxideje,

Dioscoreee,

(11. Diclines Juss. Flowers unisexual, or without a perianth. )

106. Ernpetreae, 309

107. Eupborbiaceae, 310

108. Urticeae, - 313

109. Artocarpeae, 316

110. Saurureae, 317

CLASS n. ENDOGEIOE or MONOCOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.
(12. Monoepigynse Juss. Stamens epigynous.)

115. Hydrocharidea:, 341

116. Orchideae, 342

117. Iridese, 352
129. Haemodoraceas, 374

(13. Monoperigynae Juss.
Smilaceae, 355

362
364
366
368

Juss.
375
376
378
379
380

Asphodeleae,
Liliaceae,
MelanthaceaB,
Pontedereae,

121.
122.
123.
124.
135.

(14. Monohypogynae

131. Commelineae,

132. Alismaceae,

133. Juncagineae,

134. Typhaceae,

135. Aroideaa,

Stamens perigynous.)

126. Kesfiaceae,

127. Xyrideae,

128. Junceee,
130. Bromeliacea?,

Stamens hypogynous.)

136. Pistiaceee,

137. Fluviales,

138. Gramineae,

139. Cyperaceae,

317
333
334
337

854
354
355

369
370
370
375

383
384
386
420

CELLULARES OR FLOWERLESS PLANTS.
Div. i. Filicoidea, or Fern-like Plants.

140. Equisetacese, 445 142. Lycopodiaceae,

141. Filices, 447 143. Marsileacea?,

459
46?

VASCULARES, OR FLOWERING
PLANTS.

PLANTS furnished with flowers, and spiral vessels — PHJENO
GAMOUS or PHANEROGAMOUS PLANTS of Authors.

CLASS I. EXOGENJE OR DICOTYLEDONOUS
PLANTS.

Trunk more or less conical, consisting of three parts,
one within the other, viz. bark, wood and pith, of which
the wood is enclosed within the two others ; increasing
by an annual deposit of new wood and cortical matter,
between the wood and bark. Leaves always articulated
with the stem, their veins branching and reticulated.
Embryo with two or more opposite cotyledons, which
often become green and leaf-like after germination ; rad-
icle naked ; i. e. elongating into a root without penetrat-
ing any external case.

SUBCLASS I. THALAMIFLOR^. De Cand.

Calyx many sepalled. Petals many, distinct, and with the
stamens inserted into the receptacle.

ORDER I. RANUNCULACEjE. De Cand. Lind.

Calyx with many definite sepals, or many-parted. Petals
5—15, (sometimes wanting^ in one or more rows, distinct.
Stamens indefinite in number ; anthers adnate, generally turn-
ed outwards. Pistils numerous. Fruit either consisting of
dry nuts or carpels, or baccate with one or more seeds, or fol-
licular with one or two valves. Seeds albuminous ; when sol-

DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.

**«• ,.^^

itary, either erect or pendulous. Embryo minute. Albumen
corneous, large.

Herbs or Undershrubs. Leaves simple, often variously
lobed, with petioles, more or less dilated at their base.

1. CLEMATIS. Linn.

Involucre none, or like a calyx under the flower. Sepals
4 — 8, coloured. Petals none, or shorter than the sepals,
Carptls many, terminated by a long, mostly feathery awn.

Polyandria. Polygynia.

1. C. virginiana Linn. : stem climbing ; leaves ternate ; leafets cordate-
ovate, acute, coarsely toothed or lobed ; flowers paniculate, dioecious.

HAB. Can. to Flor. N. to lat. 55° W. to Columbia river. Aug.
f?. — >S'tew long. Flowers white, in large panicles. Tails of the"
carpels at length clothed with long silken hairs, having the ap-
pearance of tufls of wooL Virgins Bower.

2. 0. viorna Linn. : stem climbing ; leaves pinnately divided ; seg-
ments entire, or 3-lobed, ovate, acute ; floral ones entire ; peduncles
I -flowered ; sepals thick, acuminate, connivent, reflexed at the apex.

HAB. Woods. Penn, to Geor. W. to Miss. June, July. If.— Fto<r-
ers large, nodding, violet. Tails of the carpels long, plumose.

3. C. ochroleuca Ait. : herbaceous, erect, simple, pubescent ; leaves
simple, ovate, very entire, the younger ones with the calyx silky ; flow-
er peduncled, terminal, solitary, nodding. — C. sericea Mich.

HAB. Woods. Penn. to Geor. June. If.— Stem 12—18 inches
high. Flowers yellowish- white. Carpels conspicuously feathered.

Sepals 4 ; petals many, minute. ATRAGKNE.

4. C. vcrticittaris De Cand. : leaves whorled in fours, ternate r leaf-
»M.s ;>ctioled, cordate, nearly entire ; peduncles 1-flowered ; petals acute.
— Atragene americana. Sims. Pursh.

HAB. Rocks. N. Y. Penn. N. to lat. 54°. June. T?.—8tcm
climbing. Flatccrs very large, purple.

2. THALICTRUM. Linn.

Involucre under the flower none. Petals none. Carpels
dry, not awned, sometimes stipitate, sometimes with a longi-
tudinal furrow. Polyandria. Polygynia.

* Stamens longer than the Calyx.

1. T. cornuti Hook. : leaves decompound ; leafets roundish-obovate
or oblong, 3-lobed, glaucous beneath, with the nerves scarcely promi-
nent ; flowers mostly dioecious ; filaments sub-clavate ; anthers ellip-
tic or sub-linear ; stigmas filiform, membranaceous on the margin ;
carpels ovate-oblong. — T. cornuti and T.pubesccns Pursh. — T. rcroiutum
Ell.

RANUNCULACE^E. 5

HAB. Wet grounds. From lat. 56° N. to Car. June, July, y . —
Stem 3 — 4 feet high, branching. Leaves extremely variable in
form, deep green above, paler glaucous smooth or pubescent be-
neath. Flowers in a compound leafy panicle, greenish. -r-I have
quoted the above characters from Dr. Hooker, (Fl. Bor. Amer.)
who though doubtful whether this is the T. cornuti of Linnaeus,
considers it the plant described under that name by Pursh. And
he has retained this as a specific name, in preference to reduc-
ing it to a doubtful synonym as De Candolle has done. T. pu-
bescens of Pursh only differs from the present plant in the shape
of the anthers.

2. T. dioicum Linn. : very smooth ; leaves decompound ; leafets
roundish, cordate, obtusely lobed, glabrous ; flowers dioecious, pani-
icled ; filaments filiform ; fruit ovate, striate. — T. lavigatum Mich.

HAB. Banks of streams. Can. to Car. and N. to lat. 67°. April.
2J.. — Stem 1 — 2 feet high. Flowers white, in a terminal panicle,

3. T. rugosum Linn. : leaves decompound ; leafets ovate-lanceolate,
rugose, veined, obtusely lobed ; flowers dioecious, in panicles ; fila-
ments filiform.

HAB. Swamps. Penn. to Car. June— Aug. It. — Stem 3 — 5 feet
high. Flowers white.

4. T. purpurascens Linn. : leaves compound, shorter than the stem ;
leafets roundish, 3-cleft, and incised, glaucous beneath ; panicles near-
ly leafless, contracted ; flowers monoecious or dioecious, cernuous ; fil-
aments coloured.

HAB. Dry hills. Can. to Virg. May, June. U>— Plant small.
Stamens and filaments purple. This is perhaps only T. dioicum
with purple flowers.

** Stamens shorter ilian thepetaloid calyx.

5. T. anemonoides Mich, : root tuberous ; radical leaves biternate ; leaf-
ets subcordate, 3-toothed ; floral leaves petioled, resembling an invo-
lucre ; flowers perfect, few, umbelled ; petaloid calyx 8 — 10 leaved. —
Anemone, thalictroides Linn.

HAB. Woods. Common throughout the U, S. April, May.
If. — Stem 6—8 inches high. Flowers white. The flowers of
this species resembles those of Anemone, but the fruit that of
Thalictrum. It is retained in this place by De Candolle and
Hooker. Rue leaved Anemone.

3. ANEMONE. Linn.

•-, •»>-.. .

Involucre remote from the flower, of 3 divided leaves. Ca-
lyx petaloid, with 5—15 sepals. Petals none.

Polyandria. Polygynia.

1. A. nemorosa, var. quinque/olh, De Cand. .- leaves ternate ; segments
5-parted, incisely dentate, lanceolate, acute ; involucre similar, peti-
oled ; stem 1-flowered ; sepals 6, elliptic ; capsules awnless.— A. win-
yuefolia Linn.

i * ;

DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.

HAB. Woods. Can. to Car. N. to lat. 53°, extending west-
ward to the Rocky mountains. April, May. If — 'Stem, 6—8
inches high. Flowers white varying to purple. Leaves narrow
and more divided than in the European plant. Wood Anemone.

2. A. lancifolia Pursh : leaves petioled, ternate ; leafets lanceolate,
crenate, dentate ; sepals 5, ovate, acute ; fruit ovate ; style short,
uncinate.

HAB. High mountains. Penn. and Virg. May, July. If. — Re-
sembles the foregoing species, but the flowers are larger and clear
white. Pursh. — De Candolle who has examined Pursh's plant
in the herbarium of Lambert, thinks it scarcely distinct from the
Linneean A. trtfolia, while Dr. Hooker refers it with a mark of
doubt to A. nemorosa.

3. A. pennsylranica Unn. : leaves 3-parted ; segments 3-cleft ; lobes
oblong, incisely toothed, acuminate ; involucre similar, sessile, bearing
several pedicels, one naked and 1 -flowered, the others involucellate ;
wepals 5, elliptic ; fruit pubescent, compressed, crowned with a long
style.— A. aconitifotia Mich.

HAB, Meadows. Throughout the U. S. N. to Hudson's Bay.
June, July. It. — Stew a foot high. Flowers white, large. By
some botanists . 1 . dichotoma of Linneus, is considered distinct
from the above, but it is most probably identical with it.

4. A. virginiana Linn. : leaves ternate ; segments ovate-lanceolate,
3-cleft, acuminate, incisely toothed ; involucre similar, petiolate ; se-
pals 5, elliptic, acuminate, silky without ; peduncles elongated ; fruit
oblong, woolly.

HAB. Woods. Throughout the U. S. and Can. as far N. an
lat. 55°. July. If.— Stew 18—20 inches high. Flmccrs small,
greenish. Peduncles elongated.

4. HEPATICA. mild.

Involucre 3-leaved, 1-flovvercd, resembling n calyx, entire.
Sepals petaloid, 6 — 9, arranged in 2 or 3 rows. Ovaries
many. Carpth without an awn. Polyandria. Polygynia.

H. triloba lyittd. : leaves cordate, 3-lobed ; lobes entire ; scape and
petioles hairy. — Anemone Hcpatica Linn.

a. lobes of the leaves somewhat acute. — H. triloba DC Cand.

b. segments of the leaves acute. — H. acutiloba DC Cand.
d. lobes of the leaves obtuse. — //. amcricana De Caryl.

HAB. In woods. Common throughout the U. S. and N. to lat.
52°. April, May. If. — There appears to be no doubt that thene
supposed distinct species are nothing iw>r« than varieties. They
grow indiscriminately, and the lobes of the leaves assume almost
every variety of form. Lxterworl. — Early Anemone.

RANUNCULACE^E. 7

5. HYDRASTIS. Linn.

Sepals 3, ovate. Petals none. Stamens and ovaries nu-
merous. Carpels berry-like, numerous, aggregated in a head,
terminated by the style, 1-celled, 2-seeded.

Polyandria. Polygynia.

H. canadensis Linn.

HAB. Rocks woods. Can. to Car. W. to Miss. Rare. May.
11. — Stem 6—8 inches high, with 2 nearly opposite leaves above.
Leaves petiolate, emarginate at base, incisely serrate. Flower
solitary, pedunculate, reddish white. Fruit fleshy, red, like that
of a Rubus. The root affords a juice of a fine yellow colour,
which is used by the Indians for staining skins and clothing.

Yellow Pucoon*

6. RANUNCULUS. Linn.

Sepals 5, not deciduous. Petals 5, rarely 10, with a honey
scale at the base on the inside. Stamens and ovaries numer-
ous. CVzrpefe ovate, somewhat compressed, terminating in a
point or horn, smooth, striated, or tuberculated, arranged
in a globose or cylindric head. Polyandria. Polygynia.

* Carpels transversely rugosc-striate. Petals white.

1. R. aquatilis, var. capittaceus De Cand. : stem filiform, floating ;
leaves all submersed, divided into capillary diverging segments ; petals
obovate, longer than the calyx. — R. Jluviatilis Wild. Pursh.

HAB. In streams. Throughout the U. S. and British America,
N. to lat. 68°. July, Aug. 2_f . — Stem long. Leaves petioled.
Flowers small, white. There are several varieties of R. aquati-
lis, which have been described as distinct species.

Water Crowfoot.

** Carpels smooth, ovate, collected into a roundish head. Floicers yellow.
t Leaves undivided.

2. R. lingua Linn. : leaves lanceolate, subserrate, semiamplexicaul ;
stem erect, smooth, succulent, many-flowered.

HAB. Banks of streams. N. S. July, Aug. 2J..—Stem 2—3 feet

high, with erect branches. Leaves very long, linear-lanceolate.

• . . Floicers large. Great Spearwort.

3. R. fiammula Linn. : leaves glabrous, linear-lanceolate or sub-ovate,
subentire, the lower ones petiolate ; stem more or less decumbent, root-
ing ; peduncles opposite to the leaves. — R. fiammula, var. major Hook.

HAB. Swamps. Can. to. Virg. July, Sept. If.— Stem 12—18
inches high, succulent. Flowers smaller than in the former. —
Said to be a powerful and speedy emetic. Small Spearwort.

4. R. reptans Linn. : leaves linear, entire, remote, smooth ;' stem
filiform, creeping, jointed ; joints 1-flowered. — R. Jiliformis Mich. — R.
reptans ,\w. JUiformis De Cand. Torr. — R.fammula, \wc.Jiliformis Hook<

DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.

HAB. River banks. N. S. and N. to Labrador. July, Aug.
If. — A very delicate species. — Stem 6 — 12 inches long. Flowers
small. Fruit very smooth. Although coming from such high
authority, I cannot yet adopt the opinion of Dr. Hooker that
this plant is a mere variety of R. fammula. From a comparison
of specimens, I am satisfied that our plant is identical with the
foreign R. rcjitmis. Filiform Crowfoot.

5. R. piisillus Pursh : leaves petioled ; lower ones ovate, subdentate ;
upper ones linear-lanceolate ; stems many, erect ; pedicels opposite to
the leaves, solitary, 1 -flowered.

HAB. Wet grounds. N. J. to S. Car. June— Aug. U.— Stems
G — 12 inches high, weak. Flowers small, pale-yellow. — Distin-
guished from R. Jlammula by its smaller size, and by its lower
leaves being ovate.

6. R. cymbalaria Pursh : stems sarmentose filiform ; leaves petiolate,
smooth, somewhat fleshy, cordate, reniform or ovate, coarsely crenate ;
scapes naked, elongated, 3-flowered ; petals linear, as long as the ca-
lyx ; carpels stria to. — R. cymbalarue, var. americanus De Cand.

HAB. Salt marshes. N. Y. Mass. Can. to lat. 68° N. and from
Hudson's Bay to the summits of the Rocky mountains. July,
Aug. Lf. — Scapes % — 6 inches high. Flmcers small. Fruit ob-
long. Its runners are very properly compared by Dr. Smith, to
those of the garden strawberry. Sea Croirfoot.

tt Leaves divided.

7. R. auricomus Linn. : leaves smooth ; radical ones petioled, cor-
date, mostly 3-parted or lobed ; cauline ones sessile, divided into linear,
entire or subdentate lobes ; calyx pubescent, shorter than the petals,
spreading.

HAB. Woods and meadows. Penn. Pwsh. May, June. If. —
Stem a foot or more high. Flowers middle sized. Pursh, I believe,
is the only authority for this as an American species.

Wood Crowfoot.

8. R. abortivus Linn. : leaves smooth ; radical ones petiolate, cor-
date-orbiculate, crenate, sometimes 3-parted ; stem leaves ternate and
3 — 5 cleft, with linear segments ; upper ones sessile ; calyx a little
longer than the petals, reflexed.

HAB. Wet grounds. Throughout the U, S. and Can. July, Aug.
L£. — Stem a foot high, Leaves very variously dissected, mostly
smooth, sometimes pubescent. Flowers small, yellow, the pe-
tals being sometimes twice as long as the calyx. Carpels com-
pressed, forming an ovate or nearly globose head. R. rtitidus of
Walter, is a variety of this species, differing only in size, being
nearly twice as large,

9. R. sceleratus Linn. : leaves smooth ; radical ones petioled, 3-part-
ed, the segments lobed ; cauline ones 3-lobed, lobes oblong, linear, en-
tire ; calyx smooth ; carpels small, numerous, forming an oblong head.

HAB. Wet grounds. From lat. 67° N. to S. Car. May — Aug.
24. — Stem a foot high, branched, succulent. Flowers small.
The plant is almost entirely glabrous. Celery leaved Crowfoot.

^^^ RANUNCULACE^E. 9

10. R. lacustris Beck and Tracy : stem elongated ; emersed leaves
reniform, 3 — many parted ; submersed ones cleft into numerous capilla-
ry segments ; petals 5 — 8, obovate, twice as long as the sepals ; nec-
tary concave ; fruit subglobose. — JR. multifidus Pursh. — R- PursliiiHook.
HAB. Stagnant waters. N. S. N. to near the Arctic Sea, W. to
the Rocky, mountains. May, June. 1£. — Stem 3 — 4 feet
long. Flowers large, shining, bright yellow. When the plant
grows in water the leaves are divided into capillary segments, but
when found on muddy banks they are often rounded or reni-
form, and divided into only 3 — 5 blunt segments. Hence the
reason why this plant has been made the basis of several dis-
tinct species. I should observe that the more common state of
it was for a long time mistaken by our botanists for R. fluviati-
lis; as was first shown by Mr. James G. Tracy and myself, in
1822. (N. Y. Med. # Phys. Jour.} The name R. multifidus,
applied to it by Pursh, had previously been appropriated by Sir
J. E. Smith to a totally distinct species from Egypt. De Can-
dolle gives a new name to the Egyptian plant, retaining Pursh' s
name for the present one ; while Dr. Hooker unites several'sup-
posed distinct species under the name of R. Purshii. On the
whole I have thought best to retain the name imposed by us :
though an attentive examination has satisfied me that the plant
is much more variable than I had formerly supposed.

11. R. acrls Linn. : leaves mostly pubescent, 3-parted ; lobes incise-
ly toothed, acute ; upper ones linear ; stem erect, many-flowered, sub-
pubescent ; peduncles terete, not furrowed ; calyx spreading, sub-vil-
lose ; carpels terminated by nearly a straight point.

HAB. Meadows. N. S. May — Aug. 1£. — Stem varying much
in height, mostly hairy. Floicers bright yellow, shining. A
specimen in the herbarium of Dr. T. R. Beck, labelled by Muh-
lenberg R. sanicula/ormis, is identical with the present species.

Meadow Crowfoot.

12. R. rqjens Linn. : leaves ternate ; leafets wedgeform, 3-lobed, in-
cisely dentate ; central one petiolate ; main stems prostrate ; flowering
ones erect ; peduncles furrowed ; calyx pilose, spreading ; carpels with
a straight point.

HAB. Wet meadows. Can. to Car. June— Sept. U>— Plant
increasing by runners. Flowering stems erect, 1 — 2 feet high.
Flowers middle sized. I am disposed to unite with this species
R. nitidus of Muhlenberg and Hooker.

13. R. clintonii Beck : somewhat hairy ; stems creeping and rooting
at each of the joints ; lower leaves on long petioles, ternate ; leafets
toothed and incised, cuneate, terminal one petioled ; floral leaves in-
cised or linear ; peduncle 1 — 3 flowered ; petals rounded ; calyx
spreading ; carpels margined, with a short uncinate style. — R. prostra-
tus Eat.

HAB. Banks of the canal near Rome, Oneida co. N. Y. June,
July. 21. • — Much smaller than JR. repens, at least of American
botanists, in all its parts except the flower, which is of a bright
yellow and about as large as that of jR. acris. Leaves seldom

10 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.

more than 1 1-2 inches in length, and about the same in breadth.
Stems distinctly creeping like that of R. reptans; flowering
ones 6 — 8 inches high. Style short and hooked. Whole plant
somewhat hairy. 1 have named this species, which I must be-
lieve to be quite distinct, in token of my friendship for G. W.
Clinton, Esq. It is undoubtedly the same plant which is des-
cribed by Prof. Eaton in his Manual of Botany, (5th ed.) under
the name of R. prostratus of Lamarck. But that species, if in-
deed it exists, is a very obscure one, and has heretofore been
found only in the neighborhood of Paris. De Candolledoes not
mention it in his Prodromus, and Sprengel places it as a syno-
nym under JR. repens. Syst. Veg. ii. 556. The only description
of it that I have met with is in the elaborate article Ranunculus,
in Rees' Cyclopaedia, from the pen of the late Sir James Edward
Smith,

14. R. hisjndus Mich.: erect, branched ; stem and petioles with stiff
spreading hairs ; leaves ternate or 3- parted ; leafetsor segments acute-
ly lobed ; pubescence of the pedicels appressed ; calyx hairy, at length
reflexed ; carpels in a globose head, margined, compressed, smooth ;
style very short and straight.

HAB. Wet grounds. Can. to Car. N. to lat. 67° and from Hud-
son's Bay to the Pacific. June — Aug. 1(. — Stem 18 inches
high, very hairy ; Lower leaves on long petioles ; upper ones
nearly sessile ; leafets nearly all petioled, 3-cleft or 3-parted, at-

, tenuate at base. Flowers about the size of R. acris.

Hairy Crowfoot.

15. jR. pennsylvanicus Linn.: stem erect and with the petioles cover-
ed with stiff spreading hairs ; leaves ternate, villous ; segments subpe-
tiolate, acutely 3-lobed, incisely serrate ; calyx reflexed ; carpels with
a short straight style, collected in an oblong head.

HAB. Wet meadows. From the Arctic regions to Geor. July,
Aug. H- — Stem 18 inches high. Flowers large. Distinguish-
ed from /?. hisjndus, to which it is most nearly allied, by its ob-
long head of fruit, and by its still shorter style.

16. R. recureatus Pursh : stem erect and with the petioles covered
with spreading hairs ; leaves 3-parted, hairy ; segments oval, subincis-
ed ; the lateral ones 2- lobed ; calyx reflexed; petals lanceolate ; car-
pels uncinate.

HAB. Shady woods. Throughout the TJ. S. and from Labrador to
the Columbia river. June — Aug. !(• — Stem 12 — 15 inches
high. Flowers small, pale yellow.

17. R.fascicularis MuJd. : stem erect, branched ; leaves on long pe-
tioles, pubescent, ternate ; the middle segment deeply 3-cleft ; lateral
remotely 3-lobed ; calyx spreading, shorter than the petals, villous ;
nectary flat, wedgeform ; pericarps rounded, compressed, collected into
a globose head.

HAB. Woods. N. S. and Can. W. to Miss. April, May. If.
— Root fascicled. Flowers large. Varies considerably in the form

RANUNCULACE^E. 11

of its leaves, which are however always much more compound
than is usual in this genus.

18. R. marylandicus Poir. : stem erect, somewhat branched and with
the petioles soft hairy ; leaves smoothish, ternate ; leafets 3-lobed ;
lobes oblong, acute, incisely toothed ; calyx smooth, spreading, shor-
ter than the petals ; pericarps compressed, with a straight acuminate
style.

HAB. Woods. Penn. to Virg. May — July. L£. — Flowers pale
yellow. Pursh.

19. R. bidbosus Linn. : hairy ; radical leaves ternate, on long peti-
oles ; leafets petiolate, 3-cleft, the segments narrow, incisely toothed ;
stem erect, bulbous at the base ; calyx reflexed, hairy ; petals obcor-
date, shorter than the sepals.

HAB. Meadows. May — Aug. 2_£- — Stem 8 — 15 inches high.
Flowers large, bright yellow. Medicinal. See Big. Med. BoL
iii. 61. Buttercups.

*** Carpels aculeate or tuberculate.

20. U. hirsutus Curt. : leaves ternate or 3-lobed ; lobes obtuse, in-
cisely-toothed, middle one pedunculate ; calyx reflexed ; stem not bul-
bous at the base ; carpels with a single row of small tubercles on their
margins. — R.philonotis Pursh.

HAB. Wet fields. Conn, and Penn. June— Oct. If .—This has
probably been confounded with some other species ; but it dif-
fers from all our northern ones, by its tuberculate carpels.

7. CALTHA. Linn.

Calyx coloured, with 5 roundish sepals resembling petals.
Petals none. Stamens numerous. Capsules 5 — 10, com-
pressed, spreading, 1 -celled, many-seeded.

Polyandria. Polygynia.

1. C. paLustris Linn. : stem succulent, erect ; leaves cordate, subor-
bicular, obtusely crenate, petiolate ; flowers large, pedunculate ; se-
pals ovate.

HAB. In bogs. N. S. and Can. Labrador to the Columbia ri-
ver. April, May. Zf. — Stem afoot high, dichotomous. Leaves
large and shining. Flowers peduncled, large yellow.

Marsh Marigold.

2. C. integerrima Pursh : stem erect, corymbose ; leaves orbicular-
cordate, very entire, with the sinus closed ; floral ones sessile, reni-
form, obsoletely crenate at the base ; sepals oval, obtuse.

HAB. Boggy meadows. N. S. May — July. 2f . — Flowers co-

ay
Sepals

rymbose, smaller than No. 1. Sepals very obtuse

3. C. parnassifolia Raf.: stem erect, 1-flowered, 1-leaved; radical
leaves petiolate, lanceolate-cordate, obtuse, many-nerved ; sepals
elliptical.— C.Jicaroides Pursh.— Ranunculus Jtcaria, Walt.

12 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.

HAB. Cedar swamps. N. J. to Car. June, July. If. — flow-
ers deep yellow, middle sized.

4. C. JlabeUifolia Pvrsh : stem procumbent, many-flowered ; leaves
dilated-reniform ; lobes widely spreading, coarsely and acutely tooth-
ed ; peduncles axillary, solitary, 1 -flowered; sepals obovate ; capsule*
uncinate.

HAB. Sand spring, on Pokono mountain. Penn. Pitrsh. July,
Aug. 2J. — Stem a foot high. Flowers yellow, middle sized.
Allied to C. natans found in Canada and in Siberia.

8. TROLLIUS. Linn.

Sepals coloured, 5 — 10 — 15, deciduous, petaloid. Petals
5 — 20, small. Capsules many, subcylindrical, sessile, many-
seeded. Polyandria. Polygynia.

T. americanus Mulil. : leaves palmate ; sepals 5 — 10, spreading ;
petals 5—10, shorter than the stamens. — T. laxus Pursh.

HAB. Wet grounds. Western part of N. Y. Penn. W. to the
Rocky mountains. May — July. If. — Stem a foot or more
high. Flowers terminal, large, yellow. Probably often mistaken
for a species of Ranunculus.

9. COPTIS. Salisb.

Sepals 5 — 6, coloured, petaloid, deciduous. Petals small,
cucullate. Stamens 20 — 25. Capsules 6 — 10, on long
stalks, membranous, 4 — 6 seeded. Polyandria. Polygynia.

C. trtfblia Salisb. : leaves on long petioles, ternate ; leafets obovate,
obtuse, toothed or obscurely 3-lobed ; scape 1 -flowered. — Hdlcborus tri-
folius Linn.

HAB. Swamps. N. S. and Can. May — July. H-— Scape 4—6
inches high. Flowers white. It affords a bitter infusion and a
yellow dye.— See Big. Med. Bot. i. 60.— Raf. Med. Fl. i. 127.

Gold Thread.

10. AQUILEGIA. Linn.

Sepals 5, deciduous, petaloid. Petals 5, bilabiate above,
drawn out into a spur at base. Capsules 5, distinct, many
seeded, with acuminate styles. Polyandria. Pentagynia.

A. canadensis Linn. : spurs straight ; styles and stamens exserted ;
sepals somewhat acute, a little longer than the petals ; segments of the
leaves 3-parted, rather obtuse, incisely toothed.

HAB. Rocks. Throughout the U. S. and Can. April, May.
2J.. — Stem 1 — 2 feet high, branched above. Leaves glaucous ;
radical ones biternate, the upper ones becoming gradually more
•imple. Floicers yellow and scarlet. Wild Columbine.

RANUNCULACE^E. 13

11. DELPHINIUM. Linn.

Calyx deciduous, petaloid, irregular, the upper sepal pro-
duced downward into a spur. Petals 4 ; 2 upper ones horned
behind. Capsules 1 — 5. Polyandria. Di-Pentagynia.

* Capsules 3 — 5. Petals free. Perennial.

1. D. azureum Mich. : petioles a little dilated at the base ; leaves
;j — 5 parted, many-cleft, lobes linear ; raceme erect ; petals densely
bearded at the apex ; flowers on short pedicels.

HAB. Woods. Penn. to Car. W. to Miss. May. It-— Stem 2
feet high. Flowers large, blue.

2. D. cxaltatum Ait. : petioles not dilated at the base ; leaves flat,
3__7 cleft beyond the middle ; lobes wedgeform, 3-cleft at the apex,
acuminate ; lateral ones often 2-lobed ; raceme erect ; spur straight,
as long as the calyx ; capsules 3. — D. tridactylum Mich.

HAB. Woods. N. S. Torr. Car. Miss. May. 2J..—Stem 2 feet
high. Flowers large, light blue.

** Capsule 1. Petals united. Annual.

3. D. consolida Linn. : stem erect, somewhat glabrous, divaricately
branched ; flowers few, in lax racemes * pedicels longer than the
bracts ; capsule smooth.

HAB. Near cultivated grounds. June. ©. — Stem 2 feet high.
Flowers blue. Introduced. Larkspur.

12. ACONITUM. Linn.

Calyx petaloid, irregular, deciduous, or marcescent ; upper
sepal concave, helmet-form. Petals (nectaries) 2, with long
claws, (on peduncles) hooded, recurved. Capsules 3 — 5.

Polyandria. Di-Pentagynia.

A. unduatum Linn. : panicle rather loose, with divergent branches ;
i^alea exactly conical ; spur inclined, somewhat spiral ; styles 3 — 5 ;
leaves 3-lobed ; lobes equal.

HAB. Mountains. Penn. to Car. Sept. If. — Stem twining,
branching. Leaves coriaceous, deeply 3-lobed. Flowers 3 — 4,
near the summit of each branch, large, purple. De Candolle
notices two American varieties of this species.

13. ACT^A. Linn.

Calyx deciduous, 4 sepalled. Petals 4. Carpels many
seeded. Polyandria. Di-Pentagynia.

* Carpels dry, dehiscent.

1. A. racemosaLinn. : leaves ternately decompound ; leafets ovate-
oblong, dentate and incised ; racemes panicled, very long ; flowers

2

14 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.

with 1-style. — A. monogyna Walt. — Cimiqfuga serpentaria Pursh. — C.
racemosa Nutt. and Torr. — Mawotys serpentaria Rqf. and Eat.

HAB. Woods. Can. to Flor. July, Aug. If.— Stew 4—5 feet
high. Racemes 6 — 10 inches long, somewhat panicled. f 'loit-
ers nearly white. Has a very fetid smell. Medicinal.

Black Snake-root.
•* Carpel 1, not dehiscent.

2. A. rubra WtUd. : leaves twice and thrice ternate ; raceme hemis-
pherical ; petals shorter than the stamens, acute ; pedicels of the fruit
smaller than the peduncle ; berries shining, red, many seeded. — A.
spicata Mich. — A. brack ypetala De Cand. — A. americana, var. rubra Pursh.

HAB. Woods. Can. to Car. May. !£.— Stem 2 feet high. Pinc-
ers white. Berries red and shining. Red Cohosh.

3. A. alba Big. : leaves twice and thrice ternate ; raceme oblong ;
petals equal to the stamens ; pedicels of the fruit as large as the pe-
duncle; berries white, few-seeded. — A. spicata, var. alba Mich. — A. ame-
ricana, var. alba Pursh. — A. packypoda Ell.

HAB. Woods. Can. to Car. May. If.— Pedicels shorter and
thicker than in the preceding. Berries milk-white, tipt with
red, smaller than in A. rubra.

14. ZANTHORIZA. Lain.

Calyx deciduous, 5-sepalIed. Petals 5. Capsule 2 — 3
seeded, by abortion 1-seeded. Pentandria. Polygynia.

Z. apqfotia UHerit.

HAB. Banks of streams. Penn. to Geor. May. *>. — Suffruticose.

Root large, yellow. Stem 2 — 3 feet high. Leaves bipinnate.

Flowers m panicles, dark purple. Yellow Root.

ORDER II. MAGNOLIACE^E. De Cand. Lind.

Sepals 3 — 6, deciduous. Petals 3 — 27, hypogynous, in
several rows. Stamens indefinite, distinct, hypogynous. An-
thers adnate, long. Ovaries numerous, simple, arranged up-
on the torus above the stamens, 1-celled. Style short. Stig-
ma simple. Fruit either dry or succulent, consisting of nu-
merous carpels, which are arranged upon an e longated axis.
Seeds solitary or several, attached to the inner edge of the
carpels. Embryo minute, at the base of a fleshy albumen.

Trees or Shrubs. Leaves alternate, coriaceous. Flowers
large, solitary, often odoriferous.

1. MAGNOLIA. Linn.

Sepals 5. Petals 6 — 9. Carpels 2-valved, 1-seeded, im-
bricated in a cone. Seeds pendulous, arillate.

Polyandria. Polygynia.

ANONACE^E. 15

1. M. glauca Linn. : leaves perennial, elliptical, obtuse, petiolate,
glaucous beneath ; flowers 9 — 12 petalled ; petals obovate, concave.

HAB. Swamps. N. J. to Car. May, June. — A shrub or small
tree with whitish bark. Flowers solitary, terminal, white,
odorous. Sweet Bay.

2. M. acuminata Linn. : leaves deciduous, oval, acuminate, pubes-
cent beneath ; flowers 6—9 petalled ; petals obovate, somewhat ob-
tuse.

HAB. Mountains. Penn. to Car. June, July. A middle sized
tree, sometimes, however, attaining the height of 70 feet. Flow-
ers of a dull yellow colour, about the size of those of M. glauca.

Cucumber Tree.

3. M. tripetala Linn. : leaves deciduous, cuneate-lanceolate, acute,
silky when young ; petals 9, oval-lanceolate, acute, the outer ones re-
flected.— M. umbrella Lam.

HAB. Mountain woods. Penn. to Geor, June. — A small tree
with irregular branches and very large leaves &ndjloicers.

Umbretta Tree.

2. LIRIODENDRON. Linn.

Sepals 3. Petals 6. Carpels (Samara) imbricated in a
cone, 1 — 2 seeded, not opening, attenuated.

Polyandria. Polygynia.
L. tulipifera Linn.

HAB. Woods. Throughout the U. S. July. One of the largest
trees of our forest. Leaves alternate, 3-lobed ; the middle lobe
truncate. Flowers solitary, large, of a dull yellow colour. Ac-
cording to Dr. Darlington there are two varieties of this species,
differing chiefly in the colour and texture of the wood ; the one
being yellow and the other white. The yellow is the most val-
uable, but both are employed extensively by cabinet makers.
The bark is a valuable tonic, &c. See Big. fy Bart. Med. Bot.
Dr. P. K. Roger's Inaugural Thesis, PhUad. 1802. Dr. Emmet
has found its virtues to reside in a principle which he denomi-
nates liriodendnne. See Jour. Phil. Coll. of Phar.

Tulip Tree. White Wood.

ORDER HI. ANONACE^E. De Cand. Land.

Sepals 3 — 4, persistent,' usually partly cohering. Petals
6, hypogynous, in two rows, coriaceous. Stamens indefinite,
covering a large hypogynous torus, packed closely together,
very rarely definite. Filaments short, more or less angular.
Anthers adnate, turned outwards, with an enlarged 4-cornered
connectivum. Ovaries mostly numerous. Styles short.
Stigmas simple. Fruit consisting of a number of carpels.
Seeds attached to the suture in one or two rows ; embryo mi-
nute, in the base of a hard, fleshy albumen.

16 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS. '

Trees or Shrubs. Leaves alternate, simple, almost always'
entire, without stipules. Flowers usually green or brown.

1. ASIMINA. De Cand.

Calyx 3-parted. Petals 6, spreading, ovate-oblong ; in-
ner ones smallest. Anthers many, subsessile. Berries usu-
ally 3, ovate or oblong, sessile. Seeds many.

Polyandria. Polygynia.

A. trilaba De Cand. : leaves oblong, crenate, acuminate, and with
the branches smoothish ; flowers on short peduncles ; outer petals
roundish ovate, 4 times as long as the calyx.— Awma triloba Linn.—
Orchidocarpum arietinum Mch.—Porcdia triloba Pursh.

HAB. Banks of streams. N. Y. to Flor. W. to Miss. April.—
A small tree 15 or 20 feet high. Fimcers solitary, dark-brown.
Fruit large, fleshy, patable, sweetish. l'ii/mu> Tree.

ORDER IV. MENISPERMACE^. De Cand. Lind.

Flowers diclinous, usually dioecious and very small. Se-
pals and petals confounded in one or several rows, each of
which is composed of 3 or 4 parts, hypogynous, deciduous.
Stamens monodelphous or occasionally distinct, sometimes
opposite the petals and equal to them in number, sometimes
3 or 4 times as many. Anthers adnate. Ovaries sometimes
numerous, each with one style, cohering slightly at base,
sometimes completely soldered together into a many celled
body. Drupes mostly berried, 1-seeded, compressed. Seed
same shape as the fruit ; embryo curved ; albumen wanting or
small ; cotyledons flat.

Shrubs, with a flexible tough tissue and sarmentaceous
habit. Leaves alternate. Flowers small, usually racemose.

1. MENISPERMUM. Linn.

Sepals and petals arranged in fours, 2 or 3 rowed. STER-
ILE FL. Stamens 16 — 20. FERTILE FL. Ovaries 2 — 4.
Drupe berried, rouudish-reniform, 1-seeded.

Dioecia. Monadelphia.

R[. Canadense Linn.: leaves peltate, somewhat glabrous, cordate,
obtusely angled, mucronate ; racemes solitary, compound ; petals 8.
HAB. Banks of streams. Can. to Car. July. I?.— Varies
somewhat in the angles of the leaves. Stem climbing. Flowers
greenish yellow. Berries black, resembling grapes.

Moo n- Seed.

BERBERIDE.E. It

ORDER V. BERBERIDE^. De Cand. Lind.

Sepals 3—4—6, deciduous, in a double row, surrounded
externally by petaloid scales. Petals hypogynous, either
equal to the sepals in number and opposite to them, or twice
as many, generally with an -appendage at the base in the in-
side. Stamens equal in number to the petals, and opposite to
them ; anthers generally with two separated cells, opening
elastically with a valve from the bottom to the top. Ova-
ry solitary, 1-celled ; style rather lateral ; stigma orbicular,
Fruit a berry or capsule. Seeds 1,2 or 3, attached to the
bottom of the cell on one side ; cotyledons flat.

Shrubs or herbs. Leaves alternate, compound, without sti-
pules.

1. BERBERIS. Linn.

Sepals 6. Petals 6, with 2 glands upon their claws. Sta-
mens without teeth, or with 2— -3 teeth. Berry 2 — 3 seeded.
Seeds 2, rarely 3, inserted laterally at the base of the cell.

Hexandria. Monogynia.

B. vulgaris Linn. : spines 3-parted ; leaves simple, obovate, attenu.
ate at base, ciliate-serrate ; racemes many flowered, pendulous ; petals
entire. — B. canadensis Pursh. Nutt.

HAB. Rocky hills. Throughout the U. S. and Can. April, May.
fj. — A. shrub, 4 — 6 feet high. Leaves alternate. Flowers in pen-
dulous racemes, yellow. Berries red, of an agreeable acid. Ex-
actly similar to the European plant. Barberry.

2. LEONTICE. Linn.

Sepals 6, naked without. Petals 6, bearing a scale at the
base. Capsule 2 — 4 seeded. Seeds globose, inserted into
the bottom of the capsule. Hexandria. Monogynia.

L. tfialictroidesLinn.: cauline leaf solitary, bi-tritenate; leafets 2—3
lobed ; flowers paniculate from the centre of the leaves. — Caidophyttum
thalictroides Mich.

HAB. Rocky woods. Throughout the U. S. and Can. April,
May. If . — Stem a foot high. Flowers small, greenish-yellow.
Berries deep blue, globose, contracted below into a long stipitate
base. Whole plant turns almost black in drying. Cohosh.

ORDER VI. PODOPHYLLE^E. Lind.

Sepals 3 — 4, deciduous or persistent. Petals in two, three
or more rows, each of which is equal in number to the sepals.

2*

18 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.

Stamens hypogynous, 12 — 18, arranged in two, three or more
rows ; anthers linear, oval, turned inwards. Stigma some-
what peltate. Fruit succulent or capsular, 1-celled. Seeds
indefinite ; embryo small.

Herbs. Leaves broad lobed. Flowers radicals, solitary,
white.

1. PODOPHYLLUM. Linn.

Sepals 3. Petals 6—9. Stamens 12—18. Stigma large,
subsessile, peltate. Berry somewhat fleshy, not dehiscent.
Seeds many. Polyandria. Monogynia.

P.peltatum Linn.: stem erect, 2-leaved, 1-flowered; fruit ovate.
HAB. Woods. Throughout the U. S. and Can. May. L(.—
Stem a foot high, 2-leaved, 1-flowered. Leaves large, peltate,
lobed. Flmcers solitary, white, pendulous. Fruit large, ovate,
crowned with the persistent stigma. Known under the name of
May-apple. Its root is often used as a substitute for jalap. Sec
Big. 4- Bart. Med. Bot. and Schneck's Ezper. hiq. <frc. N. Y.
Mcd. 4« Phys. Jour. ii. 30.

2. JEFFERSONIA. Bart.

Sepals 4. Petals 8. Capsule obovate, semicircularly de-
hiscent. Seeds many, arillate at base.

Octandria. Monogynia.

J. diphylla Pers. : — J. bartonis Mich.

HAB. N. Y. Perm. Virg/and Tenn. May. 1(. — Scape a foot
high. Leaf binnate, petioled. FUneer terminal, solitary, large,
white, resembling that of Sangvinaria. Capsule large, coriaceous.
Seeds shining, oblong.

ORDER VII. HYDROPELTIDEjE. Lind.

Sepals 3 or 4, coloured inside. Petals 3 or 4, alternate
with the sepals. Stamens definite or indefinite, hypogynous,
arising from an obscure torus ; anthers linear, turned inwards,
continuous with the filament. Ovaries 2 or more. Fruit in-
dehiscent, tipped by the indurated style. Seeds definite, pen-
dulous ; embryo seated at the base of a fleshy albumen.

Aquatics, with floating leaves. Flowers axillary, solitary,
yellow or purple.

1. HYDROPELTIS. Midi.

Calyx of 3—4 sepals. Petals 3—4. Stamens 18—36.
Ovaries 6 — 18. Seeds pendulous, ovate- globose.

Polyandria. Polygynia.

NYMPHS ACE.E. 19

H. purpurea Mich. — Brascnia pcltata Pursh. — JB. hydropeltis Torr.
HAB. Lakes and ponds. Can. to Geor. July, Aug. ££. —
Whole plant covered with a viscid gelatine. Stem floating,
long, terete, branched. Leaves oval, peltate, coriaceous, very
entire and tinged with purple. Peduncles solitary, long, each
springing: from the side of a petiole. Flowers purple.

Water-Target.

2. FLCERKIA. mild.

Calyx of 3 sepals. Petals 3, shorter than the sepals. Style
bifid. Pericarp none. Seeds 2 or 3, membraceously coated,
superior. Hexandria. Monogynia.

F. uliginosa MM. — F.palustris Nutt. — Nectris pinnata Pursk.

HAB. Marsh.es. Ver. to Virg. April, May. $j$.— Stem de-
cumbent, terete, slender, smooth. Leaves somewhat succulent,

_ . . . _ to

the American edition of Lindley's Introduction to the Natural
System of Botany, places this genus with a mark of doubt, un-
der the present order. I have followed his suggestion, although
it is by no means certain that this is its true place. Further
examination may prove that it belongs to some other order,
or what is more probable, that it should be the type of a new
one. False Mermaid.

ORDER VIII. NYMPILEACE,E. De Can d.

Sepals and petals numerous, imbricated, passing gradually
into each other. Stamens numerous, sometimes forming with
the combined petals, a superior monopetalous corol ; fila-
ments petaloid ; anthers turned inwards, adnate. Fruit many-
celled, indehiscent. Seeds very numerous. Embryo small,
on the outside of the base of the albumen.

Herbs, with peltate or cordate fleshy leaves arising from a
prostrate trunk, growing in quiet waters.

1. NELUMBIUM. Juss.

Calyx petaloid, of 4 — 6 sepals. Petals numerous. Car-
pels numerous, deeply immersed in the upper surface of a tur-
binate receptacle or torus, 1-seeded. Seed large, round, soli-
tary. Polyandria. Polygynia.

N. luteum WiM. : corol, many petalled ; anthers produced into a
linear appendage at the extremity ; leaves peltate, orbicular, very entire.
— Cyamusflavicomus Salisb. Pursh. — C. luteus Nutt.

HAB, Lakes. N. Y. to S. Car. W. to Miss. July. 2_f .— Leaves
alternate, peltate. Peduncles very long, more or less scabrous.

20 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.

Flowers yellowish-white and larger than that produced by any
other plant in North America, except Magnolia macrophylla.

Water Ckmquepin*

2. NYMPH^EA. Linn.

Sepals at the base of the disk. Petals and stamens con-
nected with the whole of the disk, which covers the carpels.

Polyandria. Monogynia.

N. odorata Ait.: leaves floating, orbicular-cordate, very entire ;
nerves and veins prominent ; calyx 4-leaved, equal to the petals ; stig-
ma 16 — 20 rayed ; rays erect, inflexed at the apex. — N. alba Watt.
Mich.

HAB. Ponds. Can. to Car. June, July. 2_£. — Leaves on very
long petioles. Flowers large, white, odorous. N. minor of De
Candolle is probably only a variety of this species. Pond Lily.

3. NUPHAR. Smith.

Sepals, petals and stamens inserted at the base of the disk.

Polyandria. Monogynia.

1. N. lutea Smith : calyx with 5 sepals ; stigma entire, 16 — 20 rayed,
deeply umbilicate ; leaves cordate, oval, lobes approximate ; petioles
3-sided, acute-angled. — Nymphcta lutca Linn.

HAB. In water. N. S. and N. to lat. 64°. June. U-— Sepals
very obtuse. Petals much smaller, truncate. Confounded by
some of our botanists with the next species, from which it is
quite distinct.

2. N. advena Ait. : calyx 6-leaved ; petals numerous, small ; leaves
cordate, with divaricate lobes ; petioles semicylindrical ; fruit sulcate.
"—Nymphout advena Mich.

HAB. In water. Can. to Car. June, July, 1(. — Leaves up-
right or floating. Flowers large, yellow. Yellow Water Lily.

3. N. htdmuina Ait. : calyx 5-leaved ; stigmas incised, 8 — 12 rayed ;
leaves cordate, submersed, with approximate lobes ; petioles terete. —
Nymphaa lutea, var. kalmiana Mich.

HAB. In water. N. S. and Can. July, Aug. 1£. — Leaves and
flowers small. Kalrns Water Lily.

ORDER IX. TAPAVERACEjE. De Cand. Lind.

Sepals 2, deciduous. Petals hypogynous, either 4, or
some multiple of that number placed in a cruciate manner.
Stamens either 8, or some multiple of 4, generally very nume-
rous. Ovary 1. Style short or none. Stigmas 2 or many.
Fruit 1-celled, either pod-shaped, -with 2 parietal placentae, or
capsular, with several placentae. Seeds numerous. Embryo
minute, in the base of a fleshy albumen.

PAPAVERACE^E. 21

Herbs or shrubs, with a milky juice. Leaves alternate,
more or less divided. Peduncles long, 1-flowered.

1. ARGEMONE. Linn.

Petals 4 — 6. Stamens many. Style scarcely any. Stig-
mas 4 — 7, radiating, concave, free. Capsule obovate, 1-cell-
ed ; valves dehiscent at the apex. Seeds spherical.

Polyandria. Monogynia,

A. tnexicana Linn.

HAB. Banks of streams. Penn. to Flor. .W. to Miss. July. 0.
— Stem 2 — 3 feet high, branching, armed with prickles. Leaves
sessile, pinnatifid, repand-sinuate, margins and veins beneath
armed with spines. Flowers axillary and terminal, large, yel-
low or white. Prickly Poppy.

2. SANGUINARIA. Linn.

Sepals 2, deciduous. Petals 8 — 12. Stamens 24. Stig-
mas 2. Capsule oblong, 2-valved, ventricose ; valves deci-
duous. Polyandria. Monogynia.

S. canadensis ^

HAB. Woods. 'Throughout the U. S. and Can. April, May.
11. — Root tuberous, affording a bitter orange coloured juice.
which contains a vegeto-alkaline principle. Leaves radical, re-
niform or cordate. Flowers large, white, solitary. Medicinal.
Emetic, &c. Big. Med. Eot. i. 75. TuLly on Sanguinaria. Am.
Med. Recorder } vol. xiii. Blood Root*

3. MECONOPSIS. De Cand.

Petals 4. Stamens many. Style short. Stigmas 4 — 6,
radiating, convex, free. Capsule obovate, 1-celled ; valves
4 — 6, dehiscent at the apex. Polyandria. Monogynia.

M. diphylla De Cand. : leaves 2, sessile, hairy ; lobes rounded and
obtuse ; capsules 4-valvedy echinate. — Chelidonium diphyttum Mich.
Pursh. — Stylophorum diphyttum Nuit.

HAB. Woods. Penn. to 111. May. If. — Stem a foot high.
Leaves glaucous. Flowers yellow. Abundant in Indiana.

4. CHELIDONIUM. Linn.

Sepals 2, glabrous. Petals 4. Stamens many. Capsule
elongated, 2-valved, 1-celled ; valves dehiscent from the base
to the apex. Seeds several, furnished with a glandular crest.

Polyandria. Monogynia.

C. tnajus Linn. : leaves pinnate, glaucous ; leafets roundish, den-
tate-lobed ; umbels axillary, pedunculate ; petals elliptic, entire*

22 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.

HAB. Fields. N. S. May— Oct. y.— Stem 12—18 inches
high. Flowers yellow. Plant full of an orange juice. Probably
introduced. Celadine.

ORDER. X. SARRACENIE^E. Hook. Liml.

Sepals 5, persistent, often having a 3-leaved involucre on
the outside ; (estivation imbricate. Petals 5, hypogynous ;
unguiculate, concave. Stamens indefinite, hypogynous ; an-
thers oblong, adnate, 2-celled, bursting internally and longitu-
dinally. Ovary superior, 5-celled ; style single ; stigma
much dilated, peltate, with 5 angles. Capsule crowned by the
persistent stigma, with 5 cells and 6 loculicidal valves. Seeds
very numerous, minute, slightly warted, covering 5 large pla-
centae, which project from the axis into the cavity of the cells ;
albumen abundant ; embryo cylindrical, lying near the base of
the seed, with the radicle turned to the hilum.

Herbs found in bogs. Roots fibrous. Leaves radical with
a hollow urn-shaped petiole, at the apex of which is articula-
ted the lamina, which covers the petiole like a lid. Scapes
having each one large flower.

1. SARRACENIA. Linn.

Sepals 5, with a 3-leaved involucre. Petals 5. Capsule
5-celled. Style with a clypeate stigma.

Polyandria. Monogynia.

S. purpurca Linn. : leaves much shorter than the scape, inflated,
contracted at the mouth, having a broad arched lateral wing ; appen-
dix erect, broad-cordate, undulate, not mucronate.

HAB. Sphagnous swamps. Can. to Car. June, July. If. —
Scape 1—2 feet high, with a solitary terminal purple flower.

Side-saddle FUnccr.

ORDER XI. FUMARIACE,E. De Cand. Lind.

Sepals 2, deciduous. Petals 4, cruciate, parallel ; the two
outer, either one or both, saccate at the base ; the 2 inner cal-
lous and coloured at the apex, where they cohere and enclose
the anthers and stigma. Stamens 6, in two parcels opposite
the outer petals, very seldom all separate ; anthers membra-
nous. Ovary superior, 1-celled ; style filiform ; stigma with
two or more points. Fruit either an indehiscent 1 or 2 seed-

FUMARIACE^E. 23

ed nut, or a 2-valved many seeded pod. Seeds horizontal.
Albumen fleshy. Embryo minute.

Herbs with brittle stems and a watery juice. Leaves usu-
ally alternate, many-cleft, often with tendrils. Flowers pur-
ple, white or yellow.

1. FUMARIA. Linn.

Calyx of 2 sepals. Petals 4, one gibbous or spurred at
the base. Pouch, ovate or globose, 1-seeded, indehiscent, not
pointed with a style. Diadelphia. Hexandria.

F. officinaKs Linn. : stem suberect ; leaves bipinnate and cleft, with

linear segments ; racemes rather loose ; fruit-bearing pedicels erect,

twice as long as the bracts ; pouch globose, smooth, somewhat retuse.

HAB. Sandy fields. N. S. July, Aug. 0.— Stew a foot high.

Flmcers rose-coloured. Introduced. Fumitory.

2. DICLYTRA. De Cand.

Petals 4, 2 outer ones equally spurred or gibbous at base.
Pod 2-valved, many-seeded. Diadelphia. Hexandria.

1. D. cucuUaria DC Cand. : scape naked ; raceme simple, 1-sided ;
spurs straight, divaricate, acute ; leaves 2, decompound. — Fumaria cu-
cullaria Linn. — Corydalis cucullaria Pers.

HAB. Shady hills. Throughout Can. and N. S. W. to Miss. May.
1(. — Root bulbous. Scape 6 — 8 inches high. Flowers large,
yellowish-white. The spurs are frequently much divaricated.

Dutchman's Breeches.

2. D.formosa De Cand. : scape naked ; raceme somewhat com-
pound, many-flowered, nodding; segments of the leaves oblong, in-
cisely-pinnatifid ; spurs slightly curved, obtuse ; stigmas 2-angled. —
Corydalis formosa Pursh.

HAB. Hills. Can. and N. S. May. 2J..—Root bulbous. Floic-
ers rose-coloured.

3. D. eximia De Cand. : scape naked, simple, few-flowered ; leaves
bipinnate ; segments linear, glaucous beneath ; spurs 2, short, obtuse ;
stigma 4-angled. — D.formosa Ell. 1 — D. Canadensis De Cand. — Coryda-
Us canadensis Goldie.

HAB. Can. to Car. May. 11 — Scape 6—8 inches high. Flow-
ers purplish-red, 4 — 6 in a raceme. Closely allied to D. formosa,
but may be distinguished by its stigma. The root also is tube-
rous and not bulbous.

3. CORYDALIS. De Cand.

Petals 4, one spurred at base. Pod 2-valved, compressed,
many-seeded. Diadelphia. Hexandria.

24 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.

1. C. glaucaPursh: stem erect, branched ; leaves glaucous, decom-
pound ; segments cuneate, trifid ; bracts oblong-acute, shorter than
the pedicels ; pod linear, flat, scarcely torulose. — Fumaria glauca Curtis.

HAB. N. S. and Can. N. to 64°. May— July. © — >>/.,«
12— 15 inches high. Flowers variegated with red, yellow and
green.

2. C. aurea Wittd. : stem branched, diffuse ; leaves glaucous, doubly
pinnate, lobes oblong-linear ; bracts linear-lanceolate, acuminate,
toothed, longer than the pedicels ; pod terete, torulose.— Fumaria aun a
Muhl.

HAB. Shady rocks. Throughout Can. and N. to lat. 64°. W. to
Rocky mountains, and S. to S. Car. June. <g>.— Stein 8—12
inches high, branching. Racemes opposite the leaves. Flotccrs
small, bright yellow.

4. ADLUMIA. Raf.

Petals 4, united in a spongy monopetalous corol, persistent,
and with two protuberances at base. Pod 2-valved, many-
seeded. Diadelphia. Hexandria.

A. cirrhosa Raf. : — Corydallsfungosa Pers. — Fumaria fungosa WUM.
— F. recta Mich.

HAB. Woods. Can. to Penn. Catskill mountains. July. $ .
— Stems climbing. Leaves decompound, furnished with tendrils.
Flowers numerous, in axillary racemes, pale red.

ORDER XII. CRUCIFER^. De Cand. Lind.

Sepals 4, deciduous, cruciate. Petals 4, cruciate, alter-
nate with the sepals. Stamens 6, of which two are shorter,
solitary and opposite the lateral sepals, and four longer, in
pairs, opposite the anterior, and posterior sepals. Disk with
various green glands between the petals and the stamens and
ovary. Ovary superior, 1-celled. Stigmas 2. Fruit a
siliculc or silique (pouch or pod,) rarely 1-celled and valve-
less, generally 2-celled and 2-valved, 1 or many-seeded, inde-
hiscent or opening by the two valves. Seeds attached in a
single row by a cord to each of the placentae, generally pen-
dulous. Albumen none. Embryo with the radical folded
upon the cotyledons.

Herbs. Leaves alternate. Flowers usually yellow or white,
rarely purple.

CRUCIFER^E. 25

Div. I. SILICULO&E.

1. CAKILE. Linn.

Pouch 2-jointed, compressed ; the upper joint ensiform or
ovate. Seed solitary in the cells ; upper erect, lower pendu-
lous. Tetradynamia. Siliculosa.

C. americana Nutl. : leaves fleshy, oblong, obtuse, with the margins
toothed ; joints of the pouch 1-seeded ; the uppermost one ovate,
acute. — C. maritima, var. americana, Torr. — Bunias maritima Pursh —
B. cdentula Big.

HAB. Sea coast. N. S. Shores of the great Northern lakes,
Nutt. July — Oct. 0. — Plant fleshy, branched and decum-
bent. Flowers purple, corymbed. American Sea Rochet.

2. THLASPL Linn.

Pouch emarginate at the apex ; valves boat-form, winged
on the hack ; cells 2 — many seeded. Petals equal. Calyx
equal at base. Tetradynamia. Siliculosa.

1. T. arvcnse Linn. : leaves oblong-sagittate, coarsely toothed,
smooth ; pouch suborbicular, shorter than the pedicel ; its wings dilat-
ed longitudinally.

HAB. Stony fields. Can. and N. S. W. to Miss. June. 0.—
Stem a foot high, erect, somewhat branched. Leases smooth.
-••;. Flowers small, white, in a raceme. Pouch very large, with dilat-
ed wings. Penny-cress.

2. T. tubcrosum Nutt. : leaves rhombic-ovate, pbsoletely toothed,
smooth, sessile ; radical ones upon long petioles ; stem pubescent,
very short and simple ; root tuberous ; pouch orbicular.

HAB. Penn. Nutt. April, May. @. — Sttm 4 — 5 inches high.
Flowers large, rosaceous.

3. CAPSELLA. De Cand.

Pouch triangular, wedgeform at base ; valves boat-form,
not winged ; cells many-seeded. Tetradynamia. Siliculosa.

C. pursa-pastoris De Cand. ; radical leaves pinnatifid.

HAB. Cultivated grounds. Throughout the U. S. April— Oct.

0. — Stem 6 — 12 inches high. Radical leaves pinnatifid, hairy :

cauline ones oblong, toothed, sagittate at base. Flowers white,

in terminal spiked racemes. Shepherd's Purse.

4. ALYSSUM. De Cand.

Pouch orbicular or elliptic ; valves flat, or convex in the
centre. Seeds 2 — 4 in each cell, compressed, sometimes sur-

3

26 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.

rounded by a membranous wing. Calyx equal at base. Petals
entire. Stamens somewhat toothed.

Tetradynamia. Siliculosa.

A ? dcntatum Nutt. : stem erect and herbaceous ; radical leaves
subruncinately toothed and somewhat scabrous ; cauline ones linear-
lanceolate, sessile, nearly smooth ; racemes paniculate ; pouch ellip-
tical, compressed, pubescent, contorted, terminating in a style near its
own length, shorter than the pedicel.— Draba arabisane Pursh, not of
Mich. (Nutt.).

HAB. Rocks. N. S. ? May. H.—Stem 6 inches high. This
plant is probably not a native of the northern section of the U. S.

5. DRABA. Linn.

Pouch sessile, oval or oblong ; valves flat or convex. Seeds
many, not margined. Calyx equal. Petals entire. Stamens
without tuetli. Tetradynamia. Siliculosa.

1. D. carnliiiifinti llr(ilf. : stem leafy at the base, hispid, naked and
smooth at the top ; leaves ovate-roundish, entire, hispid ; pouch lin-
ear, smooth, longer than the pedicels. — D. hispidula Mick.

HAB. Fields. Perm, to Geor. W. to Mies. April. ©.—Stew
2 — 4 inches high. Leaves clustered on the lower part of the
stem, very hairy. Poucli 1-2 an inch long, linear-lanceolate.
Flowers white.

2. D. arabizans Mich. : stem leafy, somewhat branched, subpubes-
cent ; leaves lanceolate, acute, toothed ; pouch linear, smooth, longer
than the pedicel.

HAB. Rocks. Can. to Virg. W. to Miss. May, June. 0".—
Pouch 5 — 6 lines long, erect, acuminate, twisted. Flowers white.

6. EROPHILA. De Cand.

Pouch oval or oblong ; valves flat. Seeds many, not mar-
gined. Calyx equal. Petals 2-parted. Stamens without teeth.

Tetradynamia. Siliculosa .

E. vulgaris De Cand. : pouch elliptic, shorter than the pedicel ; scape
5 — 15 flowered. — E. americana De Cand. ? — D. vema Pursh. Nutt.

HAB. Fields. Can. to Virg. March— May. Q.— Scape 2—6
inches high. Leaves lanceolate, subincised, hairy. Flowers
white. Specimens of this plant obtained from my friend, Dr.
Matthew Stevenson, of Washington co. N. Y. agree in all re-
spects with the foreign E. rulgaris, as do also those which
I have collected elsewhere. Whether E. americana of De Can-
dolle is a mere variety of this, I have no means of determining ;
but I think there can be no doubt that Draba caroliniana (D. hit-
pidula Mich.) is entirely distinct from the present plant.

Whitlow Grass.

CRUCIFEIUE. 27

7. COCHLEARIA:

Pouch sessile, ovate, globose or oblong ; valves ventricose.
Seeds many, not margined. Calyx equal, spreading. Petals
entire. Stamens without teeth. Tetra dynamia. Siliculosa.

C. armoracea Linn. : root large, fleshy ; radical leaves oblong-cre-
nate ; cauline ones long-lanceolate, toothed or incised ; pouch ellipti-
cal.

HAB. Waste grounds. June. If. — Root large and very pungent
to the taste. Stem 2 feet high. Flowers white, in elongated
racemes. Introduced. Horse Radish.

8. LEPIDIUM. Linn.

Pouch ovate or somewhat cordate ; valves keeled or rarely
ventricose, dehiscent ; cells 1-seeded. Seeds somewhat tri-
quetrous or compressed. Tetr adynamia. Siliculosa.

1. L. virginicum Linn. : stem branched ; radical leaves pinnatifid ;
stem leaves linear-lanceolate, serrate, smooth ; flowers with 4 petals
and 2 — 4 stamens ; pouch orbicular, flat, emarginate, shorter than the
pedicel. — Thlaspi virginianum Poir.

HAB. Sandy fields. Can. to Geor. W. to Miss. June — Oct.
@. — Stem a foot high, panicled above. Flowers minute, white.
Closely resembles L. ruderale, but the cotyledons are accumbent.
Hooker. Wild Pepper-grass.

2. L. campestre Eroicn : cauline leaves sagittate, toothed ; pouch
ovate, winged, emarginate, scaly-punctate. — Thlaspi campestre Linn.

HAB. Hills. N. Sfc May. 0. — Stem-a. foot high, erect. Leaves
pubescent. Flowers white. Field Pepper-grass.

3. L. hirtum Smith : pouch ovate, winged, emarginate, hirsute ; cau-
line leaves sagittate, villose, sub-dentate.

HAB. Fields, near New-Brunswick, N. J. June. $. — Stem 12 —
18 inches high, very leafy. Lower leaves petioled, and somewhat
pinnatifid ; stem leaves sub-clasping, sagittate, toothed, covered
with a whitish pubescence. Flowers in dense hairy racemes.
Povth, in my specimens, scabrous, emarginate, with a style
about half its length. — Perhaps introduced.

Hairy Field Pepper- grass.

9. CAMELINA. Crantz.

Pouch obovate or subglobose ; valves ventricose, dehiscent
with part of the style ; cells many seeded. Style, filiform.
Seeds oblong, not margined. Tetr adynamia. Siliculosa.

C. sativa De Cand. : pouch obovate-pyriform, margined, tipped
with the pointed style ; leaves roughish, subentire, lanceolate, sagit-
tate ; flowers numerous, in corymbs. — Myagrum sativum Linn.

DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.

HAB. Cultivated grounds. Penn. June. <»1>. — &tem about 2 feet
high, branched above. Flowers numerous, in corymbs, small,
yellow. Pouch on a long pedicel. Introduced.

Gold of Pleasure.

10. SUBULARIA. Linn.

Pouch oval ; dissepiment elliptical ; valves convex ; celh
many seeded. Stigma sessile. Cotyledons incumbent, lin-
ear, 2-plicate. Tetr adynamia. Siliculosa.
S. aquatica linn.

HAB. Margins of ponds. N. S. July. Q. — Scape I — 2 inches
high. Radical leaves entire, subulate 10 lines long,
white, in corymbs.

Flowers
Awl-wort.

11. LUNARIA. Lbm.

Pouch pedicellate, elliptic or lanceolate ; valves flat. Fun-
ides long, adhering to the dissepiment. Calyx somewhat
bisaccate. Petals nearly entire. Stamens not toothed.

Tetr adynamia. Siliculosa.

/„ binmis De Cand. : pouch elliptical, obtuse at each end.
HAB. Fields. Penn. May, June. $ . — Naturalized near Phila-
delphia. Nutt.

Div. II. SILIQUOSjE.

12. DENTARIA. Linn.

Pod lanceolate ; valves flat, nervefcss, often opening
elastically. Seeds ovate, not margined, in one row.

Tetradynamia. Siliquosa.

1 . D. laciniata Mvhl. : leaves in threes, verticillate, on short petiole*,
ternate ; leafets 3-parted r segments linear, entire, or coarsely toothed ;
root moniliform. — D. concatenate Mich,

HAB. Woods. Throughout the U. S. but rather rare. April,
May. If.. — Stem 8 inches high. Flowers in terminal racemes,
paie rose coloured or nearly white. Petals oblong.

8. D. diphyUa Mich. : leaves mostly 2, on short petioles, ternate ;
leafets ovate-oblong, unequally and coarsely serrate or laciniate.

HAB. Woods. Throughout Can. and U. S. May. U-—Stem
6 — 10 inches high. Leaves large. Fhnccrs white, larger than the
preceding. Toothicurt.

3. D. keterophylla Nutt. : stem 2-leaved ; leaves ternate, petiolate ;
leafets linear, sub-lanceolate, acute, entire, margin rough ciliate ; radi-
cal leafets ovate-oblong, incisely and coarsely toothed.

HAB. Woods. Penn. June. If. — Root tuberous. Corymb about
9-flowered. Flowers pale purple, about the »ize of those of
Cardaminepratensis. — The smallest of the genua.

CRUCIFER^E. 29

4. D. maxima Nutt. : leaves many, alternate, on long petioles, ter-
nate ; leafets sub-oval, incisely and acutely toothed, lateral ones lobed ;
axils naked ; racemes lateral and terminal.

HAB. Woods. N. Y. and Penn. June. ' l[.—Stem 18— 20 inches
high. Leaves 5—7 ; leafets broad. Flowers in racemes, purple.

13. BARBAREA. Broicn.

Pod 4-sided, 2-edged ; valves awnless at the apex, con-
cave-carinate. Calyx equal at base.

Tetradynamia. Siliquosa.

B. vulgaris Brown : lower leaves lyrate, the terminal lobes round-
ish ; upper ones sessile, obovate, toothed ; pod 4-sided, tapering into a
slender style. — Erysimum barbarea Linn.

HAB. Fields. N. S. and N. to the Arctic regions. June. If.
— Stem 12—18 inches high, smooth. Flowers small, yellow,
corymbed. — According to Dr. Hooker the best character between
this species and B. prcecox is in the pod, which is here scarcely
more than an inch long and tapers into a long slender style.

Bitter Winter-cress.

14. ARABIS. Linn.

Pod linear ; valves flat, 1 -nerved in the middle. Seeds in
one row in each cell, oval or orbicular, compressed. Cotyle-
dons flat, accumbent. Tetradynamia. Siliquosa.

1. A. sagittata De Cand. ; leaves subdentate. rough, with the pubes-
cence often branched ; radical ones ovate or oblong, attenuated into a
petiole ; those of the stem lanceolate, sagittate-cordate ; pedicels of
the length of the calyx ; pods stiffly erect.

c. ovata De Cand. : leaves rough ; radical ones ovate, toothed ;
cauline ones clasping. — A. ovata Poir. — Turritis ovata Pursh.

d. ollongata De Cand. : leaves rough ; radical ones ovate-dblong-.
toothed; cauline ones sagittate-amplexicaul. — Turritis oblon gata
Raf.

HAB. Rocks. N. S. N. to Arctic America. $ .—Stem 12—18
inches high, simple. Flowers small, white. A very variable
plant.. ^

2. A. hirsuta De Cand. : leaves dentate, pubescent or scabrous ; ra-
dical ones obovate-oblong, tapering into a petiole ; cauline ones ovate-
lanceolate ; pedicels as long as the calyx ; pod erect. — Turritis hursuta
Jacq.

HAB. Conn. June. $. — Stem 6 — 12 inches high, hairy. Flow-
ers small, white. A specimen of this plant, gathered in Con-
necticut by Dr. Robbins, agrees very well with the foreign one,
from which it seems to me our A. sagittata is quite distinct.

Hairy Tower Mustard.

3. A. thaliana Linn. : stem branched ; leaves subdentate, pilose ;
the radical ones petiolate, ovate-oblong ; cauline ones few, sessile j

3*

30 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.

Ktaniens as long as the petals ; pod suberect, on longish pedicels, slen-
der.

HAB. Dry hillg. N. S. April, May. Q.—Stcm 2 — 8 inches
high. Flowers in a corymb, white. Common Watt-cress.

4. A. lyrata Linn. : stem somewhat branched, hairy at base ; radical
leaves lyrate-pinnatifid, often pilose ; those of the stem linear and
smooth ; pedicels somewhat spreading ; pod erect.

HAB. Fields and hills. Throughout the N. 8. and Can. and W. to
Rocky mountains. April, June. <J. — Stem8 — 12 inches high.
Flowers large, white. Dr. Hooker supposes this plant to be
identical with the European A* petraa.

5. A. lamgata De Cand. : erect, glabrous and glaucous ; radical
leaves, obovate, petioled, sinuate-dentate ; stem leaves linear, sessile,
very entire ; pod erect ; seeds margined. — Turritis lamgatd Wittd.

HAB. Rocky places. N. S. May. 1{. — Sterna foot to 18 in-
ches high. Flowers few, small, in corymbed racemes. Pod 2
inches long, linear, quite erect, tapering at the extremity into a
very short style.

G. A. canadensis Linn. : stem leaves sessile, oblong-lanceolate, acu-
minate, somewhat toothed; pedicels thrice as long as the calyx, pubes-
cent, reflexed in the fruit ; pod pendulous, subfalcate, nerved ; seeds
with a broad wing. — A.falcata Mich. Pursh. — A. mollis Rqf.

HAB. Rocky situations. Can. toGeor. June. It. — Stem 1— 2feet
high. Flowers white, in long terminal racemes. Pods very long.

Sicklt Pod.

15. CARDAM1NE. Lmn.

Pod linear ; valves flat, nerveless, often opening elastical-
ly. Seeds ovate, not margined ; funicle of the hilum slender.

Tetr adynamia. Siliquosa.

* Leaves undivided,

1. C. rhomboidea De Cand. : root tuberous ;• leaves ovate-rhomboid,
obscurely repand-toothed, smooth, lower ones on long petioles. — Ara-
l/is rhomboidea Pursh. Pers.

HAB. Low grounds. From Hudson's Bay to S. Car. and W. to
the Rocky mountains. May, June. U.—Stem 6—12 inches
high, erect, smooth, simple. Flowers in terminal racemes, large
white.

2. C. rotundtfblia Midi. : root fibrous; leaves suborbicular, subdentate,
smooth, petioled ; stem weak, procumbent ; pod spreading, slender,
with a long style.

HAB. Wet grounds. N. S. July. If.— Stem 12—15 inches
high. Flowers small, white. Dr. Hooker considers the two
preceding plants identical ; but Dr. Darlington, who has exami-
ned this point with much care, has designated the characters by
which they are distinguished. The roots of C. rotundifolia are
constantly fibrous, while those of C. rhomboidea are tuberous ;
the flowers of the former are not more than half the size of U-

CRUCIFER^E. . 3i

latter ; the stigma is simple and very small, on a tapering style,
nearly a line in length ; neither is the plant so acrid, being ra-
ther bitter to the taste. See Darlington's Florula Cestrica, and
his paper in Sill. Amer. Jour. xvii. 356.

3. C. bettidifoUa Linn. : leaves glabrous, somewhat fleshy ; radical
ones petioled, ovate, entire; cauline ones few, entire, or somewhat 3-
lobed ; pod erect ; stigma subsessile. — C, rotundifolia ? Big.

HAB. Highest summit of the White mountains, Rocky moun-
tains, and throughout Arctic America. July. If. — I received
a specimen of this plant from my friend Dr. Charles Pickering
of Philadelphia, who obtained it from the first named locality,
The stem is simple and apparently procumbent, 4 — 5 inches
long. Lower leaves 1-2 — 3-4 of an inch in length, ovate or sub-
orbicular, on long slender petioles. Pod an inch long, surmount^
ed by a short style. It is very near C. alpina. .

>•;. • ** Leaves divided. .»£—

4. C. pratensis Linn.: leaves pinnate; leafets of the radical ones
roundish, of the cauline ones linear or lanceolate, entire ; flowers
large, in a terminal corymb ; style very short, nearly as thick as the
pod ; stigma capitate.

HAB. Woods. N. S. and throughout Arctic America. June.
If. — Stem 10 — 12 inches high. Flowers purplish, large. Pod
linear, nearly an inch long. This species can be readily distin-?
guished by its large flowers and thick style.

5. C, hirsute, Linn, .* leaves pinnate; leafets of the radical ones petiol-
ed, mostly rounded; of the cauline ones lanceolate, subpetioled, dentate
or very entire ; petals small, oblong-cuneate ; stigma minute, subses-
sile.— C. pennsylvanica Muhl. De Cand. — C. virginiana Linn.

HAB. Wet grounds. Throughout the U. S. and Can. July. 0.
— I adopt the views of Dr. Hooker concerning this species. I
have never been able to ascertain the specific line between the
C. pennsylvanica and C. virginica of American botanists ; hav-
ing seen every variety in the size, form of the leaves, and direc-
tion of the stem, of these supposed distinct plants. The present
species is very extensively distributed, American Water-cress.

6. C. tares Mich. : leaves sublyrate-pinnatifid, segments oval-oblong,
the terminal one somewhat 3-lobed ; pod short, erect, terete. .

HAB. Low grounds. N. Eng. to N. J. Pursh. June, July.
If. — De Candolle thinks this may belong to his genus Nastur-
tium,

16. NASTURTIUM. Brown.

Pod rounded (sometimes short.) Stigma sub-2-lobed.
Valves concave, nerveless, not keeled. Cotyledons accumbenf.
Calyx spreading. Tetradynamia. Siliquosa.

1. N. officinale Brown: leaves pinnate ; leafets ovate, subcordate,
•innate-dentate ; upper ones pinnatifid. — Sisymbrum Nasturtium Linn.

DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.

HAB. In water. Throughout the U. S. and to the N. W. coast.
June, July. 11. — Stem decumbent, floating. Leaves large.
t'ltnnrs white, corymbed. Pod scarcely an inch long. Es-
teemed as a salad. Water-cress.

%. N. palustrc De Cand. : leaves lyrate-pinnatifid ; lobes confluent,
unequally toothed, smooth; petals as long as the calyx ; pod obtuse at
both ends, turgid ; root fusiform. — Suymtrimm.pAiftn IV'illd. I'lirs/i.
II \». Wet places. Through out .the U. S. and to the shores of
the Arctic sea. July. <£>. — Stem 18 inches high, mostly erect.
Lmrr.t jrlabrous, all more or less pinnatifid. FUncers numerous,
minute, yellow. Pod short.

, 3. N. amphilium Brmrn : leaves oblong-lanceolate, lyrate-pinnati-
fid or serrate; root fibrous ; petals longer than the calyx; pod elliptical,
tipped with the mucronate style. — Sisymbrium amphibnim Linn.

HAB. Wet places. Throughout the U. S. and Can. June, July.
1£. — Stem 1 — 2'feet high. Flowers yellow, minute, in a long ra-
ceme. Very variable in the character of its leaves.

4. N. natans De Cand. : emerged leaves lanceolate, entire, serrate ?
immersed ones doubly tripinnatifid ; segments capillaceous ; pouch
obovate-globose, with a style equal in length.

HAB. In water. Near Montreal. Hook. Oneida Lake. Dr.
Asa Gray. July. 2J.. — Stems long, submerged. Lower learcs
finely divided ; middle ones often pinnatifid ; emerged ones lan-
ceolate, undivided, serrate. Flmrcrs very pale yellow, smaller
than in the preceding.

17. HESPERIS. Linn.

Pod roundish, or about 4 cornered. 'Stigmas 2, erect, con-
riivcnt. Calyx bisaccate at base. Seeds somewhat 3-sided.
Stamens without teeth. Tetr adynamia. Siliquosa.

1. H. matronalis Linn.: pedicels of the length of the calyx ; petals
obovate ; pod erect, torose, glabrous, not thickened on the margin ;
leaves ovate-lanceolate, toothed ; stem erect, nearly simple.

HAB. Shores of Lake'Huron. Hook. Dame's Jlolet.

2. H. ? pinnatifida Mich. : lower leaves lyrate-pinnatifid ; upper
ones lanceolate, unequally serrate ; border of the petals obovate, entire;
pedicels at length longer than the calyx.

HAB. Woods. N. -S. Torr. W. to Ken. July. U.—Stem a foot
high, very smooth. Flowers pale purple, small.

18. SISYMBRIUM. All.

Pod roundish, sessile upon the torus. Stigmas 2, some-
what distinct, or connate in a head. Calyx equal at base.
Seeds ovate or oblong. Cotyledons flat, incumbent, gome-
times oblique. Stamens without teeth.

Tetradynamia. Siliquosa.

CRUCIFER^E. 33

1. 8. officinale De Cand. : leaves runcinate and with the stem hairy ;
flowers in a long raceme ; pod subulate, pressed to the rachis. — Ery-
simum officinale Linn.

HAB. Road sides. Throughout the U. S. and Can. W. to Colum-
bia river. June — Sept. 0. — Stem 1 — 2 feet high, branched.
Leaves hairy, or nearly smooth. Flowers yellow, minute. Va-
ries much in the character of its leaves. Hedge Mustard.

2. <S>. sophia Linn. : leaves bipinnate, smooth or pubescent; segments
oblong-linear, cut ; petals shorter than the calyx ; calyx thrice as short
as the pedicel ; pod linear, erect.

HAB. Sandy places. Can. June, July. ©. — Stem 8 — 12 in-
ches high. Flowers yellow, numerous. Fruit-bearing-raceme
very long. I have received a specimen of what I think must be
the true S. sophia from Dr. Holmes of Montreal. The pods are
very narrow-linear, 1-2 to 3-4 of an inch, longer and narrower
than in S. canescens of Nuttall, and not clavate as in the latter. In
other respects I cannot observe any difference between these
two plants.

19. ERYSIMUM. Linn.

Pod four-sided. Calyx closed. Cotyledons flat, oblong.

Tetr adynamia. Siliqnosa.

1. E. cheirantftoides Linn. : leaves lanceolate, somewhat toothed and
scabrous ; pod erect-spreading, twice as long as the pedicel ; stigma
small, nearly sessile.

HAB. Fields. Near Fairfield, N. Y. Can. and on all the plains west-
ward of the Rocky mountains. July. %j£, — Stem 1 — 2 feet high,
erect, and with the leaves scabrous. Flowers yellow, in long»ter-
minal racemes. Pods linear, somewhat spreading, 1-2 to 3-4 of
an inch long.

20. SINAPIS. Linn.

Pod roundish ; valves bearing nerves ; style small, short,
acute. Seeds in one series, subglobose. Calyx spreading.

Tetr adynamia. Siliquosa.

1. S. nigra Linn. .-• lower leaves lyrate ; upper ones lanceolate, en-
tire, petiolate ; pod smooth and even, somewhat 4-sided, appressed to
the peduncle.

HAB. Fields. N. S. June, July. Q.—Stem 2—4 feet high.
Flowers yellow. Common Mustard.

2. S. alba Linn. : leaves lyrate, nearly smooth, the terminal lobe
large ; pod mostly hispid, spreading, shorter than the broad sword-
form beak ; seeds large, pale.

HAB. Waste places. N. S. July. 0. — Steml — 2 feet high. Pinc-
ers yellow, rather large, corymbose. Introduced. White Mustard.

34 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.

21. RAPHANUS. Linn.

Pod transversely many-celled or dividing into several
joints. Seeds in one row, globose, pendulous.

Te trady nanria. Siliq uo* a .

R. raphanistrum Linn. : leaves simply lyrate ; pod jointed, 1 -celled,
striate, 3 — 8 seeded, longer than the style.

HAB. Fields. N. S. July. ®. — Stem 1—2 feet high, hispid. Hmr-
ers yellow, large. ll'iM AW«W/.

ORDER XIII. CAPPARIDEjE. De Cand. Lind.

Sepals 4. Petals 4, cruciate, usually unguiculate and un-
equal. Stamens 4, 6, or indefinite, but usually some high
multiple of four. Disk hemispherical or elongated. Fruit
either pod-shaped and dehiscent, or fleshy and indehiscent,
rarely 1-seeded, most frequently with 2-polyspermous pla-
centce. Seeds generally reniform ; albumen none ; embryo
incurved ; cotyledons foliaceous.

Herbs, without true stipules, but sometimes with spines
in their places. Leaves alternate, petioled, undivided or pal-
mate.

1. ' GYNANDROPSIS. De CmuL

Calyx of 4 sepals, spreading. Petals 4. Torus elongat-
ed. * Stamens 6, united around the torus, free at the apex.
Pod stiped. Tetradynamia. Siliquosa.

G. pentaphytta De Cand. : smoothish ; leaves quinate ; the lower
and floral ones ternate ; leafets entire and subserrulate. — Clcome fen-
Uiphytta Linn.

HAB. Sandy fields. N. S. to S. Car. July. <$.— Stem 2 feet
high, viscid. Flowers white, in long terminal racemes. Ptinlss
obovate, with very long capillary claws. Pod long, linear, on
a long foot-stalk.

2. POLANISIA. Raf.

Calyx of 4 sepals, spreading. Petals 4. Stamens S — 32.
Torus small. Pod sessile or scarcely stiped. Style distinct.

Tetradynamia. Siliquosa.

P. graceolens Raf. : viscidly pubescent ; leaves ternate ; leafets
elliptical-oblong; stamens 8 — 12; pod oblong, attenuate at base, mu-
ricatewitha glandular pubescence.— Cleome dodecandra, var canadcnsis
Linn.

CtSTINE^E. 35

HAB. Sandy places. N. S. and Can. W. to Miss. June. !£.—
Stem 8 — 12 inches high. Flowers purple and yellow. Whole
plant more or less viscid and fetid..

ORDER XIV. CISTINE7E. De Cand. Lind.

Sepals 5, persistent, unequal, the three inner with a twisted
aestivation. Petals 5, hypogynous, very fugitive, crumpled
in estivation and twisted in a direction contrary to that of the
sepals. Stamens indefinite, hypogynous, free ; anthers in-
nate ; stigma simple. Ovary distinct, 1 or many celled ;
style single. Fruit capsular, usually 3-5-10-valved, either
1-celled with parietal placentae in the axis of the valves, or
imperfectly 5 or 10-celled with dissepiments proceeding from
the middle of the valves, and touching each other in the
centre. Seeds indefinite in number. Embryo inverted, either
spiral or curved in the midst of mealy albumen.

Shrubs or herbs. Leaves usually entire, opposite or alter-
nate. Flowers very fugacious.

1. HELIANTHEMUM. Tourn.

Calyx with 3 equal sepals, or 5 disposed in two rows, the
two outer ones often smaller, rarely larger. Petals 5, often
irregularly denticulate at the apex. Stigma capitate. Ova'
ry triquetrous. Capsule 3-valved, with the dissepiment in the
middle of the valves. Seeds angled, smooth.

Polyandria. Monogynia.

* Peduncles one-flowered.

1. H. canadense Mich.: stem ascending; branches erect, hirsute;
leaves oblong-lanceolate, acute, hirsute, paler beneath ; peduncles soli-
tary, 1-flowered ; sepals broad-ovate, acuminate ; capsule shorter than
the calyx.

HAB. Margins of woods. Can. to Car. June. I{. — Stem a
foot high. Racemes few-flowered, generally terminal. Flowers
yellow, large. Rock Rose. Frost Weed.

2. H. ramuliflorum Mich. : stem erect, pulverulent-pilose, branching,
subdichotomous at the apex ; branches virgate, flower-bearing ; leaves
lanceolate-elliptic or oblong, acute, margin scarcely revolute, white
tomentose beneath ; flowers peduncled, solitary ; sepals broad-ovate,
acuminate ; capsule globose, of the length of the calyx.

HAB. Fields. N. J. to Car. If. July.— Stem a foot high.
Flowers yellow, small. Calyx and peduncles pilose. Style very
short.

36 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.

** Peduncles many flowered.

3. H. corymbosuyi Mich. : stemsuftruticose, branching, erect ; branches
dichotomous, subpubescent ; leaves alternate, lanceolate-oblong, some-
what obtuse, white, tomentose beneath ; upper ones revolute on the
margin ; flowers in crowded fastigiate corymbs ; sepals tomentose and
whitish hirsute, outer ones linear-obtuse ; inner ovate, acute, scarcely
as long as the capsule.

HAB. Sandy ,fields. N. J. to Geor. June— Aug. U>— This
plant is said by Pursh to have the flowers very small and some-
times without petals. On the other hand, Elliott remarks that
although the flowers are much smaller than those of H. carol i m-
t; n it in. they are nearly equal in size to those of our other species.
Perhaps the assertion of Pursh that this and the foregoing species
have been mistaken for Lechea major will apply to himself.

2. LECHEA. linn.

Calyx 3-sepalled, with two outer bracts or sepals. Petals
3, lanceolate. Stamens 3 — 12, and often thrice the number.
Ovary 1 , 3-sided. Stigmas 3, scarcely distinct. Capsule
3-valved, with as many inner valves opposite the others.
Seeds affixed to the dissepiment or nerve, very few, often 8.

Triandria. Trigynia.

1. L. vitiosa Ell. : radical branches prostrate, villose ; leaves oblong-
lanceolate, mucronate, pilose ; panicle short, leafy ; flowers fasciculate-
racemose, secund, on very short pedicels. — L. minor Linn. — L. major
Mich. Pursh. Torr.

HAB. Barren soil. Can. to Flor. July. It-— Stem 1—2 feet
high, flowers brown. l'in Weed.

2. L. minor Piarsh. : nearly smooth ; stem assurgent ; leaves linear-
lanceolate, acute; panicle leafy ; branches elongated; flowers on
short pedicels.

HAB. Dry hills. Can. and N. S. July. If.— Stem 8— 12 inches
high. Fruit larger than in the former.

3. L. racemulosa Mich. : whole plant covered with appressed pubes-
cence ; stem erect ; leaves linear, acute, ciliate ; panicle slender and
very branching ; raceme naked ; flowers small, alternate, pedicellate.

HAB. Sandy Hills. N. J. to Car. July. If. Pursh.

4. L. thymtfolia Pnrsh, : whole plant whitish-villose ; stem erect :
leaves linear, acute ; panicle leafy, elongated ; brandies very short:
flowers minute, in lateral and terminal fascicles ; pedicels very short.

HAB. Sands. N. Y. to Virg. July. Lf. — Stem a foot high,
erect, much branched. Leaves villose at base.

3. HUDSONIA. Linn.

Calyx 5-parted ; segments unequal, the two outer ones
minute. Petals 5. Stamens 9—30. Style straight, simple.

VIOLACEJ2. 37

Stigma simple. Capsule 1-celled, 3-valvcd, 1 — 3 seeded.
Seeds granula'ed. Polyandria. Monogynia.

1. H. ericoides Linn. : pubescent ; stem suffruticose, sub-erect ;
branches elongated ; leaves filiform, subulate, subimbricate ; peduncles
numerous, lateral, elongated ; calyx cylindrical, obtuse ; capsule
pubescent, 1 -seeded ; valves oblong.

HAS. Pine barrens. N. J. to Virg. May, June. T?. — Stem
4 — 6 inches high, much branched. Leaves small, persistent.
Floicers small, yellow. Stamens about 15. False Heath.

2. H. tomentosa Nutt. : cespitose, hoary-pubescent ; leaves minute,
closely imbricate, ovate, acute ; flowers aggregated, subsessile ; calyx
sub-cylindric, with obtuse segments ; capsule 1 -seeded ; valves ovate,
smooth.

HAB. Sea shore. N. J. to Virg. June. 1?. — Stem 6 inches
high. Flowers yellow. Stamens 14 — 18. The whole plant is
silvery gray and tomentose.

ORDER XV. VIOLACE^E. De Cand. Lind.

Sepals 5, persistent, with an imbricate estivation. Petals
5, hypogynous, equal or unequal, usually withering, and with
an obliquely convolute aestivation. Stamens 5, alternate with
the petals, occasionally opposite to them, inserted in a hypo-
gynous disk, often unequal ; anthers bilocular, bursting in-
ward, either separate or cohering, and lying close upon the
ovary ; filaments dilated, elongated beyond the anthers ; two
of them, in the irregular flowers, generally furnished with an
appendage or gland at the base. Ovary 1-celled, many-
seeded, or rarely 1-seeded, with 3 parietal placentae opposite
the 3 outer sepals ; style single, usually declinate, with an
oblique hooded stigma. Capsules of 3-valves, bearing the
placentas in their axis. Seeds often with a tumour at their
base. Embryo straight, erect, in the axis of fleshy albumen. *

Herbs or Shrubs. Leaves simple, usually alternate, stipu-
late, with an involute vernation. Inflorescence various.

1, VIOLA. Tourn.

Sepals 5, auricled at their base. Petals unequal, the lower
one spurred. Stamens 5, approximated ; filaments distinct ;
anthers connate, the two lower ones with processes at their
back. Capsule 1-celled, 3-valved, opening elastically.

Pentandria. Monogynia.

OBS. The North American species of this interesting genus have
been studied with much care by the Rev. L. de Schweinitz and by Capt.

4

38 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.

Le Conte, and those of the Northern and Middle States have been no
less faithfully examined by Dr. Torrey. — See Sill. Jour. vol. \. Ann.
of the New York Lye. vol. ii. Torrey' s Flora, vol. i.

* Stemless.
t Flowers blue.

1. V. pedata Linn. : leaves pedate, often nearly smooth, from 5—7
parted ; segments linear-lanceolate, entire or somewhat toothed ; stip-
ules radical, pectinately lacerate ; petals beardless, entire, rounded at the
extremity ; stigma large, compressed, obliquely truncate and perforate
at the apex. — V. digitata Pursh.

HAB. Rocky hills. From lat. 53 N. to Geor. W. to Miss. May.
Ii. — Scaves 3 — 5 inches high, several from the same root.
Flowers large, pale blue.

2. V. palmata Linn : leaves more or less pubescent,- reniform-cor-
date, palmate, or hastate-lobed ; lobes very various, the intermediate
one always larger ; stipules lanceolate, subciliate ; lateral petals
densely bearded towards the base ; stigma capitate, recurved, margin-
ed, rostrate.

HAB. Swamps and low grounds. Can. to Car. May. If.— Scape
about as long as the leaves. Flowers middle-sized. This species
' varies greatly in the form of its leaves, and in some specimens
they are so slightly divided, as to induce me to concur in the
opinion expressed by Dr. Bigelow that, it is only a variety of
/ . cuculldta.

3. T. cucuUata Ait. : smoothish ; leaves cordate, cucullate at base,
dentate-serrate, veined ; stipules small, linear, ciliate ; flower oblique ;
lower and lateral petals rigidly bearded ; upper one smooth ; spur very
short, rounded. — V.papUwnacea Pursh. — V. affinis Le Conte. — V. obliqua
Ait. Pursh. Torr. V. sororia Pursh.

HAB. Wet meadows. Common throughout Can. and the U. S.
April, May. H-— This species varies considerably in the form
of its leaves, and in the degree of pubescence. The same indi-
vidual, indeed, undergoes changes during the season. A specimen
in the herbarium of my brother, Dr. T. R. Beck, labelled by the
late Dr. Muhlenburg V. obliqua f is certainly identical with this
species.

4. V. sagittate Ait. : leaves pubescent on the upper surface, oblong,
acute, cordate, sagittate, often hastate at base, serrate or crenate-den-
tate ; petals oblong, ovate, all except the lower one bearded. V. den-
data Pursh.

b. cmarginata Nutt. : leaves almost triangular, lacerately toothed

at the base ; petals emarginate or bi-dentate. — V. cmarginata Le

Conte.
HAB. Fields. Can. to Car. May. Ij..— Leaves quite variable.

Flowers middle-sized, purple. — Var. b. is found in the sandy

fields of New-Jersey.

VIOLACE^E. 39

5. V. ovata Nutt. : leaves oblong-ovate, rather acute, subcordate,
crenate, often lacerately toothed at base, decurrent on the petiole,
pubescent on both sides ; stipules broad-lanceolate, ciliate ; sepals
oblong-lanceolate ; petals obovate, entire ; lateral ones densely bearded.
V. primula/oliu Pursh. — V. ciliata Muhl.

HAB. Dry hills. Can. and N. S. April, May. 2^.— Whole
plant pubescent. Leaves much narrower and more downy than
in C. cucullata. Flowers larger than those of V. primultEfolia.

6. ' V. villosa Walt. : leaves reniform-cordate or reniform, obtuse,
crenate, flat, very pubescent ; sepals oblong, auriculate at base ; later-
al and lower petals bearded ; stigma deflexed ; capsule, smoothish. —
I ". barbata Muhl.

b. cordifolia Nutt. : leaves smooth beneath, rather acute ; sepals
narrow, short, smooth and scarcely produced at base. — V. cor-
difolia Schw.

HAB. Rocky hills. Penn. to Car. May. If. — Leaves rather
thick, mostly incumbent on the ground, often purplish on the
under side. Scape longer than the leaves.

tt Flowers yellow.

7. V. rotundifolia Mich. : leaves broad-ovate or orbicular, cordate,
with the sinus at length closed, slightly crenate, smooth beneath ;
stipules lanceolate-subulate ; sepals oblong, narrow, obtuse ; lateral
petals bearded ; lower ones smaller, smooth ; spur very short ; stigma
recurved.

HAB. Rocky woods. Can. to Car. May. If. — Flowers yellow,
middle-sized. Distinct from V. clandestinaofPuTsh. • «,

ttt Flowers somewhat regular, small, ichite.

8. V. lanceolfita Linn. : leaves very smooth, narrow lanceolate, at-
tenuated at each end, sub-serrate ; sepals lanceolate, acute, smooth ;
petals beardless, nearly equal ; spur very short ; stigma recurved,
rostrate.

HAB. Swamps. Can. to Car. W. to Lake Huron. April, May.
L(. — Scape nearly as long as the leaves. Flowers small, white,
inodorous. The long narrow leaves will sufficiently distinguish
this species. — One of the finest localities that I have met with,
is a swamp about a mile west of Albany.

9. V. a'cuta Eig. : leaves ovate, smooth, crenate, rather obtuse ; sti-
pules linear- subulate ; scape angular ; bracts nearly as long as the pe-
tals ; sepals lanceolate, acute, smooth ; petals ovate, acute, mostly
smooth, lower ones veined ; stigma capitate, rostrate.

HAB. Moist grounds. Cambridge, Mass. Big. 2J.. — A small
species. Distinguished by its even and always acute petals and
by its long linear bracts.

10. V. primulcEfolia Linn. : leaves smooth, oblong ovate or lanceolate,
subcordate, rather obtuse, sparingly crenate ; nerves beneath and scape
somewhat pubescent ; sepals lanceolate ; petals obtuse ; the two lat-
eral ones a little bearded and striate ; stigma capitate, rostrate.

40 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.

HAB. Wet grounds. N. Y. to Car. April, May. U.—Flmcer*
wiiite, odorous, about the size of those of V. lanceolate. Bracte
long. This species varies in the form of its leaves from the
broad-cordate to the lanceolate. Near New-Brunswick, where
what I consider the V. primulafolia is very abundant, it certainly
passes into V. lanceolata, with which species I think it will even-
tually prove identical. Dr. Bigelow suggests that V. blanda and
fr. lanceolata may be the same; but so far as my observation
extends, the former is much more constant in its characters than
V. primulctfolia.

1 J . V. blanda Wittd. : leaves broad-cordate, remotely serrate or cre-
nate, nearly smooth ; sinus rounded ; sepals ovate, acuminate ; petals
ovate, obtuse, nearly beardless ; stigma depressed, acutely margined.
HAB. Wet meadows. From lat. 66° N. to Car. April, May.
1C. — Flowers small, white, streaked with purple, odorous. This
species very closely resembles the foreign V. palustris.

12. I', clandestina Pursh: cespitose ; leaves large, suborbicular, ob-
tu.so. thin, nearly smooth, crenate, serrate ; sinus closed, cordate ;
stipules ovate, short ; stolons fioriferous ; petals narrow, ovate, beard-
less, scarcely longer than the calyx ; flowers often apetalous ; stigma
straight, capitate.

HAB. Shady woods on mountains. Can. and N. S. June — Sept.
11' — Flowers often apetalous, generally concealed in the earth.
More nearly allied to V. rotund folia than to V. blanda, but dis-
tinct from both.

** Caulescent.

13. V. canadenfis Li'/w. .• stem erect ; leaves broad-cordate, acumi-
nate, serrate, slightly pubescent on the nerves, lower ones on long pe-
tioles ; stipules broad-lanceolate, membranaceous, entire ; sepals sub-
ulate, lanceolate ; spur very short ; stigma short, pubescent ; capsule
oblong, 3-sided, very obtuse.

HAB. Fields. Throughout Can. and the U. S. May— July.
If. — Stem 12 — 18 inches high. Flowers large, blue without,
pale within.

14. I', ochrolcuca Schw. : stem assurgent ; leaves alternate, low-
er ones round-cordate, crenate-serrate, obtuse, upper ones acuminate ;
stipules large, oblong-lanceolate, dentate-ciliate ; sepals subulate-lan-
ceolate ; petals obtuse ; the lateral ones and often the lowest profusely
bearded ; spur produced, obtuse ; stigma recurved, subpubescent. —
V. striata Ait. Lc Conte.

HAB. Swamps. N. S. May. If..— Stem 6—10 inches. Floic-
ers yellowish- white, large.

15. V. muhlenbergiana De Cand. : stem weak, subprostrate, branch-
ed, smooth j lower leaves renifonn- cordate ; upper ones a little acumi-
nate, crenate-serrate, nearly smooth ; stipules large, oblong-lanceolate,
serrate-ciliate ; sepals linear-lanceolate ; petals obovate, obtuse, the
lateral ones bearded ; spur nearly one third the length of the corol ;

VIOLACEjE. 41

stigma rostrate. — V. muhlcnbcrgii Torr. — V. idiginosa and asarifoUa

Muhl, _ V. debilis Pursh. Schw.

HAB. Swamps. Labrador, Can. and N. S. May. It. — Stem
6—10 inches high. Flowers middle-sized, blue. My specimens
of this plant agree in every respect with those of F. canina of
Linnaeus from Scotland and Switzerland.

16. V. rostrata Muhl. : stem diffuse, erect ; leaves smooth, cordate,
acute, serrate ; sinus open ; stipules large, lanceolate, serrate-ciliate ;
peduncles filiform, longer than the leaves ; petals obovate, all beard-
less ; spur longer than the corol.

HAB. Rocky hills. Can. and N. S. April, May. It.— Stem
6—8 inches high, smooth. Flowers large, pale blue, with a very
long horn or spur, by which this species can be easily recogr
nized.

17. V. pubescens Ait. : villous-pubescent ; stem elongated, erect,
naked below ; leaves broad-ovate, cordate, dentate, more or less acu-
minate ', stipules large, ovate, somewhat toothed ; lateral petals
bearded ; spur short, acuminate. — V. peniisylvanica Mich.

b. eriocarpa Nutt. : capsule densely villoue. — V. eriocarpa Schw.
HAB. Dry woods. Can. and N. S. W. to Council Bluffs. April,

May. 21. — Stem 6 — 8 inches high. Flowers middle sized, yel*

low.

18. V. hastata Mich. : smooth ; stem erect, simple, leafy above ;
leaves on long petioles, cordate -lanceolate or hastate, acuminate ; lobes
obtuse, dentate ; stipules minute, ciliate-dentate ; lower petal dilated,
sub-3-lobed ; lateral ones slightly bearded ; spur short ; stigma trun-
cate, hairy on the sides.

HAB. Mountains. Penn. Muhl. May. If. — Stem 8' — 12 inches
high. Flotcers yellow.

19. V. tenetta Muhl. : stem 3-sided, erect, mostly simple ; lower
leaves round, spathulate ; upper ones lanceolate; stipules large, run-
cinate-pinnatifid ; sepals ovate-lanceolate, nearly as long as the pe-
tals ; lateral petals bearded ; spur obtuse, not extended ; nectaries
short. — V. bicolor Pursh. — V. arvensis Ell.

HAB. Sandy hills. N. Y. to Car. W. to Miss. May. If.

Stem 2 — 4 inches high. Flowers small, bluish- white. De Can-
dolle and Hooker consider this a variety of V. tricolor, while
Torrey thinks it is nearer to V. arvensis. I still think it distinct.

2. SOLEA. Ging. De Cand.

Sepals scarcely equal, carinate ? not auricled at base, de-
current into a pedicel, at length reflexed. Petals nearly-
equal ; lower one a little larger than the rest, and somewhat
gibbous at base. Stamens approximate ; filaments with short
broadish claws at base.

Pentandria. Monogynia.
4*

42 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.

St. concolor De Cand. — & stricta Spreng. ? — Viola concolor Forf.
Pwsh. Ton.

HAB. Rocks. N. Y. to Car. W. to Miss. ; rare. April, May.
Z{. — Stem 2 — 4 feet high, simple, erect. Leaves cuneate-lanceo-
late, sessile, irregularly toothed above. Peduncles short, 2 — 3
flowered. Flowers small, greenish. Calyx nearly as long as
the petals. Spur none. I possess fine specimens of this plant
which were gathered near Lebanon, N. Y.

ORDER XVI. DROSERACE^E. De Cand. Lind.

Sepals 5, persistent, equal, with an imbricate aestivation.
Petals 5, hypogynous. Stamens distinct, withering, either
equal in number to the petals and alternate with them, or 2
or 3 or 4 times as many. Ovary single. Styles 3 — 5, either
wholly distinct or slightly connected at the base, bifid or
branched. Capsule of 1 or 3-cells, and 3 or 5- valves, which
bear the placentae either in the middle or at the base. Seeds
either naked or furnished with an arillus ; embryo straight,
erect, in the axis of fleshy or cartilaginous albumen ; cotyle-
dons rather thick.

Delicate herbs, often covered with glands. Leaves alter-
nate, with stipulary ciliae and a circinate vernation.

1. DROSERA. Linn.

Calyx deeply 5-cleft. Petals 5. Stamens 5. Styles 3—5,
bipartite. Capsules superior, 3-celled, 3 — 5 valved, many-
seeded. Pentandria. Pentagynia.

1. D. rotund 'if olid Linn.: leaves all radical, orbicular, petiolate.
spreading, covered above and on the margin with crimson hairs ; pe-
tioles long, hairy ; scape bearing a simple terminal raceme ; seeds
arillate.

HAB. Sphagnous swamps. From Arctic America to Car. July.
Aug. H* — Scape 4 — 8 inches high. Flowers small, whitish.

Sundew,

2. longtfolia Linn. : leaves crenate-obovate, tapering below into a
long petiole, erect-spreading ; scape declined at the base ; stipules
many-cjeft, capillaceous ; segments of the calyx ovate-oblong, obtuse.
— Z>. americana MuM.—D.foliosa Ell.

HAB. Swamps. N. Y. to Car. July, Aug. U.—Scap6 2—4
inches long. Racemes simple. Flowers secund.

3. D. filiformis Raf. : leaves filiform, very long, glandulous the
whole length ; scape longer than the leaves, simple or bifid. — »Z>.

WMd.

POLYGALE^E. 43

HAB. Swamps. Mass. N. J. and Del. Aug. Sept. U-— Leaves
6 — 10 inches long. Flowers purple, few, in a one-sided raceme.

2. PARNASSIA. Linn.

Calyx 5-sepalled. Petals 5. Scales (or abortive sta-
mens ?) opposite to the claws of the petals, terminating in
glandular bristles at the apex. Stamens 5. Stigmas 4, ses-
sile. Capsules 4-valved, 1-celled. Seeds arillate.

Pentandria. Tetragynia.

1. P. caroliniana Mich. : radical leaves cordate, orbicular- ovate, on
long petioles ; stem leaf sessile ; flowers solitary, terminal ; scales
3-bristled. — P. americana and P. ovata Muhl, ?

HAB. Swamps. Can. to Car. Aug. Sept. 1£. — Stem 12—-18
inches high. Leaves mostly radical. Flowers large, yellowish-
white, Parnassus Grass.

2. P. palustris Linn. : leaves all cordate ; cauline one sessile ; scales
smooth, many-bristled.

HAB. Bog meadows. N. S. Can. and as far north as the Arctic
circle. Floicers white, veins of green or purple. Distinguished
by the numerous, slender, white, pellucid hairs of its scale from
all the other species of the genus.

ORDER XVII. POLYGALE^. De Cand. Lind.

Sepals 5, very irregular, distinct, 3 exterior, of which 1 is
superior and 2 inferior ; 2 inner ones (the wings'] often peta-
loid. Petals 3 — 4, hypogynous, one inferior (the keel) the
others alternating with the upper and lateral sepals ; some-
times 5, and then the 2 additional ones minute and between the
lateral and lower sepals. Keel sometimes entire, and then na-
ked or crested ; sometimes 3*lobed without a crest. Stamens
8, unequal, ascending, combined into a tube, which is split
opposite to the upper sepal ; anthers 1-celled, opening by a
terminal pore, or very rarely by a longitudinal cleft. Ovary
superior, 2-celled, with placentae in the axis ; the cells ante-
rior and posterior, the latter often abortive ; ovules 1, rarely 2,
pendulous ; style simple, curved ; stigma simple. Fruit
dehiscent or indehiscent. Seeds pendulous, with a copious
fleshy albumen and a straight embryo.

Shrubs or herbs. Leaves generally alternate, mostly sim-
ple and always destitute of stipules. Flowers usually race-
mose, often small. Pedicels with 3 bracts.

44 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.

1. POLYGALA. Tourn.

Sepals of the calyx persistent; two inner ones wing-
shaped and coloured. Petals 3 — 5, united to the stamens,
lower one keelform. Capsule compressed, elliptic, obovateor
obcordate. Seeds pubescent, Diadetyhia. Octandria,

* Flowers in racemes or spikes.

1. P. vulgaris Linn. : stem herbaceous, procumbent ; leaves linear-
lanceolate, rather obtuse ; flowers in a terminal spike, erect ; wings
of the calyx obtuse, longer than the corol.

HAB. Banks of the Mohawk, N. Y. Nutt. June. It-— Stem*
numerous. Flowers blue, cristate. According to De Candolle
there are 7 varieties of this species.

2. P. incarnata Linn. : glaucous ; stem erect, slender, nearly sim-
ple ; leaves scattered, few, subulate ; racemes spiked, oblong, with-
out glands ; corol with a long tube.

HAB. N. J. to Car. Near Niagara Falls. Hooker. June, July,
0. — Stem 12 — 18 inches high, somewhat angled, with few re-
mote subulate leaves. Flowers flesh-coloured, in a somewhat
loose terminal spike; petals united into a long slender tube. A
specimen of this plant, received from Dr. Charles Pickering, and
gathered by him in New-Jersey, has only 4 or 5 subulate leaves
on the stem, which is more than a foot high. Milk Wort.

3. P. cruciata Nutt. : stem fastigiate, winged at the angles ; leave*
whorled in fours, linear-lanceolate, punctate ; spikes dense, sessile ;
flowers subcristate ; wings of the calyx cordate, acuminate, mucronate.

HAB. Wet places. Can. to Geor. July, Sept. ®.— Stem 8— 19
inches high, with spreading branches. Flowers greenish-purple,
Corol slightly fimbriate.

4. P. brectfoUa, Nutt. : stem erect, branched, winged at the angles ;
leaves whorled in fours, oblong-linear, short, sprinkled with resinous
dots ; spikes pedunculate, partly capitate ; flowers subcristate ; wingg
of the calyx cordate-ovate, acute, scarcely longer than the capsule.

HAB. Sandy swamps. N. J. to Ohio. July, Aug. 0. — Stem
slender. Flowers brightish red. Resembles the former, but is
quite distinct. Dr. Hooker thinks this may be the true P. cruci-
ata ofLinmeus, while the P. cruciata of Nuttall is distinct. But
there is still some doubt with regard to the correctness of thia
opinion.

5. P.fastigiata Nutt.,- stem slender and fastigiately branched; leave*
alternate, linear, acute; spikes subcapitate, pedunculate ; flowers sub-
cristate ; wings of the calyx spreading, ovate, acute, scarcely longer
than the capsule. — P. setacea Muhl.

HAB. N. J. ©. Nutt.— Nearly allied to P. cruciata.

6. P. purpurea Nutt. : stem fastigiately branched ; leaves alternate,
oblong-linear ; flowers beardless, imbricated in obtuse cylindrical

POLYGALE^E. 45

spikes ; rachis squarrose ; wings of the calyx cordate-ovate, erect,
twice as long as the capsule. — P. sanguined Mich. Pursh.

HAB. Woods and hill sides, Throughout N. Amer. July, Aug.
0. — Stem 12 — 18 inches high. FLoicers rose-coloured.

7. P. sanguinea Linn. : stem fastigiately branched Cleaves alternate,
narrow-linear ; flowers beardless, in long and crowded spikes ; rachis
squarrose ; wings of the calyx obovate, as long as the capsule.

HAB. Dry soils. N. J. to Car. July— Oct. ^.—Stem 8—12
inches high. Flowers dark red. Allied to the former, but a
much smaller plant, the leaves shorter and narrower, and with a
longer and more loose spike ; the rachis also is much more
squarrose.

8. P. dmbigua Nutt. : stem erect, virgately branched ; leaves linear;
the lower ones whorled ; the rest scattered ; spikes acute, on very long
peduncles ; flowers cristate ; wings of the calyx round and veined, as
long as the fruit ; bracts deciduous.

HAB. Wet woods. N. J. and Virg. 0. — Floicers purple,

distinctly pedicellate, larger than those of the next species.

9. P. verticillata Linn. : stem erect, branched.; leaves whorled, linear
and remote ; racemes spiked, acute, pedunculate ; bracts deciduous ;
flowers cristate; wings of the calyx roundish, shorter than the capsule.

HAB. Sandy soils. Can. to Car. W. to Miss. July — Oct. 0.
— Stem 8 — 12 inches high, slender, slightly angled. Leaves
sometimes solitary. Flowers small, greenish- white. Capsule
sessile. Dwarf Snake-root.

10. P. senega Linn. : stems numerous, erect, smooth, simple ; leaves
alternate, ovate-lanceolate ; upper ones acuminate ; racemes naked,
spiked ; wings of the calyx orbicular ; capsule elliptical, emarginate.

HAB. Woods. Can. to Geor. June, July. Ii. — Stem a foot
high. Leaves pale green. Flowers whitish, in a terminal spike.
The root is hard, firm and branching, and is much used in medi-
cine. Big. Med. Bot. ii. 97. Bart. ii. 116. Scneka Snake-root.

11. P. polygamd Walt. : stems numerous, simple, erect and procum-
bent ; leaves linear-lanceolate, attenuate downwards ;. racemes filiform,
terminal and lateral, elongated ; lower ones procumbent, without pe-
tals ; flowers sessile. — P. rubelld Willd. Pursh.

HAB. Forests. Can. to Car. June, July. If. — Stem 4 — 8 in-
ches high, angular. Flowers purple. The whole plant is bitter
and is used in medicine. Big. Med. Bot. iii. 129. Bitter Poly gain.

'* Flowers capitate, (yellow.)

12. P. lutea Linn. : stem simple or branched; lower leaves spathulate;
upper ones lanceolate ;. flowers in globular heads, yellow; wings of
the calyx ovate, mucronate ; bracts shorter than the flowers.

HAB. Pine 'barrens. N. J. to Flor. June — Oct. $ .— Stem
8 — 16 inches high, mostly simple. Floicers bright yellow.

Yellow Polygala*

46 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.

*** Flowers in corymbs.

13. P. ramosa Ell. : stem erect, branching, angular, corymbose at
the summit, many-headed ; radical leaves spathulate-obovate ; cauline
ones subequal, linear ; wings of the calyx oblong-ovate, cuspidate. —
P. corymbosa Nutt. not of Mich.

HAB. Sphagnous swamps. Del. to Flor. July, Aug. If. —
Stem a foot high, sometimes branching from near the base.
Flowers in small loose heads forming a very irregular corymb,
yellow, dark green when dry. According to Elliott, P. corym-
bosa of Michaux is a distinct species, identical with P. attenuata
ofNuttall.

**** Flowers axillary, (large.)

14. P. pauciflora IVttttl. : stem simple, erect, naked below ; leaves
ovate, acute, smooth ; flowers mostly terminal and by threes, large,
cristate, sometimes axillary.

b. alba Eights: flower solitary, smaller, white ; stem somewhat
leafy at base.

HAB. Woods. Can. to Car. W. to Lake Huron. June. It.
— Stem 3—4 inches high. Floirvrs large, purple, with the sum-
mit of the keel densely crested. Var. alba was found by Dr.
James Eights in the sand plains near Albany. It has the stem
rather lower and more leafy than in the former ; the flower also
is solitary, smaller, white, and the keel less densely crested.

Flmcering Winter green.

15. P. uniflora Mich. : herbaceous, small ; leaves broad, oval, attenu-
ated into a petiole ; flowers not crested, solitary, scattered, pedecillate.

HAB. Borders of Can. Mich. This plant, which is probably a
native of the Northern States, has been confounded with the
former ; but if Michaux has described it correctly, it must be
distinct, as he says that the keel is not crested, and that the
flowers are solitary and scattered.

ORDER XV11I. CARYOPHYLLEjE. De Cand. LincL

Sepals 4 — 5, continuous with the peduncle ; either distinct
or cohering in a tube, persistent. Petals 4 — 5, hypogynous,
unguiculate, inserted upon the pedicel of the ovary ; occa-
sionally wanting. Stamens twice as many as the petals, in-
serted upon the pedicel of the ovary along with the petals ;
filaments subulate, sometimes monadelphous ; anthers innate.
Ovary stipitate on the apex of a pedicel (called the gyno-
phorus) ; stigmas 2 — 5, sessile, filiform, papillose on the in-
ner surface. Capsule 2 — 5 valved, either 1-celled or 2 — 5
celled, in the latter case with a loculicidal dehiscence. Pla-
centa in the axis of the fruit. Seeds indefinite in number,
rarely definite ; albumen mealy ; embryo curved round the
Albumen •- radicle pointing to the hilura.

CARYOPHYLLE^E. 47

Herbs, occasionally becoming sufrutescent. Stems tumid
nt (he articulations. Leaves always opposite and entire, of-
ten connate at the base.

1. DIANTHUS, Linn.

Calyx tubular, 5-toothed, with 2 — 4 opposite imbricate

scales at base. Petals 5, with long claws. Stamens 10.

Styles 2. Capsule 1-celled. Decandria. Digynia.

D. armeria Linn. : flowers in terminal crowded clusters ; scales of

the calyx lanceolate, villous, as long as the tube.

HAB, Sandy fields. N. J. July. >®.—Stem 18 inches high.
Flowers red, inodorous, small. Introduced. Pink.

2. SILENE. Linn.

Calyx tubular, 5-toothed, naked. Petals 5, unguiculate,
mostly crowned at the orifice ; limb bifid. Stamens 10.
Styles 3. Capsule 3 celled at base, dehiscent at the top into
6 teeth. Decandria. Trigynia.

* Caulescent. Flowers solitary or panicled. Calyx inflated.

1. 8. stellata Ait. : stem erect, branching, pubescent ; leaves verti-
cillate in fours, lanceolate, long-acuminate, smooth ; flowers in panicles ;
calyx vesiculose, pubescent ; limb of the petals fringed. — Cucubalus
stdlatus Linn. ^

HAB. Hill sides. Can. to Car. July, Aug. !£.— Stew 2— 4 feet
high. Flowers white ; petals about 4-cleft. Calyx inflated.

Star Campion.

2. S. inflata Smith : stem branching, smooth and glaucous, decum-
bent ; leaves oblong-oval, acute, nerveless, ; flowers paniculate ; calyx
vesiculate-ovate ; petals bifid, naked ; claws wedge-form ; styles larger
than the stamens. — Cucubalus behen Linn.

HAB. Rocky hills. Can. andN. S. July. y. — Stem 1 — 2 feet
high. Flowers white ; petals bifid. Calyx bladder like and beau-
tifully veined. Bladder Campion.

3. <S. nivea Mufd. : stem divaricate and dichotomous above ; leaves
oblong-lanceolate, minutely and puberulently pubescent, the upper-
most ovate ; calyx obtuse, bell-shaped, inflated, subpilose ; petals
small, reflexed, bifid at the extremity ; claws exserted beyond the calyx,
nearly naked ; flowers solitary, dichotomal, terminal. — Cucubalus
niveus Nutt.

HAB. " Upon an Island in the Susquehannah near to Columbia.
Penn. Muhlenberg/' Nutt. June, July. If. — Stem smooth
and slender. Leaves opposite, 2 inches long, and 1-2 an inch
wide. Flowers white, remote, solitary, dichotomal and terminal.
Nuttall quotes the above name from Muhlenberg as a synonym
for his Cucubalus niveus, but I cannot find it in his catalogue.
It may be the S. alba of Muhlenberg, and is perhaps only a
variety of *Su inflate*

48 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.

** Caulescent. Flowers in axillary spikes, alternate. Calyx IQ-sttiate.

4. S. noctuma Linn. .• stem branched, pilose below ; leaves pubescent,
long ciliate at base ; lower ones spathulate. upprr ones linear-lanceolate;
spike secund, dense ; flowers sessile, alternate ; calyx cylindrical,
nearly smooth ; petals 2-parted, narrow.

HAB. Penn. and Virg. July. ©.— Flowers white, greenish be-
neath.

*** Caulescent. Stem rigidly erect. Peduncles filiform. Calyx bcltform
or cylindrical.

5. 8. nntirrhina Linn. : almost smooth ; stem erect, branching, some-
what leafy ; leaves lanceolate, acute, subciliate, upper ones linear ;
flowers small, panicled ; calyx ovate, glabrous ; petals obcordate,
crowned ; stamens included.

HAB. Dry hills. Can. to Car. June. Q.—Stem 1—2 feet high,
nearly glabrous, with very slender erect branches and peduncles.
Calyx broad-oval or obovate, shining. Blossoms nocturnal.
Carol small, whitish. Sleepy Catch-fy.

**** Caulescent. Flowers panicled, rarely solitary. Pedicels opposite,
short. Calyx tubular.

6. & ratesbasi Walt. : branching ; leaves broad-lanceolate ; flowers
in panicles ; calyx clavate, coloured ; petals with long claws ; limb
bifid, with two lateral teeth ; lobes acute. — *S. virginica Mich. Pursh, not
of Linn.

HAB. Penn to Miss. Muhl. June. 1C.— Stem a foot high;
• Flmcers crimson. Both De Candolle and Hooker concur in sup-
posing the present plant distinct from S. rirginica, though it is
confounded by the authors above mentioned and also by Dr.
Torrey and Mr. Elliott.

7. S. virpinica Linn. : viscid-pubescent ; stem procumbent, assur-
gent, branching ; leaves lanceolate ; lower ones on long petioles, with
long cilice at base ; flowers large, in panicles ; petals with long claws,
broad, bifid, crowned.

HAB. Penn. to Car. W. to Lake Huron. May, June. If.—
Flmcers purple. Distinct from the next.

8. 5>. pcnnsylvanica Mich. : viscidly-pubescent ; radical leaves some-
what cuneate ; those of the stem long-linear ; flowers in panicles,
somewhat trichotomous; calyx long, tubular ; petals slightly emarjri-
nate, subcrenate. — <S. caroliniana Wait.

, HAB. Sandy woods. Can. to Geor. May, June. 21. — Stems
numerous, cespitose, 8 — 12 inches high. Petals bright purple.

Wild Pink.

***** Cespitose. Stems almost wanting. Calyx subiiiflated. Pedun-
cles 1-jlmcered.

9. S. ofaulis Linn. : stems very densely cespitose, low; leaves linear,
ciliate at base ; peduncles solitary, short, 1-flowered ; calyx campanu-
Jatc ; petals obcordate, crowned.

CARYOPHYLLE^E. 49

HAB. White mountains, N. H. and throughout the whole of Arc-
tic America, N. of lat. 54°. W. to Rocky mountains. — Nearly
stemless, depressed. Flowers rose-coloured.

3. SAPONARIA. Linn.

Calyx tubular, 5-toothed, naked at base. Petals unguicu-
late; claw equalling the calyx. Stamens 10. Styles 2.
Capsule 1-celled. Decandria. Digynia.

1. /& vaccaria Linn. : leaves ovate-lanceolate, sessile ; flowers in
panicles ; calyx pyramidal, 5-angled, smooth ; bracts membranaceous,
acute.

HAB. Fields. Williamstown, Mass. Dewey. July. 0. —
Floicers rose-coloured. — Probably introduced, but completely
naturalized at the above locality. Field Soap-wort.

2. S. qfficinalis Linn. : leaves ovate-lanceolate, ribbed, acute or
obtuse ; flowers large, in a fasciculate panicle ; calyx cylindrical ; ap-
pendages of the petals linear.

HAB. Road sides. June — Sept. If. — Stem 12 — 18 inches high.
Leaves opposite and connate. Flowers large, rose-coloured. — It
is said to make a lather with water, and hence its common name.
Introduced. Soap-wort.

4. AGROSTEMMA. Linn.

Calyx tubular, 5- sided, coriaceous. Petals 5, unguiculate,
not crowned ; limb entire. Capsule 1-celled, opening with 5
teeth. Decandria. Pentagynia.

A. giOtago Linn. : hairy ; leaves opposite, linear-lanceolate ; seg-
ments of the calyx much longer than the corol ; flower solitary, ter-
minal, large ; petals entire, destitute of a crown. — Lychnis giihago De
Cand.

HAB. In corn fields. June, July. 0.— StemlS — 20 inches high.
Flowers large, purple. Introduced. Corn Cockle.

5. SAGINA. Linn.

Calyx 4—5 parted. Petals 4 — 5, or none. Stamens 4 — 5.
Capsule 4 — 5 valved, 1-celled, many seeded.

Tetrandria. Tetragynia.

1. & procumbens Linn. : perennial ; stems procumbent, smooth,
branched ; leaves linear-mucronate ; petals very short.

HAB. Borders of utreams. N. Y. to Car. and W. to the banks of
the Columbia river. July. If. — Stems 2 — 4 inches high. Pedun-
cles solitary, larger than the leaves. Flowers small, white.

Pearl-wort.

2. & apetala Linn. : annual ; stems erect or procumbent only at
base, subpubescent ; leaves linear-mucronate ; flowers alternate ;
petals very minute or none.

50 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.

HAB. Sandy fields. N. J. and Penn. May, June. ®.— Stems
numerous, erect, filiform. Flowers on long slender peduncles.
Petals nearly obsolete, more slender and of a paler green than
in the former. Annual Pearl-wort.

6. MOLLUGO. Linn.

Calyx 5-parted. Petals none. Stamens 3 — 5. Styles 3.
Capsule 3-valved, 3-celled, many seeded.

Triandria. Trigynia.

M. verticillata Linn. : stems decumbent, dichotomous ; leaves verticil-
late, obovate-lanceolate, acute ; peduncles 1-flowered, verticillate.
HAB. Fields. Can. to Car. W. to the Columbia river. July-
Sept. 0. — Stems prostrate. Flowers small, white, on axillary
peduncles. Indian Ckicfaceed.

7. SPERGULA. Linn.

Calyx 5-parted. Petals 5, entire. Stamens 5 — 10.
Styles 5. Capsule 1-celled, 6-valved, many seeded.

Decandria. Pentagynia.

1. S. arrensis Linn. : leaves whorled, with stipules at the base ; pani-
cle dichotomous ; flowers decandrous ; peduncles of the fruit reflexed;
seeds spherical, somewhat hispid, black, with a narrow margin.

HAB. Sandy fields. Can. to Car. W. to the Columbia river.
June — Aug. Q. — Stem 6 — 12 inches high, swelling at the joints.
Leaves narrow-linear, whorled. Flowers white, in a panicle. —
According to Dr. Hooker the margin of the seed varies greatly
in its breadth. — Fl. Scot. — 'Naturalized. Corn Spurrcy.

2. S. sutrinoidcs Linn. : stem creeping ; leaves opposite, linear,
smooth, awnless ; peduncles solitary, very long ; petals oblong, obtuse,
as long as the calyx ; seeds kidney-form, punctate.— 8. decumbcns EU.
—S. nodosa Walt.

HAB. Sandy fields. N.J. to Car. W.,to N. W. Coast of America.
June. ©. — Stem 2 — 4 inches long, decumbent. Flowers erect,
white. Resembles Sagina procumbens very much.

Pearl-wort Spurrey.

8. STELLARIA. Linn.

Calyx 5-parted. Petals 5, bifid. Stamens 1 0, or by abor-
tion 3 — 8. Styles 3. Capsule 1-celled, 6-valved at the
apex, many seeded. Decandria. Trigynia.

1. & media Smith : stem procumbent, with an alternate pubescent,
lateral line ; leaves ovate or lanceolate, very smooth ; upper ones ses-
sile ; capsule deeply 6-valved, scarcely longer than the calyx ; seed*
Bubreniform, rugose. — Alsine media Linn.

CARYOPHYLLE^E. 51

HAB. Road sides, &c. Can. and N. S. March— Nov. 0. —
Stem spreading. Peduncles axillary and terminal, 1-flowered.
Petals white, deeply cleft. . Stamens 5—10. Chickweed.

2. S. pubera Mich. : pubescent ; stem decumbent ; leaves ovate-ob-
long, sessile, acute, ciliate ; pedicels filiform dichotomal, recurved or
deflexed ; petals longer than the calyx.

HAB. Rocky banks. Penn. to Geor. May, June. If. ? Stem
6— •!£ inches high, diffuse and dichofomous. Flowers large, ax-
illary and terminal, on filiform pedicels.

3. S. longifolia Muhl. : smooth ; stem erect, square, weak ; leaves
linear-acute, spreading, with the margins often scabrous ; panicle ter-
minal, divaricate, very long, bracteate ; petals broad-obovate, 2-parted,
about as long as the 3-nerved calyx. — Spergulastrum gramineum Mich.
— Micropetalum gramineum Pers.

HAB. Moist woods. N. S. and N. to lat. 64°. June. If..— Stem
12 — 15 inches high. Petals white, becoming longer than the
calyx. — There appears to be no just ground for the separation of
the genus Micropetalum from Stellaria. It is, however, counte-
nanced by De Candolle.

4. S. lanccolata Torr. : very smooth, procumbent or ascending ;
leaves lanceolate, acute at each end ; petals about as long as the calyx ;
stigmas mostly 4, or wanting. — Micropetalum lanceolatum Pers.

HAB. Alpine swamps. N. S. June. 1£. — Stem 6 — 8 inches.
Flowers solitary, axillary and terminal, on long slender pedun-
cles. By some botanists this plant is considered identical with
the former, while Dr. Hooker considers Dr. Torrey's plant as a
variety of his S. borealis.

5. $. borealis Big. : stem spreading, angular, dichotomous ; leaves
oval-lanceolate ; peduncles axillary, elongated, 1-flowered ; petals
deeply cleft, about equal to the calyx. — S?. borealis, var. Hooker.

HAB. White hills. N. H. and throughout Can. to the Arctic cir-
cle. July, Aug. 14-.— Stem spreading, angular. Leaves slightly
connate. Petals white, deeply cleft.

6. S. longipes Goldie : weak, very smooth, glaucous ; leaves linear,
subulate, spreading ; peduncles terminal, dichotomously branched ;
bracts membranaceous ; pedicels much elongated ; petals broad- ovate,
deeply bifid, a little longer than the obtuse and obscurely 3-nerved
calyx. — Goldie. Hooker.

HAB. Woods near Lake Ontario. — Flowers large, white, in a ter-
minal leafless panicle. A very minute description of this plant,
and many interesting observations upon the Canadian species of
this genus, will be found in Hooker's Fl. Bor. Amer.

9. ARENARIA. Linn.

Calyx 5-sepnlled. Petals 5, entire. Stamens 10, or fewer
by abortion. Styks 3. Capsule 1-celled, many seeded.

Decandria. Trigynia.

52 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.

* Leaves linear, with scarious stipules at base.

1. A. rubra Linn. : stem prostrate, pilose ; leaves filiform, acute,
flat, somewhat fleshy, mucronate, shorter than the internodes ; sepals
lanceolate, somewhat obtuse, scarious on the margin ; peduncles axil-
lary, at length deflexed ; seeds compressed, angular, roughish, not
margined.

HAB. Sandy fields. Mass. June. ©. — Stem spreading. Flow-
ers small, red. Common Sand-icort.

2. A. canadcnsif Pcrs. : somewhat hispid ; leaves filiform, longer
than the internodes ; sepals lanceolate, obtuse, with the margin broad
and scarious ; stamens 5 ; pedicels at length deflexed ; seeds some-
what cordate, compressed ; radicle somewhat prominent. — A. rubra,
var. marina Linn. Torr. — A. marina Smith. Big.

HAB. Salt marshes. Along the whole coast of North America. —
Stem 3—8 inches long, procumbent, succulent. Flowers axilla-
ry, solitary, on short peduncles, reddish. Capsule subglobose,
longer than the calyx. This plant has been confounded witli
A. marina of Smith ; but the latter is characterized by the seeds
having a broad membranaceous border, and is considered by
De Candolle identical with A. media of Linnaeus. De Candolle,
who appears to have seen specimens of the above plant, con-
siders it distinct from A. rubra, though this opinion is opposed
by the authorities above cited. It varies much in the numbef
of its stamens, being frequently di-tri and pentandrous.

Sea Sand-woi1.

** Leaves linear, lanceolate, or rmmded, without stipules.

3. A. squarrosa Mich. : cespitose : inferior leaves squarrose, imbricate,
channelled, smooth ; stem simple, few-leaved ; flowers in dichotomous
panicles, erect ; sepals roundish-ovate, smooth ; petals obovate, much
longer than the calyx ; capsules oval, 3-valved, exceeding the calyx ;
valves obtuse. — A. caroliniana Wult.

HAB. Pine barrens. N. J. to Car. May — Aug. 21. — Stem 6 — 8
inches high, much divided near the base. Flowers white, in a
small terminal panicle. Squarrose Sand-wort.

4. A. stricta Mich. : stems numerous, erect, smooth, filiform ; leaves
subulate-linear, erect, subfasciculale, spreading ; panicle few-flowered;
sepals ovate-lanceolate, conspicuously striate, half as long as the petals.

HAB. Mountains. Can. to Car. May, June. If.— Stems 6 — 12
inches high. Leaves more linear than in the preceding, and not
so much crowded near the base.

5. A. glabra Mich. : very smooth ; stems numerous, erect, filiform ;
leaves subulate-linear, flat, spreading ; pedicels 1 -flowered, elongated,
divaricate ; sepals oval, obtuse, shorter tlian the petals. — & uniflora
Halt.

HAB. Mountains. N. H. N. Y. to Car. June. U-— Stems 4—6
inches high, erect, slender. Flowers white, large.

6. A. serpyUtfoUa Linn.: stem dichotomous, diffuse ; leaves ovate,
acute, sessile, somewhat rugose, smooth, ciliate ; sepals lanceolate >

CARYOPHYLLEjE. 53

acute, 3-nerved, larger than the corol ; capsule ovate, 6-valved, equal-
ling the calyx ; seeds exactly reniform, rugose.

HAS, Sandy fields. N. Y. to Car. May— July. ®.—Stem
mostly decumbent, 3 — 8 inches long. Flowers axillary and ter-
minal, solitary.

7. A. lateriflora Linn. : stem filiform, branched ; leaves obtuse, cili-
ate, nerved ; peduncles lateral, solitary, elongated, 1 — 2 flowered ;
one of the pedicels with 2 opposite bracts near the middle; sepals ovate,
obtuse, shorter than the petals ; capsule ovate, obtuse, longer than the
calyx.

HAS. Meadows. N. S. North to Hudson's bay. June. 1£.
— Stem 5—10 inches high, erect, filiform. Peduncles axillary,
very slender, forked. Flowers white.

8. A. peploidcs Linn. : stem dichotomous; leaves ovate, acute, fleshy,
approximate ; flowers solitary, on short peduncles ; sepals oblong,
acutish, about as long as the corol ; capsule globose, depressed,
3-valved ; seeds numerous, black.

HAB. Sea coast. Mass. N. J. N. to Arctic America. June. If.
— Stem 8 — 12 inches high. Flowers axillary, sessile. Petal*
white, membranaceous, spatulatc.

10. CERASTIUM. Linn.

Calyx 5-parted. Petals 5, bifid. Stamens 10. Styles 6.
Capsule 1-celled, cylindrical or globose, dehiscent at the apex
with 10 teeth. Decandria. Pentagynia.

1. C. vulgatum Linn. : viscidly pubescent, pale green ; stems nume-
rous, cespitose, suberect ; leaves ovate, obtuse, hirsute ; flowers dicho-
tomous, subumbelled, longer than the peduncles ; petals oblong, emar-
ginate, scarcely longer than the calyx ; capsule oblong, tapering, as
long again as the calyx.

HAB. Fields and hills. Can. to Car. May — Aug. $j$.—Stem
6 — 10 inches high. Flowers white. Introduced.

Mouse-ear Chickweed.

2. C. viscosum Linn. : hairy and viscid, deep green ; stems nume-
rous, erect ; leaves lanceolate-oblong ; flowers in dichotomous umbels,
shorter than their pedicels ; capsule somewhat incurved, terete, as
long again as the calyx.

HAB. Fields and road sides. Can. to Car, May — -Aug. If. —
Stem 6 — 12 inches high. Leaves rather obtuse. Petals white,
obovate, a little longer than the calyx.

3. C. semidecandrum Linn. ; hirsute and viscid ; stems numerous,
erect ; leaves ovate-lanceolate ; flowers pentandrous, somewhat umbel-
led, shorter than their pedicels ; petals slightly notched ; capsule te-
rete, deflexed, as long again as the calyx.

HAB. Dry hills. N. S. May— Aug. <gfc. —Perhaps only a va-
riety of the preceding. De Candolle places the C. semidecan-
drum of American authors, as a variety under C. vulgatum.

54 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.

4. C. arvciisc Linn. : stems ascending ; leaves linear-lanceolate, ob-
tuse, more or less hairy, especially at base ; flowers few, terminal ;
peduncles deflexed, pubescent ; petals twice as long as the calyx ; cap-
sule oblong-cylindrical, scarcely longer than the calyx.

HAH. Fields and rocky hills. N. S. May— Aug. It.— Root
creeping. Stems 4 — b inches long, ascending, slender, some-
what cespilose. Leaves crowded at the base of the stem, short,
ciliate at base. Flowers large, white, 2 or 3 on terminal pedicels.
Petals deeply cleft, white, twice as long as the calyx. This is
undoubtedly a native near Albany, as it would seem to be also,
according to Dr. Barton, on the banks of the Schuylkill and De-
laware. Fl. Phil. i. 216. Dr. Bigelow credits it to the vicinity
of Boston, but thinks it merely naturalized. Field Chickwecd.

5. C. tenuifvlium Pursh. : pubescent- cespitose ; leaves narrow-linear,
longer than the inter nodes ; flowers on long peduncles, mostly 3, from
the top of each stem ; petals obovate, emarginate, thrice as long as the
acute calyx. — C. dicltotomum Muhl. ?

HAB. Rocky places. N. S. June. 2_£. — Stems numerous, erect.
Flowers on long peduncles, 3 from the summit of each stem. Re-
r.ombles the preceding, but has longer and narrower leaves, and
longer and less deeply cleft petals. But it may, after all, be a
mere variety. Sprengel considers C. pennsylvanicum of Horne-
inann identical with it.

•6. C. pubcsccns Goldie: pubescent-hirsute; stem deflexed-pilose ;
leaves linear-lanceolate, longer than the internodes ; panicle terminal,
about 3— C-flo\vered ; petals acutely emarginate, twice as long as the
calyx.

* HAB. Kingston, U. Can. Bellows' Falls, N. H. June. Lf.—
This species was first described by Mr. Goldie. K<Hn. /'////.
Jour. vi. 327. I have specimens of the same plant collected at
Bellows' Falls, by Mr. G. W. Clinton, They resemble those of
the preceding species, but the stems are much longer and more
slender, and are branched from below in a dichotomous manner ;
the peduncles also, are much longer, and the flowers more nu-
merous : the sepals have a white shining and scarious margin.

7. C. nutans Rqf. ; viscid and pubescent ; stems erect, straight,
deeply etriate ; leaves elongated, distant, lancsolate-linear ; flowers
subumbellcd, on long petioles ; petals oblong, bifid at the tip, longer
than the calyx ; capsule nodding, twice as long as the calyx.— C. gliOi-
nosum Nvtt. — C. longe pcdunculatum Muhl.

HAB. Rocky hills. N. S. June. ©. — Stems numerous, 8 — 12
inches high, very viscid. Lower leaves subspathulate. Flowers
terminal, in a loose dichotomous panicle.

8. C. oblongifolium Torr. : cespitose, pubescent ; stems erect, terete,
even ; leaves lanceolate-oblong, rather acute, shorter than the joints ;
flowers terminal, shorter than their pedicels ; petals obovate, bifid at
the tip, twice the length of the calyx. — C. bracteatum Raf. ?

HAB. Mountains. Mass. June. 14-. — Stems 8 — 10 inches high.
Flowers terminal, few, in a dichotomous panicle.

L1NE.E. 55

9. C. connatum Beck : very hairy, diffuse ; leaves somewhat obo-
vate, connate ; flowers in dense clusters ; petals 2-cleft, a little longer
than the acute calyx ; capsule cylindrical, straight, twice as long as the
calyx. — C. hirsutum Muhl. Ell. Torr. — C. semidecandrum Walt.

HAB. N. Y. Del. S. to Car. May, June. ^.—Stem procumbent.
Flowers white, in terminal clusters. I have changed the name
given to this plant by the authors above quoted, in consequence
of finding a foreign C. hirsutum, in De Candolle's Prodromus,
which appears to be quite distinct from this species.

ORDER XIX. ELATINE^E. Lind.

Sepals 3 — 5, distinct, or slightly conpate at the base. Pe-
tals hypogynous, alternate with the sepals. Stamens equal
in number to or twice as many as the petals. Ovary 3 — 5-
celled ; styles 3 — 5 ; stigmas capitate. Capsule 3 — 5 celled,
3 — 5 valved. Seeds numerous, with a straight embryo, whose
radicle is next the hilum ; albumen none.

Annuals, found in marshes. Stems fistulous, rooting.
Leaves opposite.

1. CRYPT A. Nutt.

Calyx Sheaved, inferior. Carol 2 — 3 petalled, closed.
Style almost wanting. Stigma obtuse. Capsule 2 — 3 cell-
ed, 2 — 3 valved ; cells 4—5 seeded.

Diandria. Monygynia.

C. minima Nutt : stems prostrate, creeping and rooting ; leaves cu-
neate-obovate, opposite, entire, obtuse, 1-nerved; flowers very minute,
axillary, sessile, alternate. — Pcplls americana Pursh.

HAB. Banks of streams. Throughout the U. S. Aug. 0.? —
Stems prostrate, with assurgent branches. Leaves opposite, obo-
yate or oval. Floicers sessile, with 2—3 stamens. Petals round-
ish, white. — For a very minute description of this little plant by
Mr. Nuttall, see Jour. Phil. Acad. i. 117. According to Mr,
Arnott, it belongs to the genus Elatine, and is a congener, and
indeed very closely allied, to E. triandra. Edin. Jour. Nat. #
Geog. Science, i. 430.

ORDER XX. LINE^E. De Cand. Land.

Sepals 3 — 4 — 5, persistent, with an imbricated aestivation.
Petals equal in number to the sepals, hypogynous, unguicu-
late, with a twisted aestivation. Stamens as many as the pe-
tals, and alternate with them (with intermediate teeth or abor-
tive stamens) arising from an annular torus ; anthers ovate,
erect. Ovary with as many (rarely fewer) cells and styles as

56 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.

stamens ; stigmas capitate. Capsules generally pointed with
the hardened base of the styles, many-celled ; each cell par-
tially divided in two by an imperfect spurious dissepiment,
and opening by two valves at the apex. Seeds solitary, in
each spurious cell, compressed, pendulous. Albumen thin,
fleshy ; embryo straight, with the radicle next the hilum ; co-
tyledons flat.

Herbs or small shrubs. Leaves entire, usually alternate.
Flowers terminal, with the petals fugitive.

1. LINUM. Linn,

Sepals 5, persistent. Petals 5, unguiculate. Stamens 5,
with the filaments united at base. Styles 5, very rarely 3.
Capsule superior, subglobose, 10-valved, 10-celled. Seeds
solitary, ovate, compressed. Pentandria. Pentagynia.

1. L. virginianum Linn. : stem erect, slender, smooth ; radical leaves
ovate and spatulate ; those of the stem linear-lanceolate, alternate ;
panicle lax, corymbose ; sepals acute ; capsule globose, awnless.

HAB. Hills and fields. N, Y. to Car. July, Aug. Q.—Stem
1—2 feet high, slender. Flowers small, yellow, in a dichoto*
mous panicle. Virginian Flax.

2. L. usitatissimum Linn. : stem mostly solitary, round, smooth, sim-
ple, branched above ; leaves lanceolate, alternate ; flowers large, on
peduncles ; segments of the calyx ovate, acute ; petals crenate ; cap.
eule roundish, acuminate.

HAB. Fields. June, July. Q. — Flowers large, blue. Introduc-
ed. Common Flax.

ORDER XXI. MALVACEAE. De Cand. Land.

Sepals 5, very seldom 3 or 4, more or less united at tho
base, with a valvate estivation, often bearing external bracts
forming an involucrum. Petals equal in number to the se-
pals, hypogynous. Stamens indefinite ; Jilaments monadel-
phous, often bearing the petals on their base. Anthers l-cell-
ed, reniform. Ovary formed by the union of several carpels
round a common axis, either distinct or cohering ; styles as
many as the carpels, united or free ; stigmas variable. Fruit
capsular or berried ; its carpels being either one or many-
seeded, sometimes united in one, sometimes separate or sepa-
rable. Seeds sometimes hairy. Albumen none, or small ;
embryo curved with twisted and doubled cotyledons.

MALVACEAE. 57

Herbs, trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, more or less di-
vided, stipulate.

1. MALVA, Linn,
¥••

Calyx surrounded by a 3, rarely 5— 6-leaved involucre.

Bracts oblong or setaceous. Capsules numerous, 1-celled,
1-seeded, arranged circularly. Monadelphia. Polyandria.

1. M. sylvestris Linn. : stem erect, herbaceous, branched, hairy ;
leaves large, roundish, with 7 somewhat acute lobes ; flowers large,
axillary, on short pedicels ; pedicels and petioles hairy ; petals obcor-
date, thrice as long as the calyx.

HAB. Fields. July, Aug. If. — Stem 2—3 feet high. Flowers
3 — 4 together, reddish-purple, veined. Introduced.

High Mallows.

2. M. rotundifolia Linn. : stem somewhat prostrate ; leaves roundish,
cordate, obtusely 5 — 7 lobed ; peduncles bent downwards, and with the
petioles pubescent ; flowers axillary ; corol twice the length of the
calyx. .

HAB. Cultivated grounds. Gan. to Car. W. to Miss. June —
Oct. If. — Root fusiform. Flowers small, pink, on pedicels, 2 — 3
together. Extensively naturalized. Low Mallows*

2. ALTHEA. Linn.

Calyx surrounded by a 6 — 9 cleft involucre. Capsules nu-
merous, 1-seeded, arranged circularly.

Monadelphia. Polyandria.

A. officinalis Linn. : leaves soft tomentose on both sides, cordate-
and ovate, dentate, entire or 3 lobed j peduncles axillary, many flow-
ered, much shorter than the leaves.

HAB. Near salt marshes. Aug. Sept. If.— Stem 2 feet high.
Flowers large, purple. Introduced. Marsh Mallows.

3. HIBISCUS. Linn.

Calyx surrounded by an involucre which is often many-
leaved. Stigmas 5. Capsule 5-celled ; cells many seeded,
or rarely 1-seeded. Monadelphia. Polyandria.

1. H. virginicus Linn. : leaves acuminate, unequally toothed, sub-
villose ; lower ones undivided, cordate ; upper ones ovate-cordate, 3-
lobed ; pedicels longer than the petiole : flowers cernuous ; pistils nod-
ding ; capsule hispid. — H. clypeatus Walt.

HAB. Salt marshes. N. Y. to Car. Aug. If. — Stem 3 feet
high. Flowers in paniculate racemes, small, rose coloured. In-
volucre 8 — 9 leaved, tomentose.

2. H. moscheutos Linn. : leaves ovate, acuminate, serrate, tomentose
beneath ; petioles bearing the peduncles ; calyx tomentose ; capsule
emooth.— H. palustris Wati.

£3 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.

HAB. Swamps and salt marshes. N. Y. to Car. Aug. 2{.—
Stem 4 — 6 feet high. Flowers large, white with a purple cen-
tre.

3. H. palustris Linn. : leaves ovate, toothed, somewhat 3-lobed,
white-tomentose beneath ; pedicels axillary, distinct from the petioles,
auriculate above the middle.

HAB. Salt marshes. Can to Car. Aug. If. — Stem 3 — 4 feet
high. Flmcers purple, smaller than the preceding.

4. H. mUitaris Hllld. : leaves 3-lobed, hastate, acuminate, serrate,
smooth ; pedicels articulate in the middle ; corol subcampanulate }
capsule ovate, acuminate, smooth ; seeds silky. — H. virginicus Walt. —
H. liastaius Midi.

HAB. Banks of streams. Penn. to Car. W. to Arkansas. Aug.
2-f- — Stem 3 — 4 feet high. Flmcers large, purple, axillary, soli-
tary.

5. H. trionum Linn. : leaves toothed ; lower ones scarcely divided ;
upper ones 3-parted ; lobes lanceolate, middle one very long ; calyx
inflated, membranaceous, nerved.

HAB. Apparently naturalized near Albany, N. Y. July. Of. —
Stem 2 feet high. Fbncers yellowish- white, with the lower part
purple. Flower -qf-an-Hour.

4. SIDA. Linn.

Calyx naked, 5-cleft, often angled. Style many cleft at
the top. Cai)sules numerous, arranged circularly, 1-celled,
1 — 3 seeded. Monadelfthia. Polyandria.

1. 8. spinosa Linn. : leaves ovate-lanceolate, toothed, with the tuber-
cles at the base spiny ; pedicels axillary, solitary, shorter than the
stipules and petioles ; capsules 5, bi-rostrate.

HAB. Pine barrens. Penn. to Car. W. to Miss. July, Aug.
©. — Stem 1—2 feet high, branched. Flowers solitary, yellow.
Leaves sometimes subcordate.

2. <S>. nap eta inihl. : leaves palmately 5-lobed, smooth ; lobes oblong,
acuminate, toothed ; peduncles many-flowered ; capsules 10, awnless,
acuminate. — Napcta Ictris Linn.

HAB. Rocky places. Penn. to Virg. ; rare, Pursh. Stem 3 — 4
feet high. Flowers small, white.

3. & dioica WiUd. : leaves palmately 7-lobed, rough ; lobes lanceo-
late, incisely toothed ; peduncles many-flowered, bracteate, subco-
rymbed ; flowers dioecious ; capsules 10, awnless. — Napaa, dioica and
N. scabra Linn.

HAB. Stony ground. N. S. Torr. Oct. U.—Stem 4—5 feet
high. Flowers small, white.

4. & abut Hun Linn. : leaves roundish-cordate, acuminate, toothed,
tomentose ; peduncles shorter than the petioles ; capsules 15, trun-
cate, birostrate, hairy.

TILIACE^. 59

HAB. Waste ground. N. S. July, Aug. 0. — Stem 3—5 feet
high. Leaves large. Flowers orange. Introduced.

Indian Malloics.

ORDER XXII. TILIACE^. De Cand. Lind.

Sepals 4—5, with the aestivation valvate and rarely imbri-
cate. Petals 4 — 5, entire, usually with a little pit at their
base, rarely wanting. Stamens generally indefinite, hypogyn-
ous, distinct ; anthers 2-celled, dehiscing longtiudinally.
Torus with 4 — 5 glands at the base of the petals. Ovary
single, composed of from 4 — 10 carpels ; style 1 ; stigmas
as many as the carpels. Fruit dry, "of several cells. Seeds
numerous ; embryo erect in the axis of fleshy albumen9 with
flat foliaceous cotyledons.

Trees or shrubs, with simple stipulate alternate leaves and
axillary flowers.

1. TILIA. Linn.

Calyx 5-partetl, deciduous. Petals 5, naked, or with a
small scale within. Stamens many ; Jilaments free, or some-
what in sets. Ovary globose, vittous, 5-celled ; cells 2-seed-
ed, (Nutt.) coriaceous, by abortion 1 -celled, 1 — 2 seeded.

Polyandria. Monogynia.

1. T. glabra Vent. ; leaves deeply cordate, abruptly acuminate,
acutely serrate, subcoriaceous, smooth ; flowers in cymes ; petals
truncate at the apex, crenate ; style as long as the petals ; fruit ovate,
somewhat ribbed. — T. americana Linn. Mich. f. T. canadensis Mich.

HAB. Woods. Can. to Car. W. to Miss. June. A large tree
with yellowish white flowers. The wood is white and soft, and
much used by cabinet and coach makers.

Linn, or Linden. Bass Wood.

2. T. laxiflora Mich. : leaves cordate, gradually acuminate, serrate,
membranaceous, smooth ; flowers in loose panicles ; petals emargin-
ate ; styles longer than the petals ; fruit globose.

HAB. Near the sea coast. Mar. to Geor. May. 1(. — A very
distinct species, though generally confounded with the former.
Pursh.

3. T. pidtescens Ait. : leaves truncate at the base, subcordate, oblique,
denticulate-serrate, pubescent beneath ; petals emarginate ; styles
longer than the petals ; fruit globose, smooth. — T. americana Walt.

HAB. Banks of streams. N. S. to Geor. June. ^>. — A large
tree, flowers white, in axillary cymes.

60 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.

ORDER XXIII. HYPERICINE^. De Cand. Lind.

Sepals 4 — 5, distinct or cohering, persistent, unequal,
with glandular dots. Petals 4 — 5, hypogynous, with a twist-
ed aestivation and oblique veins, often having black dots.
Stamens indefinite, hypogynous, in three or more parcels ;
anthers versatile. Ovary single, superior ; styles several,
rarely connate ; stigmas simple, occasionally capitate. Fruit
a capsule or berry, of many valves and many cells ; the edges
of the former being curved inwards. Seeds minute, indefinite,
usually tapering ; embryo straight ; albumen none ; radicle
next to the hilum, inferior.

Herbs or shrubs, with a resinous juice. Leaves opposite,
entire, dotted, occasionally alternate and crenate. Flowers
generally yellow.

1. HYPERICUM. Linn.

Capsule membranaceous. Styles 3 — 5. Stamens many,
polydelphous at base, rarely indefinite. Petals 5. Sepals 5,
unequal, more or less united at base.

Polyandria. Di-Pentagynia.

* Stamens numerous. Styles 5. Floiccrs mostly terminal, large, ycttoic.

1. H. ascyroides Willd. : smooth ; stem simple, square, winged at the
base ; leaves sessile, oblong-lanceolate, acute ; calyx ovate-lanceolate;
styles free, as long as the stamens.— If. macrocarpum Mich.

HAB. River banks. Can. and N. S. July. 2[.—Stem 2 feet
high. Flowers and leaves large. Capsules nearly as large as nut-
megs.

2. H. kalmianum JVUld. : frutescent, much branched ; branches
square, leaves linear-lanceolate ; flowers few, in a terminal corymb ;
calyx lanceolate, somewhat obtuse.

HAB. Wet rocks. N. Y. to Virg. July, Aug. >>.— Stem 3—5
feet high. Flowers large. This species lias been found near
Niagara Falls by Dr. Asa Gray.

•* Stamens numerous, somewhat definite (9—15—18; polyadelphous.
Styles 3. Flowers redilisli.

3. H. virgmicum Linn. : stem suffruticose, terete ; leaves oblong,
obtuse, subclasping, punctate, very obtuse ; flowers peduncled, axilla-
ry and terminal ; calyx lanceolate ; stamens 9—12, slightly united at
base. — Elodea campanuUUa Pursh.

HAB. Bogs and meadows. Can. to Car. July— Sept If.—
Stem 2 feet high. Leaves opposite, dotted, glaucous beneath.
Flowers few, in a panicle, yellowish-red, middle sized.

HYPERTCINE^E. 61

*** Stamens numerous, indefinite. Styles mostly 3. Flowers yellow.

4. H. angulosum Mich. : stem herbaceous, square, erect ; leaves dis-
tant, elongated, ovate, subclasping, sinuate on the margin, acute, not
punctate ; flowers axillary, solitary, in a dichotomous panicle ; calyx
lanceolate, acute, somewhat keeled. — H. denticulatum Walt.

HAB. . Cedar swamps. N. J. to Car. June, July. It. — Stem
12 — 18 inches high, branched towards the summit. Floicers
scattered in the panicle and alternate, orange-coloured. Styles
3, often united.

5. H. cistifolium Lam, : stem angular ; leaves ovate-oblong, some-
what acute, black-punctate beneath, subclasping, revolute on the mar-
gin ; flowers in dichotomous corymbs ; calyx ovate ; styles united. —
H. adpressum Bart. ?

HAB. Western part of N. Y. Dr. Asa Gray. July. If.

6. H. punctatum Linn. : stem terete, black- punctate ; leaves ovate-
lanceolate, obtuse, subclasping ; flowers in dense corymbs ; calyx lan-
ceolate, acute. — H. corymbosum WiUd. Pursh. — H. maculatum Walt.

HAB. Shady woods. Can. to Car. June. 2J..—Stem 2 feet
high. Flowers in a compact panicle or corymb. Styles 3, longer
than the stamens. Whole plant, except the filaments and styles,
spotted with black dots.

7. H. perforatum Linn. : stem ancipital ; leaves obtuse, ovate-ellip-
tic, and with the lanceolate calyx pellucid-punctate ; flowers pani-
cled ; anthers with black punctures ; styles diverging.

HAB. Fields. N. S. June— Aug. U-—Stem a foot high,
branched. Floioers yellow. A pernicious weed, producing, ac-
cording to Dr. Darlington, troublesome sores upon horses and
horned cattle, where it comes in contact with them. It would
seem that the dew which collects on the plant, becomes active
in this way. — Fl. Cestrica. Introduced. St. John's Wort.

8. H. parviflorum Willd. : 'stem erect, much branched, smooth,
square ; leaves ovate, subcordate, obtuse, sessile, obscurely 5-nerved,
pellucid-punctate j flowers in a dichotomous corymb ; calyx linear-
lanceolate, longer than the petals. — H. quinquenervium Walt. Mich.

HAB. Overflowed grounds. Throughout Can. and the U. S.
June — Aug. If. — Stem 6 — 12 inches high. Flowers very small,
yellow, solitary in the divisions of the stems.

9. H. canadense Linn. : stem erect and straight, .4- winged ; leaves
linear, attenuate at the base, rather obtuse ; panicle elongated, dicho-
tomous ; calyx lanceolate ; styles very short ; capsule long, conical,
coloured.

HAB. Gravelly soil. Can. to Car. June — Aug. 0. — Stem 6—12
inches high. Flowers small, yellow. Capsule much longer than
the calyx and of a reddish colour, by which, together with its
linear leaves, it can be readily distinguished from the preceding.

10. JFf. sarathra Mich. : erect, much branched above; branches seta-
ceous ; leaves minute, subulate, appressed ; flowers terminal, subsoil-

6

62 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.

tary ; stamens 5—10 ; capsules oblong, 1-celled. — H. nudicaule Wall.
— Sarothra gentianoides Wittd.

HAB. Sandy fields. N. E. to Car. Pursh. June— Aug. If. —
Stem 3 — 6 inches high. Leaves and fmcers minute. Stamens
very variable in number.

11. H. prolificum Linn. : stem shrubby, terete ; branches angled ;
leaves linear-lanceolate, revolute on the margin, pellucid-punctate ;
corymbs axillary and terminal, few-flowered ; calyx ovate-lanceolate ;
stamens very numerous.

HAB. N. Y. to S. Car. July. Tj.— Shrub 2—3 feet high, with
much compressed branches. Leaves 2 inches long. Peduncles
generally 3-flowered, the intermediate one nearly sessile.

12. H. galioides Linn. : stem terete, straight, somewhat shrubby ;
branches square ; leaves linear-sessile, revolute on the margin, acute,
punctate ; panicles terminal, dichotomous and divaricate ; calyx linear,
at length reflexed ; styles often united.

HAB. Sandy moist places. N. J. to Car. July. If.— Stem 2
feet high. Leaves fasciculate. — Scarcely differing from H. fasci-
culatum of Michaux.

2. ASCYRUM. Linn.

Calyx 4-sepalled ; 2 outer sepals smaller. Petals 4. Sta-
mens many, scarcely united at base. Styles 1 — 3.

Polyandria. Di-Pentagynia.

1. A. crux-andrea Linn. : stems numerous, suffrulicose, terete, witli
erect brandies ; leaves ovate-linear, obtuse ; inner sepals suborbicu-
lar ; pedicels with 2 bracts ; flowers sessile ; styles 1 — 2. — A. -multi-
caule Mich.

HAB. Sandy fields. N. J. to Car. July. If.— Stems 1-2 feet
high, twicers solitary and axillary, nearly sessile, pale yellow.
Mr. Elliott remarks that this plant varies so much in the size
and number of its leaves, in its peduncles, and in the number of
its styles, that it merits culture to determine whether more than
one species are not included under this name. St. Peter's Wort.

2. A. stans Mich. : stem fruticose, winged, straight ; leaves ovate-
elliptical, obtuse, glaucous ; inner sepals cordate, orbicular ; stamens
united at the base ; styles 2. — A. hypericoides Pursh, not of Linn.

HAB. Overflowed sandy soil. N. J. to Car, July, Aug. 21. —
Stem 1 — 2 feet high. Flowers larger than the last, yellow.

ORDER XXIV. ACERINEJS. De Cand. Lind.

Calyx 5, or rarely 4 — 9-parted, with an imbricate aestiva-
tion. Petals equal in number to the lobes of the calyx, with
which they alternate, rarely wanting. Stamens definite,
usually 8, rarely 5 or 12 ; anthers oblong. Torus discoid.

ACERINE.E 63

Ovary 2-lobed, 2-celled ; style 1 ; stigmas 2. Fruit of two
indehiscent winged carpels (samara,) each 1-celled, with 1
or 2 seeds. Seeds erect ; albumen none ; embryo curved or
convolute, with foliaceous wrinkled cotyledons and an inferior
radicle.

Ti-ees, with opposite, simple, rarely pinnate leaves. Flowers
often polygamous, sometimes apetalous.

1. ACER. Linn.

Flowers mostly polygamous. Calyx 5-lobed, sometimes
5-parted. Stamens rarely 5, often 7 — 9. Samara 2, wing-
ed, united at base, by abortion 1-seeded.

Octandria. Monogynia.

* Flowers in corymbs or fascicles.

1. A. rubrum Linn. : leaves generally 5-lobed, cordate at the base,
unequally and incisely toothed, glaucous beneath ; the sinuses acute ;
flowers aggregated in about fives, on rather long pedicels ; germs gla-
brous.

HAB. Moist woods. Can. to Flor. April. — A tree from 20—50
feet high. Flowers 5-pe tailed, pentandrous. Red Maple.

. 2. A. eriocarpum Mich. : leaves palmately 5-lobed, truncate at the
base, smooth and whitish-glaucous beneath ; sinuses obtuse ; lobes
acuminate, incisely toothed ; flowers aggregated, on short pedicels ;
germs tomentose. — A. dasycarpum WUld.

HAB. Banks of streams. Can. to Geor. April, May. — A large
tree. Flowers greenish, pentandrous, apetalous.

While or Soft Maple.

3. A. barbatum Mich. : leaves ovate-cordate, with 3 short lobes, un-
equally serrate, glaucous beneath and pubescent on the nerves ; corymbs
sessile ; peduncles hairy ; those of the sterile flowers branched ; of
the fertile simple ; calyx bearded within ; fruit smooth ; wings erect. —
A. carolinianum Walt.

HAB. Cedar swamps. N. S. to Car. April. — A small tree.
Leaves small. Flowers pale green. Calyx densely bearded with-
in.

4. A. saccharinum Linn. : leaves palmately 5-lobed, subcordate at
base, petioled, glaucous beneath ; lobes acuminate ; peduncles corym-
bose, loose, nodding, hairy ; fruit glabrous ; wings divergent.

HAB. In woods. Can. to Geor. W. to Miss. April. — A large
tree. Flowers yellowish, on long filiform peduncles. Petioles
smooth. — Valuable for its timber and for the sugar obtained from
its sap. Sugar Maple.

5. A. nigrum Mich. : leaves palmately 5-lobed, cordate, with the
sinus closed, pubescent beneath ; lobes divaricate, sinuate-dentate ;

64 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.

flowers on long slender peduncles, corymbed ; fruit glabrous, turgid
at base ; wings diverging.

HAB. Mountainous situations. Ver. to Car. April. — A large
tree. Flmrcrs yellowish. Petioles pubescent.

Black Sugar Maple.

•* Flowers in racemes.

6. A. striatum Mich. : leaves with 3 acuminate lobes, rounded at the
base, acutely dentate, smooth ; racemes simple pendulous ; petals oval :
ff«it smooth ; wings somewhat diverging. — A. pennsylvanicum Lam.

HAB. Shady rocks. N. S. May. >>.— Shrub 10 or 12 feet
high ; trunk beautifully striate. Leaves rarely undivided. Flowers
greenish-yellow, 10 — 12 in a raceme.

Striped Maple. Moose Wood.

7. A. spicatitm Linn. : leaves small, 3 — 5-lobed, acute, dentate, cor-
date, pubescent beneath ; racemes spikeform, erect ; petals linear ;
fruit smooth ; wings somewhat diverging. — A. montanum Ait. Pursh.
Torr.

HAB. On mountains. Can. to Geor. May.— Shrub 8—10 feet
high. Flmccrs greenish, small.

2. NEGUNDO. DC Cand.

Flowers dioecious. Calyx minute, unequally 4 — 5-toothed.
Petals none. Anthers 4 — 5, linear, sessile.

Octandria. Monogynia.

N. fraxinifolium Nutt. : leaves ternate and pinnate ; leafets unequal-
ly and coarsely dentate ; odd one often 3-lobed ; flowers in simple
pendulous racemes.— Acer negundo Linn. Mich.

HAB. River banks. Penn. to Geor. W. to Rocky Moun. April.
— A large tree with greenish flowers.

Ash-leared Maple. Box Elder.

ORDER XXV. HIPPOCASTANE^E. De Cand. Lind.

Calyx campanulate, 5-lobed, Petals 5, or 4 by the abor-
tion of one of them, unequal, hypogynous. Stamens 7 — 8,
distinct, unequal, inserted upon a hypogynous disk ; anthers
somewhat incumbent. Ovary roundish, 3-cornered, 3-celled ;
style 1, filiform, conical, acute ; ovules 2 in each cell. Fruit
coriaceous, 1 — 2 or 3-valved, 1—2 or 3-celled, 1, 2 or 3-seed-
ed. Seeds large, roundish, with a smooth shining coat, and
a broad pale hilum ; albumen none ; embryo curved, inverted,
with fleshy, very thick, gibbous, cohering cotyledons, germinat-
ing under ground ; plmnula unusually large, 2-leaved ; radicle
conical, curved, turned towards the hilum.

AMPELIDE^E. 65

Trees or shrubs. Leaves opposite, compound. Flowers
in terminal racemes.

1. ^ESCULUS. Linn.

Calyx campanulate. Petals 4 — 5, expanded ; limb ovate.
Filaments recurved backward. Capsules echinate.

Heptandria. Monogynia.

^B. glabra WUld. : leaves quinate, very smooth ; leafets ovate
acuminate ; corol 4-petalled, spreading, with the claws as long as the
calyx ; stamens longer than the corol ; capsules echinate. — JE>. echinata,
Muhl. ?—Pavia Ohiensis Mich. f.

HAB. Woods. Penn. W. to Miss. May. — A large shrub or
small tree. Flowers yellowish- white, in terminal racemose pani-
cles. Buck-eye.

ORDER XXVI. AMPELIDEjE. De Cand.

Calyx small, nearly entire. Petals 4 or 5, sometimes co-
hering above, and calyptriform, with a valvate aestivation.
Stamens equal in number to the petals, inserted upon the disk,
sometimes sterile by abortion ; filaments distinct, or slightly
cohering at the base ; anthers ovate, versatile ; ovary supe-
rior, 2-celled ; style 1, very short ; stigma simple ; ovules
erect, definite. Berry globose, pulpy, 2- (or often by abortion
1-) celled. Seeds 4 or 5, or fewer by abortion, bony, erect ;
albumen hard ; embryo erect, about one half the length of
the albumen ; radicle slender ; cotyledons lanceolate.

Climbing shrubs with tumid separable joints. Leaves sim-
ple or compound.

1. AMPELOPSIS. Mich.

Calyx nearly entire. Petals 5. Style 1. Stigma capitate*
Ovary not immersed in the disk, 2 — 4-seeded.

Pentandria. Monogynia.

1. A. cordata Mich.: stem climbing, with slender branches ; leaves
cordate, acuminate, toothed and angular ; nerves beneath pubescent ;
racemes dichotomous, few-flowered. — Cissus ampelopsis Pers. Pvrsh.

HAB. Banks of streams. Penn. to Car, W. to Arkansa. June,
July. T?. — Leaves cordate, often straight at base as if trun-
cate. Panicles opposite the leaves. Berries pale red.

2. A. hederacea Mich. : stem climbing and rooting ; leaves digitate,
by fives, on long petioles, glabrous ; leafets connected at base, lance-

6*

66 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.

olate, acuminate, dentate towards the apex ; panicle compound, di-
chotomous, opposite the leaven ; nectary none. — Cissus hcderacea Pars.
Vitis hederacea Wittd.

HAB. Woods. Penn. to Car. W. to Arkansa. June, July. *>.
— Flowers green. Berries dark blue. Common Creeper.

3. A. hirsute, Muhl. : leaves pubescent on both sides ; leafets ovate,
acuminate, coarsely toothed. — Cissus kederacea, var. hirsuta Pursh.
HAB. Alleghany mountains. Pursh. Still a doubtful species,

2. VITIS. LMW.

Calyx somewhat 5-toothed. Petals 5, cohering at their
apex, deciduous. Stamens 5. Style none. Berry 2-celled,
4-seeded ; cells and seeds often abortive,

Pentandria. Mwogynia.

1. V. labrusca Linn. : leaves very large, broad-cordate, sub-3-lobed,
acutely toothed, glabrous above, and with the peduncles tomentose be-
neath ; racemes small, panicled ; berries large.

HAB. Woods. Can. to Flor. June, July. *>. — Stem climbing
to a great height. Flmccrs greenish. Berries dark purple. —
Undergoes great changes by cultivation. Fox Grape.

2. V. Gstwalis Mich. : stem long and slender ; leaves broad-cordate,
3 — 5-lobed, younger onea ferruginous-tojnentose beneath, when old
nearly smooth; sinuses rounded; racemes opposite the leaves, rather
crowded, oblong; berries small. — V. intermedia Muhl.

b. sinuata Pursh : leaves sinuate-palmate, coarsely dentate ; sinu-

se« rhomboidal.
HAB. Woods. On banks of streams. N.Y. to Car. W. to Misg.

June. J?. — Berries deep blue or purple ; ripen in August.

Summer Grape.

3. V. rulpina Linn. .* leaves cordate, abruptly acuminate, incisely
toothed, smooth on both sides ; racemes loose, many flowered ; ber-
ries small. —V. cord\folia Mich. Pursh.

HAB. River banks. Can. to Flor. >>. — Berries amber-colour-
ed ; ripen in November, and have a tart taste. Winter Grape.

4. V. riparia Mich. : leaves cordate, unequally and incisely toothed ;
shortly 3-lobed, pubescent on the margin, nerves and petiole. — V. odo-
ratissima Donn. Cat.

HAB. Gravelly shores of rivers. Penn. to Car. May— July. *> .
— " Flowers of an exquisitely fine smell, resembling Reseda odo-
rata." Pursh.

ORDER XXVII. GERANIACE^E. De Cand. Lind.

Sepals 5, persistent, more or less unequal, with an imbri-
cated aestivation ; 1 sometimes saccate or spurred at the base.

GERANIACE^E. 67

Petals 5, (or by abortion 4, rarely none,) unguiculate. Sta-
mens usually monadelphous, hypogynous, twice or thrice as
many as the petals. Ovary composed of 5 pieces, placed
round an elevated axis, each 1-celled, 1-seeded ; ovules pen-
dulous ; styles 5, cohering round the axis. Fruit formed of
5 carpels cohering round the axis, having a membranous peri-
carp and terminated by an indurated style, which finally twists
and carries the pericarp along with it. Seeds solitary, pendu-
lous ; albumen none. Embryo curved ; radicle pointing to the
base of the cell ; cotyledons, fojiaceous, convolute and plaited.
Herbs or shrubs, Stems tumid and separate at the joints,
Leaves either opposite or alternate.

1. GERANIUM. Linn.

Sepals 5, equal. Petals 5, equal. Stamens 10 ; alternate
fertile ones larger, and with nectariferous scales at the base.
Carpels with long awns, at length separating elastically from
the summit to the base j awns smooth internally.

Monadelphia. Decandria.

* Perennial. Peduncles 2-flowered.

1. G. maculatum Linn. : stem somewhat angular, erect, dichotomous,
retrorsely pubescent ; leaves 3— 5-parted, incised ; radical ones on long
petioles ; upper ones opposite, sessile ; petals entire ; filaments scarcely
ciliate at the base.

HAB. Can. to Car. W. to Miss. June. If. — Stem 8—15 inches
high. Leaves hairy. Flowers large, purple. The root is very
astringent and is useful for medicinal purposes.— Big. Med.
JBot. i. 19. Barton's Collections.

Spotted Geranium. Crane's-bill.

** Annual. Peduncles 2-flowered.

2. G. pusillum Linn. : leaves subreniform, 7-lobed ; lobes 3-cIeft ;
peduncles short, 2-flowered ; petals emarginate, scarcely longer than
the awnless calyx ; carpels keeled, pubescent ; seeds smooth. — G.
malva/olium Lam.

HAB. Penn. May. 0. MM.— Is not Muhlenberg's G. pusil-
lum the next species ?

3. G. dissectum Linn. : leaves 5-parted ; lobes opposite, petiolate
3-cleft, linear ; peduncles short, 2-flowered ; petals emarginate, rather
shorter than the awned calyx ; carpels hairy, not rugose ; seeds reticu-
late.

HAB. Fields. N. S. July. &.—Stem 12 inches high, pubes-
cent. Floicers small, pale red. Wood Geranium.

68 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.

4. G. columbinum Linn. : leaves 5-parted ; lobes deeply cleft into
linear, acute, segments ; peduncles very long, 2-flowered ; petals en-
tire, as long as the awned calyx ; carpels glabrous, not rugose ; seed*
dotted.

HAB. Fields. Can. and N. S. July. ©. — Stem mostly decum-
bent, rough. Flmcers pale purple,

5. G. carolinianum Linn. : diffuse, pubescent ; leaves Globed beyond
the middle ; lobes incised, 3— 5- cleft ; peduncles crowded towards the
top ; petals notched, as long as the awned calyx ; carpels hairy ;
seeds smooth.

HAB. Hills. From Arctic Amer. to Geor. W, to Miss. May,
June. ®i— Stem 12 — 18 inches long, branched. Flowers small,
white.

0. G. robertianum Linn.: leaves ternate or quinate; Icafets some-
what pinnatifid ; segments mucronate ; peduncles long, 2-flowered ;
calyx angular, hairy, with longish awns, shorter than the entire petals ;
carpels small, wrinkled ; seeds smooth.

HAB. Rocky places. Can. to Virg. June — Sept. ©.-— Stem
long. Flowers rather small, purple. — Plant very fetid.

Herb Robert.

ORDER XXVIII. BALSAMINE.E. De Cand. Lind.

Sepals 5, irregular, deciduous, the two inner and upper of
which are connate, the lower spurred. Petals 4, hypygynous,
united in pairs, so that apparently there are only 2 petals ; the
fifth wanting. Stamens 5, hypogynous ; filaments subulate ;
anthers 2-celled, bursting lengthwise. Ovary single, 5-cell-
ed ; stigma sessile, more or less 5-lobed. Fruit capsular,
with 5 elastic valves and 5 cells. Seeds numerous, suspend-
ed ; albumen none ; embryo straight, with a superior radicle
and plano-convex cotyledons.

Succulent herbs. Leaves simple, opposite or alternate,
without stipules. Peduncles axillary.

1. IMPATJENS. Linn.

Sepals 5, the lower one spurred. Corol 4 petalled, irregu-
lar ; the two inner petals unequally bilobed. Stigmas 5,
united. Capsule prismatic-terete, elongated, 5-valved, open-
ing elastically. Pentandria. Monogynia.

1. /. pattida Nutt. : peduncles solitary, 3-— 4-flowered ; leaves rhom-
bic-ovate, sub-acute, mucronate-dentate ; calcarate petal dilated,
shorter than the rest ; spur recurved, very short ; flowers sparingly
punctate. — /. nob-tangere Pursh. — /. awrea Mithl.

OXALIDE-dE. 69

HAS. Damp grounds. Can. to Car. W. to Miss. Aug. {&•—
Stem 2 feet high, much branched. Flowers pale yellow, larger
than the next. Snap-iceed. Touch-me-not.

2. I. fulva Nutt. : peduncles solitary, 2 — 4-flowered ; leaves rhombic-
ovate, obtiise, mucronate-dentate ; calcarate petal longer than the
rest ; spur emarginate, resupinate ; flowers with crowded spots. —
/. biflora Pursh.—L noli-tangerc, var. Mich. — 7. maculata Muhl.

HAB. Wet grounds. Can. to Car. Aug. ^.—Flowers deep
yellow, spotted, smaller and less numerous than in the former,

ORDER XXIX. OXALIDE^. De Cand. Lind.

Sepals 5, sometimes slightly cohering at the base, persis-
tent, equal. Petals 5, hypogynous, equal, unguiculate, with
a spirally twisted aestivation. Stamens 10, usually more or
less monadelphous, those opposite the petals forming an inner
series and longer than the others ; anthers 2-celled, innate.
Ovary 5-angled, 5-celled ; styles 5, filiform; stigmas capitate
or somewhat bifid. Fruit capsular, membranous, with 5
cells, and from 5 to 10 valves. Seeds few, enclosed within
a fleshy integument, which bursts elastically. Albumen be-
tween cartilaginous and fleshy ; embryo straight, as long as
the albumen, with a \ongradicle pointing to the hilum, and fo-
liaceous cotyledons.

Herbs, undersnrubs or trees. Leaves alternate, mostly
compound.

1. OXALIS, Linn.

Sepals 5, free or united at base. Petals 5. Stamens 10 ^
filaments monadelphous at base, 5 outer ones shorter. Styles
5. Capsule pentangular, oblong or cylindric.

Decandria. Pentagynia.

* Stemless.

1. O. acetosella Linn. : stemless ; root dentate, creeping ; scape I-
flowered, longer than the leaves, with two small bracts above the mid-
dle ; leaves ternate, dilated-obcordate, pilose ; petals oval, obtuse ;
styles as long as the inner stamens.

HAB. Mountain woods. Can. N. Y. and Penn. June. 24!. —
Scape 3—-4 inches long. Flowers large, white, with red veins.
Petals slightly emarginate. — This is the Sluimrock of the Irish.

Common Wood Soiret.

2. O. violacea Linn. : stemless ; root squamous ; scape unbellifer-
ous, 3 — 9-flowered ; flowers nodding ; leaves ternate, obcordate.
smooth ; styles shorter than the outer stamens.

70 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.

HAB. Rocky woods. N. Y. to Car. W. to Miss. May, June.
2£. — Scape 4 — 6 inches high. Flowers violet, umbelled, with
the petals obovate and sometimes slightly emarginate.

Violet Wood Sorrel.

** Caulescent.

3. O. corniculata Linn. : pubescent; stem rooting, decumbent, branch-
ed ; umbels shorter than the petioles ; leaves ternate, obcordate ; pe-
tals obovate, emarginate ; styles as long as the inner stamens. — O.
corniculata, var. Mich.

HAB. Woods. Can. to Car. May— Aug. !£.— Stem 6— 10 in-
ches long. Floicers small, yellow. It is distinguished chiefly
by its habit.

4. O. stricta Linn.: hairy; stem erect, sometimes procumbent,
branched ; umbels about as long as the leaves ; leaves ternate, obcor-
date ; petals obovate, entire ; styles as long as the inner stamens.

HAB. Sandy fields. Can. to Car. W. to Miss. May— Aug.
If. — Stem 4 — 10 inches high. Flmcers small, yellow, 4 — 6 in
an umbel. I'lmaht 11'ood Sorrel.

ORDER XXX. ZANTHOXYLE.3S. LincJ.

Flowers diclinous, regular. Calyx 3 — 4 — 5-divided, with
an imbricate aestivation. Petals equal in " number (rarely
none) to the sepals ; aestivation usually twisted-convolute.
Stamens as many or twice as many as the petals. Ovaries
aa many (or fewer) as petals, either altogether combined, or
more or less distinct ; ovales 2 in each cell, or rarely 4 ; styles
more or less combined. Fruit either baccate or membranous,
of 2 — 5 cells, or of several drupes or 2-valved capsules, of
which the sarcocarp is fleshy and partly separable from tho
«ndocarp. Seeds solitary or in pairs ; embryo lying within
fleshy albumen ; radicle superior ; cotyledons ovate, flat.

Trees or shrubs. Leaves without stipules, alternate or op-
posite, with pellucid dots.

1. ZANTHOXYLUM. Linn.

Dioecious. Calyx 3— 9-lobed, often 4— 5-parted. Petals
as many as the lobes of the calyx, rarely none. Stamens and
carpels as many as the lobes of the calyx, 1 — 3-seeded.

Dioecia. Pentandria.

Z.fraxineum IftUd.: prickly ; leaves pinnate ; leafets in 4 — 5 pairs,
ovate, obsoletely serrate, equal at base ; petioles terete, unarmed ;
prickles stipular ; umbels axillary. — Z- ramiflorum Mich. — Z. clara-her-
ca/uLtnn. Ell.

CELASTRINE.E. 71

HAB. Rocky woods. Can. to Car. W. to Ken. April. >>. —
Shrub 3 — 5 feet high, covered with sharp strong prickles. Leaves
pinnate, sometimes prickly on the back. Flowers in umbels,
small, greenish — The bark of this shrub is pungent, and is em-
ployed medicinally. — Big, Med. Bot. iii. 156. Prickly Ash.

2. PTELEA. Linn.

Calyx small, 4 — 5-parted. Petals 4— 5, spreading. Sta-
mens alternating with the petals. Tories turnid, pentagonal.
Ovary 1. Style short. Stigmas 2. Samarce membrana-
ceous, margined, 2-celled ; cells 2 — or by abortion 1-seeded.

Tetandria. Monogynia.

Pt. trifoliate, Linn. : leaves on long petioles, ternate ; leafets sessile,
ovate, acuminate, odd one much attenuated at base ; flowers in pani-
cles, polygamous, often tetandrous.

HAB. Moist woods. Can. to Geor. W. to Miss. June. *>.
— Shrub 6 — 10 feet high. Flowers greenish- white, small, in co-
rymbose clusters. Shrubby Trefoil.

SUBCLASS II. CALYCIFLORjE. De Cand.

Calyx with the sepals more or less united at base, (gamo-
sepalous, De Cand. — monophyllous, Linn.^) Petals and sta-
mens inserted into the calyx.

ORDER XXXI. CELASTRINE^E. De Cand. Lind.

Sepals 4 or 5, imbricated, inserted into the margin of a
large expanded torus. Petals 4 — 5, with a broad base ; aesti-
vation imbricated. Stamens alternate with the petals, insert-
ed into the disk, either at the margin or within it ; anthers in-
nate. Ovary superior, free, surrounded by the somewhat
fleshy djsk, with 2, 3 or 4 cells ; cells 1, or many-seeded ;
style 1 or none ; stigma 2 — 4-cleft. Fruit superior ; either a
3 or 4-celled capsule, with 3 or 4 septiferous valves ; or a dry
drupe with a 1 or 2-celled nut, the cells of which are one or
many-seeded. Seeds ascending ; albumen fleshy ; embryo
straight ; cotyledons flat and thick.

Shrubs with simple alternate or opposite leaves. Flowers
in axillary cymes.

1. EVONYMUS. Linn.

Calyx 4 — 6-lobed, flat, covered at base by a peltate disk.
Petals 4 — 6, spreading, inserted into the disk. Stamens 4—6,

72 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.

alternating with the petals. Style 1. Capsule 3— 5-celled,
3 — 5-angled ; cells 1 — 4-seeded. Pentandria. Monogynia.

1. E. americanus Linn. : branches opposite, smooth, square ; leaves
opposite, subsessile, elliptic-lanceolate, smooth, acute, serrate ; pe-
duncles mostly 3-flowered, terete; calyx small, with acute segments;
corol 5-petalled ; fruit roughened, warty.

HAB. Shady woods. N. Y. to Car. June. >>.— Shrub 4— 6 feet
high, with opposite branches. Flowers reddish-yellow. Fruit
scarlet. Burning Bush. Spindle Tree.

2. E. atropurpureus Jacq. : stem with smooth, opposite, square
branches ; leaves petiolate, oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, serrate, pu-
bescent beneath ; peduncles divaricate, many-flowered; flowers 4-clefl;
fruit smooth.

HAB. Shady woods. N. Y. to Car. W. to Miss. June. >>. —
Shrub 4 — 8 feet high. Flowers dark-purple. Fruit bright red.

3. E. obovatus Nutt. : stem prostrate, rooting, nearly simple ; sur-
culi erect, obtusely quadrangular, with 4 elevated line's ; leaves broad-
ovate, obtuse, acute at base, subsessile, acutely serrulate ; peduncles
3-flowered ; petals 4 and 5, roundish.

HAB. Fir swamps. Penn. June. *>. — Shrub a foot high. Floic-
crs green, with a purple tinge.

2. CELASTRUS. Linn.

Calyx minute, 5-lobed. Petals 5, unguiculate. Stamens
5. Ovary small, with 10 striae, immersed in the disk. Style
1. Stigmas 2 — 3. Capsule 2— 3-valved ; valves septiferous
in the centre. Seed 1, covered with a large fleshy aril.

Pentandria. Monogynia.

C. gcandens Linn. : stem climbing, unarmed ; leaves petioled, oval,
acuminate, serrate ; stipules minute ; racemes terminal.

HAB. Rocky woods. Can. to Virg. May, June. f?. — A woody
vine or low shrub. Leaves alternate. Flowers greenish-yellow,
in small terminal racemes. Fruit scarlet. Climbing Staff Tree.

ORDER XXXII. STAPHYLEACE^. Lind.

Sepals 5, connected at base, coloured, with an imbricated
aestivation. Petals 5, alternate, with an imbricated aestiva-
tion. Stamens 5, alternate with the petals, perigynous. Disk
large, urceolate. Ovary 2 — 3-celled, superior ; ovules erect ;
styles 2—3, cohering at the base. Fruit membranous or
fleshy, indehiscent or opening internally, partly abortive.
Seeds ascending, roundish, with a long testa ; hilurn large
truncate ; albumen none ; cotyledons thick.

RHAMNE^E. 73

Shrubs, with opposite, pinnate leaves. Flowers in terminal
racemes.

1. STAPHYLEA. Lwn.

Calyx 5-parted, covered at base by an urceolate disk ;
lobes oblong, concave, coloured. Petals 5, alternating with
the sepals. Stamens 5, alternating with the petals. Ovary
2 — 3-lobed. Styles 2 — 3, sometimes united. Capsule 2 — 3-
celled ; cells membranaceous, inflated, united at base or
throughout their whole length. Pentandria. Trigynia.

S. trifolia Linn. : leaves ternate, on long petioles ; leafets ovate,
acuminate, serrulate, pubescent, the terminal one petioled ; styles gla-
brous ; capsule bladder-like.

HAS. N. Y. to Car. W. to Miss. April— June. T?.— A shrub
6 — 10 feet high. FLowers white, in. axillary and terminal pendu-
lous panicles. Bladder-nut.

ORDER XXXIII. RHAMNE.E. De Cand. Lind.

Calyx 4 — 5-cleft, with a valvate aestivation. Petals distinct,
cucullate or convolute, inserted into the orifice of the calyx, oc-
casionally wanting. Stamens definite, opposite the petals.
Disk fleshy. Ovary superior or half superior, 2 — 3 — 4-cell-
ed ; ovules solitary, erect. Fruit fleshy and indehiscent, or
dry and separating in 3 parts. Seeds erect ; albumen fleshy,
seldom wanting; embryo almost as long as the seed, with
large flat cotyledons, and a short inferior radicle.

Trees or shrubs, often spiny. Leaves simple, alternate,
rarely opposite, with minute stipules. Flowers axillary or
terminal.

1. RHAMNUS. Linn.

Calyx 4 — 5-cleft, urceolate, persistent with and adhering
to the fruit at base. Petals alternating with the lobes of the
calyx, or none. Stamens 4 — 5, inserted above the petals.
Style 2— 4-cleft. Berry 2— 4-celled ; cells 1 , rarely 2-seed-
ed. Pentandria. Monogynia.

1. R. alnifolius L'Hcrit: unarmed ; leaves alternate, oval, acumi-
nate, serrulate, pubescent on the nerves beneath ; flowers dioecious ;
peduncles 1-flowered, aggregate ; calyx acute ; fruit turbinate. — R.
franguloides Mich.

HAB. Rocky hills. Can. to Vir. rare. May, June. T>. —
Flowers small, greenish, in axillary fascicles. Berries black. —

7

74 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.

R. alnifolius of Pursh is described by De Candolle as a distinct
species, under the name of R. purshianus.

2. R. catharticus Linn. : branches spiny ; leaves opposite, ovate,
erosely denticulate ; flowers mostly 4-cleft, polygamo-dioecious ; ber-
ries 4-seeded, subglobose.

HAB. Woods on mountains. N. S. Small tree or large shrub,
with yellowish-green flowers. Introduced. 1 Buck-tfu>rn.

2. CEANOTHUS. Linn.

Calyx 5-cleft, campanulate, persistent and somewhat ad-
hering with the fruit. Petals 5, small, saccate and arched,
with long claws. Stamens exsert. Styles 2 — 3, united to
the middle. Berry dry, (a capsule ?) 3-celled, 3-seeded, 3-
parted, opening on the inner side. Pentandria. Monogynia.

1. C. americanus Linn. : stem shrubby ; branches terete and some-
what pubescent ; leaves ovate-oblong, alternate, serrate, 3-nerved, to-
mentose, pubescent beneath, sometimes subcordate ; panicles axillary,
on long peduncles.

HAB. Woods. Can. to Flor. W. to Miss. July. !>.— Stem
2 — 3 feet high. Leaves on petioles. Flowers small, white, in a
racemed panicle. Root very large, dark red.

New- Jersey Tea. Red-root.

2. C. herbaceus Raf. : leaves oval, slightly serrulate, smooth ; pani-
cles thyrsoid, axillary and terminal. — P.perennis Pursh.

HAB. Rocky places. Penn. to Car. Suffruticose. Leaves near-
ly as large as in the former, but smooth.

3. C. ovaUs Big. : leaves oval, glandular-serrate, 3-nerved, the veins
pubescent underneath ; panicle corymbose, abbreviated.

HAB. Shores of Lake Champlain. Dr. Boott.— Leaves 1 — 3 in-
ches long, petioled, elliptical, obtuse or subacute. Peduncles
shorter than in C. atnericana and tkejlowers larger. Fruit black-
ish.

ORDER XXXIV. ANACARDIACEjE. Lind.

Flowers usually diclinious. Calyx usually small, persis-
tent, 5-(sometimes 3 — 4 — 7) divided. Petals equal in num-
ber to the segments of the calyx, (sometimes wanting) perigi-
nous, imbricated in aestivation. Stamens equal in number to
the petals, and alternate, or twice as many or more ; fila-
ments distinct or cohering at the base. Disk fleshy, annular
or cup-shaped, hypogynous, occasionally wanting. Ovary
single (or rarely 5 — 6) free or rarely adhering to the calyx,
1 -celled ; styles 1 — 3, sometimes 4 ; stignias as many. Fruit

ANACARDIACE^E. 75

indehiscent, usually drupaceous. Seed without albumen ;
radicle superior or inferior, next the hilum ; cotyledons thick
and fleshy or leafy.

Trees or shrubs, with a resinous, gummy, caustic, or even
milky juice. Leaves alternate, .not dotted.

1. RHUS. Linn.

Calyx small, 5-parted, persistent. Petals 5, ovate, spread-
ing. Stamens 5. Styles 3, ' short, or 3 sessile stigmas.
Drupe nearly dry, with one bony seed.

Pentandria. Trigynia.

* Leaves ternate.

1. R. toxicodendron Linn.: stem erect, pubescent near the summit ;
saves ternate ; leafets broad, oval, entire, sinuate or lobed, subpubes-

~ent beneath ; flowers dioecious, in sessile axillary racemes. — R. toxi-
codendron, var. qucrctfolium Mich.

HAB. Moist woods. Can. to Car. W. to Rocky mountains.
June. T?. — Shrub 2— 5 feet high. Flowers greenish.

2. R. radicans Linn. : stem climbing ; leaves ternate ; leafets petio-
late, ovate, acuminate, smooth, generally entire ; flowers in axillary
racemes, towards the top of the stem, dioecious ; fruit smooth. — R.
toxicodendron, var. vulgare Mich. Pursh. — R. toxicodendron, var. radi-
cans Torr.

HAB. Woods and hedges. Can. to Car. June. *?. — Stem
climbing. Flowers greenish. — De Candolle thinks JR. radicans
distinct from R. toxicodendron. Both are very poisonous to
persons of peculiar constitutions. — Barton's Collections. Big.
Mcd. Bot. iii. 19. Christy in N. Y. Med. fy Phys. Jour. N. S. i. 21.

Poison Ivy.

3. R. aromatica Ait. : branches slender, nearly smooth ; leaves ter-
nate ; leafets sessile, ovate-rhomboid, deeply toothed, tomentose be-
neath ; flowers in dense axillary racemes or catkins, dioecious ; fruit
pilose. — Lobadiurn aromaticum Rqf.

HAB. Mountains. N. Y. to Geor. W. to Miss. May, June.
V- — Shrub 2 — 6 feet high. Flowers yellowish. Fruit red.

** Leaves pinnate, smooth.

4. JR. glabra Linn. : stem and branches smooth ; leafets in many
pairs, sessile, lanceolate, acuminate, sharply serrate, smooth, whitish
beneath ; flowers all perfect, in terminal compound panicles.

HAB. Old fields. Can. to Geor. July. 1? .—Shrub 6— 12 feet high.
Flowers greenish-yellow. Fruit crimson, downy.

5. R. copallina Linn.: branches terete, downy ; leafets 4 — 7 pairs,
with an odd one, oval-lanceolate, very entire, shining on the upper

76 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.

surface ; petiole winged, appearing as if jointed ; flowers in sessile
panicles, dioecious.

HAB. Dry fields. N. Y. to Car. July. T>.— A small shrub.
with yellowish-green>/Z0i£er5. Fruit red, small, compressed, hairy.

Mountain ^uinnrli.

G. R. vcncnata De Cand. : branches, leaves and petioles very smooth;
leafets in 5 — 6 pairs, oblong-oval, abruptly accuminate, nearly entire ;
petioles without joints or wings ; flowers in loose slender panicles, di-
oecious ; fruit smooth, white. — R. xernix Linn.

HAB. Margins of swamps. N. Y. to Geor. June, July. *?. —
Shrub 6 — 12 feet high. FUncers greenish. Poisonous. Big.
Mcd. Bot. i. 96. Poison Ash.

* * * Leaves pinnate, pubescent.

7. R. typhina Linn. .- branches and petioles very villous ; leafets in
many pairs, lanceolate-oblong, acuminate, acutely serrate, pubescent
beneath ; flowers in oblong dense panicles, dioecious.

HAB. Rocky hills. Can. to Car. June, f?.— Shrub 10—15
feet high. Flowers greenish-yellow. Fruit in clusters, covered
with a purple velvety down. Stag's Horn.

ORDER XXXV. LEGUMINOS^. De Cand. Jjind.

Calyx 5-parted, toolhed or cleft, inferior, with the odd seg-
ment anterior ; the segments often unequal and variously
combined. Petals 5, or by abortion 4, 3, 2, 1 , or none, in-
serted into the base of the calyx, either papilionaceous or re-
gularly spreading ; the odd petal posterior. Stamens definite
or indefinite, perigynous, either distinct or monadelphous, or
diadelphous ; very seldom triadelphous ; anthers versatile.
Ovary simple, superior, 1-celled, 1 or many-seeded; style
simple, proceeding from the upper margin ; stigma simple.
Fruit either a legume or a drupe. Seeds attached to the up-
per suture, solitary or several, occasionally with an arillus ;
embryo destitute of albumcri, either straight, or with a radicle
bent upon the cotyledons ; cotyledons either remaining under
ground in germination, or elevated above the ground and be-
coming green like the leaves.

Herbs, shrubs or trees. Leaves with usually 2 stipules at
the base.

SUBORDER I. PAPILIONACEJE.

Calyx with distinct lobes. Stamens periginous. Coral
papilionaceous.

LEGUMINOS^E. 77

1. BAPTISIA. Vent,

Calyx half 4 — 5-cleft, bilabiate. Petals 5, nearly equal,
Standard with the sides reflexed. Stamens deciduous. Le-
gume ventricose, pedicelled, many-seeded.

Decandria. Monogynia,

B. tinctoria Brown ; very smooth, much branched ; leaves ternate,
petioled, upper ones subsessile ; leafets round-obovate ; stipules seta-
ceous ; racemes terminal ; legume on a long stipe. — Sophora tinctoria
Linn. — Podalyria tinctoria Willd.

HAB. Sandy woods. Can, to Car. July, Aug. U.—Stem 2—3
feet high, very bushy, Flowers yellow. Whole plant turns
bluish-black in drying. Wild Indigo,

2. CRQTALARIA, Linn,

Calyx 5-lobed, subbilabiate ; upper lip 2, lower one 3-cleft.
Standard large, cordate. Keel falcate, acuminate. Fila-
ments all united, with the sheath often divided above. Le-
gume turgid, inflated, with ventricose valves, often many-
seeded, pedicelled. Diadelphia. Decandria.

1. C. sa gittalis Linn. : hairy, erect, branched ; leaves simple, oblong-
lanceolate ; stipules lanceolate, acuminate, decurrent ; racemes oppo-
site the leaves, about 3-flowered ; corol smaller than the calyx.- — C.
sagittalis, var. ollonga Mich.

HAB. Pine barrens. Penn. to Car, July, Aug. $j£.-*Stem 12
inches high. Flowers yellow. Legume inflated. Varies much
in its pubescence. Rattle-box.

2. C. parviflora Wittd. : hirsute, erect, branched ; leaves simple,
linear-lanceolate, hirsute ; upper stipules decurrent, with two very
short teeth ; racemes opposite the leaves ; corol smaller than the ca-
lyx.— C. sagittalis, yar. linearis Mich.

HAB. Sandy fields. N. Y. to Car. June, July. ©. — Leaves
2 — 3 inches long. Flowers yellow.

3. GENISTA. Lam.

Calyx bilabiate, upper lip bipartite ; lower one 3-toothed,
or 5-lobed ; 3 lower lobes united almost to the summit.
Standard oblong-oval. Keel oblong, straight. Stamens mo-
nadelphous. Legume flat-compressed or rarely somewhat
turgid, many-seeded, rarely few-seeded.

Diadelphia. Decandria.

G. tinctoria Linn, : root creeping ; stem suberect, suffruticose ;
branches terete, striate, erect ; leaves lanceolate, smooth ; flowers in
spiked-racemes and with the legumes smooth.

78 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.

HAB. Hills, near Boston. Big. July. f?. — Suffruticosc. Stem
a foot high, with numerous branches. Flowers on the upper
part of the branches, nearly sessile, yellow. Said to afford a
fine yellow dye. Introduced. Dyer's Weed.

4. MEDICAGO. Linn.

Calyx subcylindric, 5 cleft. Keel somewhat remote from
the standard. Stamens diadelphous. Legume many-seeded,
varying in form, always falcate or twisted into a spiral.
— Leaves ternate. Diadtlphia. Dccandria.

1. Af. htpulina Linn. : stem procumbent ; leafets obovatc-cuneate,
denticulate at the apex ; stipule lanceolate, acute, somewhat entire ;
peduncles in racemed-spikes ; flowers sessile ; legumes reniforin,
1-seeded, veined and rugose ; seeds ovate, somewhat reniform.

HAB. Fields. Throughout the U. S. June — Aug. ©• — Spikes
•mail, yellow. Introduced. None-such.

8. M. interiexia WiUd. : stem procumbent ; leafets obovate, toothed ;
stipules ciliate-toothed ; peduncles somewhat . 2-flowered ; legume
pilose, cochleate, membranaceous, obliquely reticulate ; spines straight,
thick, rigid and acute.

HAB. Sandy fields. Conn, and Car, July, Aug. ©. — Flowers
yellow. Introduced.

5. MELILOTUS. Tourn.

Calyx tubular, 5-toothed. Keel simple ; wings shorter
than the standard. Legume as long as the calyx, coriaceous,
one or few-seeded, scarcely dehiscent, varying in form.
— Leaves ternate. Diadelphia. Dccandria.

1. M. ofiicinalis llVld. : stem erect, branching ; leafets lanceolate-ob-
long, obtuse, remotely serrate ; spikes axillary, paniculate ; legume
2-seeded, rugose ; style filiform, as long as the legume ; seeds unequal-
ly cordate. — Trifolium ojficinale, var. a. Linn.

HAB. Fields. N. S. Aug. ®.—Stem 2—4 feet high. Flmcrrs
in long racemes, yellow. Plant giving out an odour when dry,
similar to the vernal grass. Introduced. Yellow Mclilot,

2. M. leucantha DC Cand. : stem erect, branched ; leafets ovate-oblong,
truncate and mucronate at the apex, remotely serrate ; stipules seta-
ceous ; teeth of the calyx unequal, as long as the tube ; standard
longer than the keel and wings ; legume 1-seeded, ovate, lacunose-
rugose, green ; seeds exactly ovate. — M. vvlgaris Willd. Enum. Tri-
folium officinal*, var. b. Linn.

HAB. Fields. N. S. July, Aug. $.—Stem 3—5 feet high.
Flowers white. Raceme longer and less crowded than in the
former. Both species become fragrant x upon drying. Intro-
duced. ? White Mclilot. Scented Clover.

LEGUMINOS^E. 79

6. TRIFOLIUM. Tourn.

Calyx tubular, persistent, without glands, 5-cleft ; seg-
ments subulate. Keel shorter than the wings and standard.
Stamens diadelphous. Legume small, scarcely dehiscent,
often ovate, I — 2-seeded, as long as the calyx and covered
by it, rarely oblong, 3 — 4-seeded, and a little exceeding the
calyx. — Leaves ternate. Diadelphia. Decandria.

* Letrume 1-seeded. Standard of the corol deciduous. Flowers not
yellow.

1. T. arvcnse Linn. : stem erect, simple or branched, pubescent ;
leaves on short petioles ; leafets linear-obovate, hairy, somewhat
3-toothed at the apex ; stipules narrow, membranaceous, with very long
nerves, subulate, pilose ; spikes oblong, villous, cylindrical ; calyx; very
pilose ; segments equal, longer than the many petalled corol.

HAB. Dry pastures. Can. to Car. June — Sept. 0. — Stem
6—10 inches high. Flowers minute, white or pink. Seeds ovoid,
brown. Stone Clover, Hare's-foot Trtfoil,

2. T. pratense Linn. ; stem suberect, branched ; leaves on long pe-
tioles ; leafets oval, nearly entire ; stipules broad, nerved, smooth,
shortly acuminate, inflexed ; heads of flowers ovate, obtuse, subses*
sile ; calyx hairy ; lower tooth shorter than the tube of the monopeta-
lous unequal corol ; seeds reniform, compressed,

HAB. Meadows. May— Oct. !£.— Stem 1—2 feet high. Flowers
rose-coloured. Seeds yellowish, Introduced. Red Clover.

3. T. pennsylvanicum Wittd. : stem ascending, much branched,
flexuous ; leafets ovate-elliptic, obtuse, very entire ; stipules awned ;
heads of flowers ovate-cylindrical, solitary, dense ; lower tooth of the
calyx shorter than the monopetalous corol.

HAB. Woods. Penn. to Virg. June—- Sept. y. — Flowers fine
red. Resembles T. medium of Linnaeus.

** Legume l-seeded. Standard of the corol persistent, scariose. Flowers

yellow,

4. T. procumbens Linn. : stems procumbent ; leaves on short petioles ;
leafets obovate or obcordate, denticulate, terminal one petioled ; sti-
pules ovate, ciliate, shorter than the petiole ; heads axillary, ovate :
peduncles equal to or longer than the leaves ; segments of the calyx
unequal, the 2 upper ones very short ; seeds elliptic.

HAB. Dry fields. Mass, to Virg. June. 0. — Stem spreading,
3—6 inches long. Flowers numerous and with th3 seeds yellow.
Introduced. ? According to De Candolle T. campestre is a mere
var. with erect branching stems. Yellow Clover.

5. T. agrarium Linn. : stem ascending, with erect branches ; leaves
nearly sessile ; leafets oblong-ovate, sessile, denticulate ; stipules
leafy, lanceolate, acute, longer than the petiole ; heads on long pe-

80 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.

duncles, oval ; standard obcordate ; calyx campanulate, short ; seg-
ments unequal, smooth, elongated, the upper one smaller ; legume
oval, compressed; seeds cordate.

HAB. Meadows and woods. Perm, to Virg. June — Aug. ©.
— Stem a foot high. Flowers small, light yellow.

*** Legume 3~-8-seeded.

G. T. repens Ijnn. : stem creeping and somewhat rooting, leafets
obovate-roundish, somewhat retuse, denticulate ; stipules scariose,
narrow-lanceolate, with a long mucronate point ; heads axillary, on
very long peduncles ; flowers pedicelled and at length reflexed ; seg-
ments of the calyx unequal, shorter than the corol ; legume 4-seeded.
HAB. Meadows. Throughout the U. S. May — Oct. It. —
Stem 6 — 12 inches long. Flowers white. Seeds brown.

White Clover.

7. T. reflexum Linn. : pilose ; stem ascending ; leafets ovate or obo-
vate, serrulate ; stipules leafy, lanceolate-acuminate ; heads globose,
axillary ; flowers on long pedicels, at length reflexed ; segments of
the calyx hairy, nearly equal, very narrpw, one-nerved, nearly twice as
long as the tube but shorter than the standard ; legume 4-seeded.

HAB. Dry hills. Penn. to Gepr. June, July. 2^.— Whole
plant very pubescent. Flowers in large heads, red. In my
specimens the stipules are obliquely cordate, as stated by Mr.
Elliott. Known at the south by the name of Buffalo Clover.

8. T. stoloniferum MM. ; stoloniferous, smooth ; lower leaves on
long petioles ; leafets obovate or wedge-form, serrulate, retuse or
emarginate at the apex ; stipules membranaceous, broad-lanceolate ;
flowers in globose heads, pedicelled, erect, at length reflexed ; seg-
ments of the calyx nearly equal, narrow, smooth, longer than the
tube.

HAB, N. Y. Penn. W. to the Miss. June. U.—Stem 4—8
inches long. Flmcers in middle sized heads. — I suspect this is
not specifically distinct from the preceding. The specimens
collected by myself on the Mississippi, as well as that received
by my brother from Dr. Muhlenberg, agree very well with that
plant, except in the absence of pubescence, and in the smaller
size of the heads of flowers. Running Buffalo Clover.

7. CLITOHIA. Linn,

Calyx surrounded at base by 2 larger bracts, 5-cleft. Carol
resupinate. Standard large, covering the wings. Stamens
diadelphous. Style somewhat dilated at the apex. Legume
linear, compressed, straight, 2-valved, 1 -celled, many-seeded.

Diadelphia. Decandria.

1. C. mariana Linn. : stem climbing, glabrous ; leaves ternate ; leaf-
et§ ovate-lanceolate ; peduncles solitary, 1— 3-flowered ; calyx tubu-

LEGUMINOS^E. " 81

lar-campanulate, glabrous, much longer than the lanceolate bracts |
teeth nearly equal ; legume torulose.

HAB. Banks of streams. Penn. to Car. July, Aug. If. —
Stem climbing, sometimes erect. Flowers large, pale blue.

2. C. mrginiana Linn. : stem twining, and with the ovate leafets

glabrous or subpubescent ; peduncle 1— 4-flowered ; calyx 5-parted,

about as long as the lanceolate bracts ; legume linear, compressed.

HAB. Hedges, Penn. to Car. Aug. If. — Flowers purple or

violet, larger than that of any of our North American Papilio-

naceae. De Candolle describes three varieties of this species,

which differ only in the shape of the leaves. Butterfly Weed.

8. GALACTIA, Mich.

Calyx bibractiate, 4-cleft ; segments acute, nearly equal.
Carol papilionaceous ; petals 5, oblong, distinct. Standard
incumbent, broader than the others. Stamens diadelphous.
Style smooth. Stigma obtuse. Legume terete or compress-
ed, many-seeded, bivalved, 1-celled, elongated.

Diadelphia. Decandria.

1. G. mollis Mich. : stem twining, softly- villous ; leaves ternate ;
leafets ovate-oblong, obtuse, pale beneath ; racemes axillary, a little
longer than the leaves, pedunculate ; flowers pedicelled ; calyx acumi-
nate, villous ; legume compressed, villous. — Hedysarum volubile Linn.

HAB. Pine barrens. N. J. to Car. July, Aug. If. — Stem pros-
trate or climbing. Flowers small, purple.

2. G. glabclla Mich. : stem prostrate, somewhat twining, smooth ;
leaves ternate ; leafets eliptic-oblong, obtuse, emarginate at each end,
shining above ; racemes axillary, simple, few-flowered, on peduncles as
long as the leaves ; calyx smooth; legumes pubescent, (smooth, Nutt.)
— Ervum volubile Walt.

HAB. Pine barrens. N. J. to Car. Aug. If. — Flowers reddish-
purple, large. Root fusiform.

9. TEPHROSIA. Pers.

Calyx without bracts, nearly equal, 5-toothed. Standard
of the corol large, roundish, pubescent or sericeous without,
reflexed-spreading ;.ioings adhering to the obtuse keel. Sta-
mens none or diadelphous. Legume compressed-flat, linear,
many-seeded. Seeds compressed. Diadelphia. Decandria.

T. mrginiana Pers. : erect ; leafets 8 — 12 pairs, oval-oblong, mucfon-
ate, white villous beneath ; raceme terminal, subsessile ; legumes fal-
cate villous. — Galega mrginiana Linn.

HAB. Barrens. Can. and throughout the U. S. July. Zf. —
Stem a foot high. Flowers varied with red, yellow and white.

Goafs Rue.

DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.

10. AMORPHA. Linn.

Calyx 5-toothed, obconic-campanulate. Standard of the
corol ovate, concave ; wings and keel none. Style filiform,
straight, glabrous. Stamens exserted, monadelphous at base.
Legume compressed, ovate or lunulate, 1 -celled, 1 — 2-seeded.

Diadeljphia. Decandria.

A. fruticosa Linn. : subarborescent, smooth ; leaves pinnate, petio-
late ; leafets elliptic-oblong ; spikes aggregated, long ; calyx hoary, 4
teeth, obtuse, the other one acuminate ; legume few-seeded.

HAB. N. J. to Car. W. to Rocky mountains. July. *> — A
shrub, with spikes of purple flowers. Varies with emarginate,
mucronate and narrower leaves. Wild Indigo.

11.- ROBINIA. Dt Can*!.

Teeth of the calyx 5, lanceolate, two upper ones approxi-
mate. Corol papilionaceous. Standard large. Keel ob-
tuse. Stamens diadelphous, deciduous. Legume compress-
ed, subsessile, many-seeded ; valves flat, thin.

., Diaddphia. Decandria.

R. pscudacacia Linn. : leaves pinnate, with an odd leafet ; stipules
prickly ; racemes pendulous, and with the legume smooth ; teeth of
the calyx unarmed.

HAB. Near cultivated grounds, but apparently native. N Y. to
Car. W. to Mis«. May.— A large tree, the wood of which is
much esteemed in ship building. Flowers white, odorous, in
long racemes. J^on^t Tret.

12. ASTRAGALUS. Linn.

Calyx 5-toothed. Corol with the keel obtuse. Stamens
diadelphous. Legume 2, or half 2-celled ; lower suture in-
flexed. Diadelplna. Decandria.

1. A. canadcnsis Linn.: erectish, subpubescent ; leafets JO — 12
pairs with an odd one, elliptic-oblong, rather obtuse, smooth on both
sides ; stipules lanceolate, acuminate ; peduncles about as long as the
leaves ; flowers spiked ; bracts shorter than the calyx ; legume erect,
ovate, terete, smooth.

HAB. Banks of streams. Can. to Car. W. to Miss. June. If.
— Stem 2 feet high. Flowers pale yellow. Milk Vetch.

2. A. carolinianus Linn.: erect, smooth; leafets 20 pairs, with an odd
one, oblong, pubescent beneath ; stipules ovate, acuminate ; pedun-
cles longer than the leaves ; flowers spiked ; bracts as long as the pe-
dicels ; legume erect, ovate, tumid, rostrate.

HAB. Mountains. Penn. to Car. June, July. * 1l-—^pkca
dense. Flowers yellow. Perhaps only a variety of the former.

LEGUMINOS^E. 83

13. STYLOSANTHES. Swartz.

Tube of the calyx very long, slender ; limb 5-parted, lobes
unequal. Carol inserted into the calyx. Keel minute, bifid
at the apex. Stamens monadelphous. Style filiform, very
long, straight. Stigma capitate, hispid. Legume with two
joints ; joints 1-seeded ; upper one subuncinate, acuminated
into the base of the style. Diadelphia. Decandria.

S. elatlor Swartz. : stem erect, herbaceous, pubescent on one side ;
leaves ternate ; leafets lanceolate, smooth, acute ; bracts lanceolate,
ciliate ; spikes few-flowered ; legume indurated, 1-seeded. — S. hispida
Mich. — Arachis aprica Walt.

HAS. Sandy woods. Penn. to Car. July, Aug. Z£. — Stem a
foot high, branched. Flowers yellow, in terminal compact heads.

Pencil Flower.

14. jESCHYNOMENE. Linn.

Calyx 5-cleft, bilabiate; upper lip 2-cleft or 2-toothed ;
lower one 3-cleft, or 3-toothed. Corol papilionaceous. Sta-
mens 10, in two equal sets. Legume compressed, transverse-
ly jointed, erect, exsert ; joints 1-seeded.

Diadelphia. Decandria.

JE, hispida JVUld. : stem herbaceous, erect, and with the petioles
and peduncles hispid ; leaves in many pairs ; leafets linear, obtuse ;
racemes simples, 3 — 5-flowered, legumes distinctly stipitate, with 6 — 9
hispid joints. — Hedysarum virginicum Linn. ?

HAS. Marshes. Penn. to "Car. July, Aug. $£.— Stems 2—3
feet high. Leafets 20 — 25 pairs. Flowers yellow and red.

15. DESMODIUM. De Cand.

Calyx with 2 bracts at base, obscurely bilabiate to the mid-
dle ; upper lip bifid ; lower one 3-parted, Corol papiliona-
ceous. Standard roundish ; keel obtuse, not truncate ; wings
longer than the keel. Stamens diadelphous (9 and 1) ; fila-
ments subpersistent. Legume with many joints ; joints com-
pressed, 1-seeded, mernbranaceous or coriaceous ; scarcely
dehiscent. Diadelphia. Decandria.

1. D. canadenseDe Cand. : leaves ternate ; leafets oblong-lanceolate,
somewhat glabrous ; stipules filiform ; racemes terminal ; legumes
jointed ; joints 4 — 5, oval, obtuse, triangular, hispid. — Hedysarum can-
adense Linn.

HAB. Dry woods. Can. to Car. W. to Miss. July. If.—
Stem 3 or 4 feet high, erect. Leafets 3 inches long. Flowers
purple. Bush Trefoil.

84 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.

2. D. cantscens De Cand. .* stem erect, hairy, with the angles hispid ;
leaves ternate ; leafets ovate, roundish, with whitish appressed hairs
beneath ; stipules ovate ; racemes panicled ; bracts cordate ; legumes
jointed ; joints triangular, hispid. — Hedysarum canescens Linn. — H.
scaberrimum Ell. ?

HAB. Dry woods. Can. to Car. June— Aug. !£.— Stem 3—4
feet high, and more scabrous than any other American species.
Flotcers pale purple, middle-sized.

3. D. marylandicum De Cand. : stem erect, pilose, branching ;
leaves ternate ; leafets oblong, villous beneath ; stipules subulate ;
racemes paniculate ; legumes 3-jointed ; joints rhomboidal, reticulate,
somewhat hairy. — H. marylandicum Linn.

HAB. Dry fields and woods. N. Y. to Car. July, Aug. ©. —
Stem hairy above. Flowers purple, in a somewhat loose and
slender panicle.

4. D. obtusum De Cand. : stem erect or ascending, pubescent; leaves
ternate; leafets ovate, obtuse, subcordate at base ; stipules lanceolate-
subulate ; panicle terminal ; joints of the legume semi-orbiculate, retic-
ulate, hispid. — H. obtusum NnliL in 11 "illd.

HAB. Woods. N. Y. to Car. July, Aug. L£.— Stew 2—3 feet
high, sometimes cespitose. Flowers purple, in a terminal pani-
cle.

5. D. viridijlorum Beck : stem erect ; leaves ternate ; leafets ovate,
obtuse, scabrous on the upper surface, villous and very soft beneath;
panicle terminal, very long, naked ; joints of the legume triangular.
— Hedysarum riridiflorum Linn. Ell. Torr. not of Pursh.

HAB. Woods. N. Y. to Car. July. L£.— Stem 3— 4 feet high,
very scabrous towards the summit. Leares very scabrous on the
upper surface, clothed with a velvet-like tomentum on the under.
Flowers purple within, greenish without. This is undoubtedly
the true H. viridifontm of Linnaeus ; a plant which seems to be
quite distinct from the next. See Ell. Sk. ii. 217.

6. D. oihinianum Beck: stem erect, branching, pubescent; leaves
ternate; leafets ovate-oblong and sub-deltoid, acute, mucronate, sca-
brous beneath ; stipules lanceolate-cuspidate ; racemes paniculate,
bracted ; legumes with scabrous oval joints. — D. mridifiorum De Cand. f
— Hedysarum riridiflorum Pursh. — H. aikini Eat.

HAB. Woods and old fields. N. Y. Penn. July, Aug. It.—
Stem 3 feet high. Flowers reddish-purple, becoming green when
dry. This plant differs from the true H. viridiflorum in the
leaves being very scabrous beneath, and was very properly se-
parated by Prof. Eaton in the last edition of his Manual of
Botany.

7. D. ciliare De Cand. : stem erect, branching, pubescent ; leaves
ternate, on short petioles ; leafets small, oval-obtuse, pubescent under-
neath, fringed along the margin ; racemes axillary and terminal, pani-
culate ; joints of the legume (2—3) oval, hispid. — Hedysanim ciliare
Nutt.

LEGUMINOS^. 85

HAB, Woods.. Penn. to Car. Aug. If.— A small and slender
species about 2 feet high. Flowers small, violet, in a slender
branched panicle.

8. D. Iccvigatum DC Cand. : stem simple, erect, smooth, somewhat
glaucous ; leaves ternate, on long petioles ; leafets ovate, acute ;
panicle terminal ; flowers in pairs, on long pedicels ; bracts ovate,
acute, shorter than the flower buds ; lower segment of the calyx elon-
gated : joints of the legume triangular. — Hedysarum Icevigatum Nutt.

HAB. Woods. N. J. to Car. Aug. 2J..—Stem 3—4 feet high.
Flowers purple. The smoothest of the North American species.

9. D. bracteosum De Cand. : stem erect, smooth ; leaves ternate ;
leafets oblong-oval, acuminate, smooth ; stipules subulate ; racemes
terminal, few-flowered ; bracts ovate, acuminate, striate, glabrous ;
legume with suboval joints. — Hedysarum bracteosum Mich.

b. cuspidatum De Cand. : leafets scabrous on the margin ; stipules
ovate-lanceolate ; joints of the legume reticulate, glabrous,
pubescent on their margins. — Hedysarum cuspidatum WiUd.

HAB. Woods. Penn. to Car. Aug. If. — St&m 3—5 feet high.
Flowers large, purple, violet.

10. D. paniculatum De Cand. : stem erect, smooth, leaves ternate ;
leafets oblong-lanceolate, or elliptical, smooth ; stipules subulate ;
panicle terminal ; legumes with 4 rhomboidal pubescent joints. — Hedy-
sarum paniculatum Linn.

HAB. Dry woods. Can. to Car. W. to Miss. Aug. 74..— Stem
3 feet high, slender. Leaves long. Flowers purple.

11. D. strictum DC Cand. ; stem stiffly erect, simple, subpubescent ;
leaves ternate ; leafets sublinear, smooth, reticulate, glaucous beneath ;
stipules subulate ; panicles terminal, pedunculate, few-flowered ; le-
gume incurved, with sublunate-triangular hispid joints. — Hedysarum
hirtum Pursh.

HAB. Pine barrens. N. J. to Car. W. to Miss. Aug. 21. —
Stem slender, very erect. Leafets narrow. Flowers small, pur-
ple, in long axillary and terminal panicles.

12. D. acuminatum DC Cand. : stem erect, simple, pubescent ; leaves
ternate, on very long petioles ; leafets ovate, conspicuously acumi-
nate, somewhat hairy, the odd one roundish-rhomboidal ; panicle ter-
minal, on a very long peduncle ; petioles somewhat pilose ; joints of
the legume roundish, glabrous. — Hedysarum acuminatum Mich.

HAB. Shady woods. Can. to Car. W. to Miss. July, Aug. If.
— Panicle 1 — 2 feet long. Flowers purple.

13. D. nudiflorum De Cand. : stem erect, simple, somewhat gla-
brous ; leaves ternate ; leafets broad-ovate, acuminate ; scape panicu-
late, smooth, radical ; joints of the legume obtusely-triangular, some-
what glabrous. — Hedysarum nudiflorum Linn.

HAB. Woods. Can. to Car. Aug. 0. — Stem 8—10 feet high.
Scape 2 — 3 feet long, slender. Flowers purple.

8

86 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.

14. D. rotundifolium DC Cand. : stem prostrate, hirsute ; leaves ter-
nate ; leafets suborbicular, hairy ; stipules roundish-cordate, reflexed ;
racemes axillary, paniculate ; joints of the legume subrhomboidal, re-
ticulate, scabrous. — Hedysarum rotundifolium. Mich.-H. canesccns.Wittd.

HAB. Rocky woods. N. Y. to Car. Aug. II.— Racemes few-
flowered. Flowers purple. — The southern plant seems to differ
from the northern, and may prove distinct.

15. D. humifusum Beck : stem prostrate, smooth ; leaves ternate ;
leafets ovate, slightly hairy ; racemes terminal, elongated ; joints of
the legume subrhomboidal. — Hedysarum humifusum. Muhl. Torr. Big.

HAB. Woods. Mass. Penn. to Car. MuhL Aug. If.. — Resem-
bles the last, but is smoother and has the leafets oval or ovate
and subacute. — Perhaps only a variety.

1C. HEDYSARUM. DC Cand.

Calyx 5-cleft ; segments linear-subulate, nearly equal.
Standard large. Keel obliquely truncate ; wings much short-
er than the keel. Stamens diadelphous (9 and 1.) Legume
with many joints ; joints compressed, roundish, 1-seeded.

DiadeJphia. Decandria.

}L loretde Nutt. : stem subdecumbent ; leaves pinnate ; leafets (7 or
8 pairs) oblong-ovate, partly villose ; stipules sheathing, subulate j ra-
cemes on long peduncles ', legumes with smooth, rugose, roundish
joints. — //. alpinum Mich. ?

HAB. Mountains. Can. and Penn. JMidt. AV. to Fort Mandan,
on the Missouri. Nutt. June, July. If. — Flowers numerous,
purple.

17. LESPEDEZA. Mich.

Calyx with bracts at base, 5-parted ; segments nearly
equal. Carol papilionaceous. Keel transversely obtuse. Sta~
metis diadelphous (9 and 1.) Legume lenticular, compressed,
flat, not opening, 1-seeded, unarmed. — Leaves ternate.

Diadelphia. Decandria.

1. L. rctictdata Pers. : stem erect, simple, nearly smooth ; leafets
oblong-linear, obtuse, mucronate, hairy beneath ; fascicles of flowers
subsessile, numerous ; axillary ones subracemose ; legume ovate, re-
ticulate, acute, longer than the calyx. — L. scssilifora, var. Mich. — L. an-
gustifolia. Raf. — Hedysarum reticulatum Mnhi. in H'illd.

HAB. Dry woods. N. J. W. to 111. Aug. U.—Stem 2 feet
high, slender, never branched. Leafets 2 lines broad. Floircrs
violet.

2. L. sessiliflora Nutt. : stem erect, somewhat branched ; leaves on
short petioles ; leafets oblong-oval, obtuse ; fascicles of flowers sub-
sessile ; axillary ones partly racemose; legume naked, acute.— Hcdy-
sarum sessiliftorum Lam.

LEGUMINOS^E. 87

HAB. Dry woods. N. Y. to Flor. Aug., Sept. If.— Stem 2—3
feet high, slender. Leaves hairy beneath. Flowers violet.

3. L. sfaeei Nutt. : stem simple, erect, softly and sericeously villaus 5
leaves on very short petioles ; leafets elliptic-oval, mucronate ; racemes
pedunculate, scarcely longer than the leaves ; legumes pubescent,
naked, longer than the calyx.

HAB. Sandy fields. N. J. to Car. July, Aug. 2[.—Stem 2—3
feet high, covered with a silky pubescence. Peduncles an inch
long. Floicers purple.

4. L.frutescens Ell. : stem erect: leaves on short petioles; leafets
elliptical, obtuse, silky-pubescent beneath; racemes axillary, subses-
sile, shorter than the leaves ; calyx shorter than the corol ; legume pi-
lose, shorter than the calyx. — L.fruticosa Pers, — Hedysarum frutescens
Linn.

HAB. Dry woods. Penn. to Car. Sept. 2J..—Stem 2—3 feet
high. Flowers white and red.

5. L. capitata Mich. : stem erect, simple ; leaves on very short peti-
oles ; leafets elliptic, with close pressed hairs beneath ; spikes capitate,
on short peduncles, axillary and conglobate-terminal ; calyx villous,
as long as the corol, with the legume much longer. — Hedysarum con-
glomcratum Lam.

HAB. Borders of woods. Can. to Car. W. to Miss. July,
Aug. H. — Stem 2 — 3 feet high. Flotcers purple. — This may
be only a variety of the last, although it is not so considered
by De Candolle.

G. L. angustrfolia^Ell. : stem erect, pubescent ; leaves on very short
petioles ; leafets ottlong-eliptic or lanceolate, white pubescent beneath;
racemes capitate, longer than the leaves ; corol longer than the calyx.
— L. capitata, var. angustifolia Pursh.

HAB. Sandy woods. N. Y. to Car. Sept. If. — Stem 3—4 feet
high. Leti/cts very narrow, villous beneath. Flowers white and
purple, in small heads.

7. L. polystachya Mich. : stem erect, branched, very villous ; leaves
on very short petioles ; leafets round-oval, obtuse ; spikes oblong, ax-
illary, pedunculate, twice as long as the leaves ; corol and legume
about as long as the calyx. — L. hirta Ell. Torr. — Hedysarum hirtum Linn.

HAB. Dry woods. N. Y. to Car. Aug., Sept. Z£. — Stem2 — 4
feet high. Flowers reddish-white, in dense racemes on pedun-
cles which are longer than the leaves.

8. L. violacea Pers. : diffuse, much branched, somewhat pubescent ;
leaves on long petioles ; leafets elliptic-obtuse, somewhat hairy ; ra-
cemes subumbelled, about as long as the leaves ; flowers in pairs, dis-
tinctly pedicellate ; legume rhomboidal, reticulate and smooth. — He-
dysamm violaceum Linn.

HAB. Dry woods. Can to Car. W. to Miss. July. If. — Stem
long, slender. Flowers violet. — Lespedeza divergens of Pursh, is
probably only a variety of the above, although Mr. Elliott con-

DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.

aiders it very distinct. "It is," he says, "distinguished by
mucli larger leaves on much longer petioles, its stem is much
more diffusely branched, the peduncles long with the flowers
scattered and distinctly racemose."

9. L. procumbens Mich: slender, procumbent, every where pubes-
cent ; leaves on long petioles ; leafets oval, obtuse, mucronate ; pe-
duncles very long, setaceous ; racemes short, subumbellate ; flowers
in pairs, distinct ; legume oval, nearly smooth. — Hedysarum lespedcza
1st in.

HAB. Sandy woods. Can. to Car. W. to Miss. Aug., Sept.
If. Stem 2 — 3 feet long. Fioicers purple, with yellow spots.

10. L. prostrata Pursh : smooth, prostrate ; leaves on very short pe-
tioles ; leafets obovate-elliptic, obtuse ; racemes axillary and terminal,
subpaniculate ; peduncles very long; legumes oval, subpubescent. —
Hedysarum prostratum Mulit. in Wittd.

HAB. Sandy soils. N. J. to Car. Aug. 2_(. — Very similar to
the preceding species. Flotcers violet.

11. L. repens Bart. : leaves ternate ; leafets roundish-elliptical;
emarginatc ; racemes axillary; legume repand. — Hedysarum repens
Willd.

HAB. Woods. Penn. and Virg. Muhl. July. 2^.— This may
be identical with the last.

18. VICIA. Linn.

Calyx tubular, 5-cleft or 5- toothed ; two upper teeth shorter.
Corol papilionaceous. Stamens diadelphous.' Style filiform,
bearded beneath the stigma. Legume oblong, 1 -eel led, many-
seeded. Diadclphia. Decandria.

* Flowers on peduncles.

1. V. caroliniana Walt. : smoothish ; leafets 8 — 10, elliptical -lanceo-
late, subalteniate, obtuse, mucronate ; stipules ovate-lanceolate, entire;
peduncles many-flowered, as long as or longer than the leaves ; flow-
ers distant ; teeth of the calyx short > style villous at the top ; legume
lanceolate, smooth, obliquely veined. — V. parviflora Mich .

HAB. Mountains. Penn. to Car. May, June. If. — Stem long
and climbing. Fkncers small, white. Standard black at the tip.

2. V. americana Muhl. : leafets 8—12, elliptical-lanceolate, obtuse,
smooth, mucronate ; stipules semisagittate, deeply toothed ; pedun-
cles 4 — 10-flowered, shorter than the leaves. .

HAB. Shady woods. Penn. W. to Miss. June. 2J..-—Siem
long. Leaves distant. Flowers purple. American Vetch.

3. V. cracca Linn. : stem branching ; leafets numerous, oblong, al-
ternate and opposite, mucronate, pubescent ; stipules semisagittate-
linear ; peduncles many-flowered, as long as or longer than the leave*;

LEGUMINOS^E. 89

racemes crowded, secund ; teeth of the calyx unequal ; upper ones
very short ; lower ones shorter than the tube ; styles hairy at the top;
legume oblong, coriaceous, compressed.

HAB. Meadows. N. S. Aug. II. — Stem subpubescent. Leaves
pinnate. Floioers small, pale purple, numerous, drooping and
imbricated. Tufted Fetch.

** Flowers nearly sessile.

4. V. sativa Linn. : leafets 10-— 42, obovate-retuse or oblong-retuse,
mucronate, smooth or hairy ; stipules semisagittate, toothed, with a
dark spot beneath ; flowers mostly in pairs, sessile ; calyx cylindric ;
segments linear-lanceolate, nearly equal ; style bearded at the top j
legume compressed.

HAB. Fields. Can. to Car. June. 0. — Stem 1 — 2 feet high.
Flowers small, blue. A very variable species. Common Vetch.

19. ERVUM. Linn.

Calyx 5-cleft, segments linear, acute, nearly equalling the
coroj. Stigma glabrous. Legume oblong, 2—4 seeded.

Diadelphia. Decandria.

* Legume broad-oblong, %-sceded.

1. E. hirsutum Linn. : leafets linear, obtuse, mucronate ; stipules
semisagittate, narrow ; peduncles 3 — 6-flowered, shorter than the
leaves} segments of the calyx linear-lanceolate, equal, longer than the
tube ; legume oblong, compressed, hairy, finely reticulate ; seeds glo-
bose, variegated. — Vicia Michelli Raf.

HAB. Fields. N. Y. to Car. May, June. ^.—Stem 2—3 feet
long, much branched and diffuse. Leaves cirrose. Floioers
very small, bluish-white. Hairy Tare.

** Legume oblong-tinear, 4 — 6-seeded.

2. E. tetraspermum Linn. : stems cespitose, branching ; leafets 4 — 6,
oblong mucronate ; stipules lanceolate semisagittate ; peduncles 1 — 4-
flowered, filiform ; segments of the calyx unequal, broadish, shorter
than the tube ; legume oblong, compressed, smooth ; seeds subglobose,
black. — Vicia pusilla Muhl.

HAB. Fields, &c. N. S. May, June. %£.— Stems very slender.
Flowers minute, bluish-white. Smaller and slenderer than the
last. Smooth Tare.

20. PISUM. Linn.

Segments of the calyx leafy ; two upper ones shorter.
Standard large, reflexed. Style compressed, keeled, villous
above. Legume oblong, compressed, not winged. Seeds
many, subglobose, with a roundish hilum.

Diadelphia. Decandria.
8*

90 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.

P. maritinium Linn. : stem square, compressed ; petioles flat above;

leafets 5—8, ovate or rounded, often alternate, somewhat pubescent ;

stipules ovate-semisagittate ; peduncles many-flowered, shorter than

the leaves ; legumes oblong, obliquely reticulate, small ; seeds small,

numerous, roundish. — fMthijrus maritimus Big. ?

HAB. Shores of the great lakes. Nutt. Salt marshes, Boston.
Big. ? May, July. 2_£. — Plant pale green. Flowers blue and
purple, large, 6— S in a raceme. — I insert this plant upon the au-
thority of Pursh, Nuttall and other authors, but have no means
of determining whether it is truly a Pisvm. Dr. Bigelow's plant,
of which I have specimens from Dr. C. Pickering, seems to me
to be a Latliyrus ; but until the question of the identity of these
plants is more satisfactorily determined, I have thought proper
to leave them as above. Beach Pea.

21. LATHYRUS. Linn.

Calyx campnnulate, 5-cleft ; two upper lobes shorter. Ca-
rol papilionaceous. Stamens diadelphous. Style flat, dilat-
ed at the summit, villous or pubescent on the upper side. L«-
gtune oblong, many seeded, 2-valved, 1-celled. Seeds globose
or angled. Diadelphia. Decandria.

1. L. venosns Muhl. : stem square, naked ; leaves pinnate ; leafets
numerous, (about 5 pairs) ovate, obtuse, subopposite, mucronate,
smooth, veined ; stipules semisagittate, ovate ; peduncles many-flow-
ered, shorter than the leaves.

HAB. Low meadows. N. Y. Penn. July, Aug. If. — lAttfds
large. Flowers purple. \y-uaoed VetcJwng.

2. L. paluslris Linn. : stem smooth, winged, weak ; leafets in 3-pairs,
oblong, mucronate ; stipules semisagittate, acute ; peducles 3 — 5-
flowered, a little longer than the leaves ; segments of the calyx un-
equal, sublinear, as long as the tube ; legume compressed.

HAB. Low grounds. Can. and N. S. June, July. 2£. — Stem
lax. Leafets varying in width. Flowers pale purple.

3. L. myrtifohus Muhl. : stem weak, flexuous, square ; leafets 4, ob-
long-lanceolate, somewhat obtuse, mucronate, rigid, smooth, veined ;
stipules semisagittate, lanceolate, acuminate, scabrous on the margin ;
peduncles 3 — 4-flowered, longer than the leaves.

HAB. Salt marshes. N. Y. and Penn. July, Aug. It. — Re-
sembles the former. Flowers smaller, purple and rose-coloured.

4. L. glaucifolius Beck : stem nearly erect, acute-angled ; leafets in
3-pairs, ovate, obtuse, mucronate, glaucous and reticulate beneath ;
stipules largo, semisagittate, broad-ovate, acuminate ; peduncles 4 — 10-
flowered, shorter than the leaves ; legume compressed, glabrous.

HAB. Rocky banks of the Raritan river near New-Brunswick,
N. J. May, June. 21 — This plant appears to me to be decid-
edly distinct. The leafets are uniformly broader and larger than

LEGUMINOS.E. 91

in any American species, being from 1 1-2 — 2 inches long and 1
broad, and very strikingly glaucous on the under side. The
flowers also are large and pale yellow. It was first noticed by
my lamented friend, the late Rev. John De Witt, D. D. of Rutgers
College, who was adding to his other attainments, a knowledge
of the botanical productions of the interesting region around
New-Brunswick.

22. AMPHICARPA. De Cand.

Calyx campanulate, 4-toothed, without bracts at base ;
teeth equal, somewhat obtuse. Carol papilionaceous. Pe-
tals oblong. Standard broad, incumbent, subsessile. Sta-
mens diadelphous. Style filiform. Stigma capitate. Le-
gume compressed, stiped, 1 — 4-seeded.

Diadelpliia. Decandria.

A. monoica EU. : stem hairy ; leaves ternate ; leafets ovate,'smooth ;
racemes of the stem pendulous, bearing petals, sterile ; radical pedun-
cles bearing apetalous fertile flowers. — Glycine monoica Linn.

HAB. Woods. N. Y. to Car. July, Aug. If. — Stem twining,
slender. Flowers purple.

23. APIOS. Pursk.

Calyx campanulate, with 4 obsolete teeth, 1 acute and
elongated under the keel. Carol papilionaceous. Keel fal-
cate reflecting the apex of the standard. Stamens diadelphous.
Stigma emarginate. Legume coriaceous, many-seeded.

Diadelpliia. Decandria.

A. tuber osa Moench. — Gylcine apios Linn.

HAB. Woods. N. Y. to Car. July, Aug. If. — Root tuberous.
Stem twining. Leaves pinnate ; leafets 5 — 7. Flowers dark pur-
ple in axillary racemes. Ground-nut. Wild Bean.

24. PHASEOLUS. Linn.

Calyx campanulate, bilabiate ; upper lip 2-toothed ; lower
one 3-parted. Carol papilionaceous. Keel, stamens and style
spirally twisted or rarely incurved. Legume compressed or
cylindric, 2-valved, many-seeded. — Leaves ternate.

Diadelpliia. Decandria.

1. P. perennis Walt. : twining, pubescent ; leafets ovate, acuminate,
3-nerved ; racemes 1 — 3, axillary, paniculate, longer than the leaves ;
bracts minute ; legumes pendulous, broad, falcate, mucronate. — P.pani-
culatus Mich. — Dolichos polystachyus Linn.

HAB. Dry woods. N. Y. to Car. W. to Miss. July. If.

Stem long. Panicle 6—10 inches long. Flowers purplish, large.
Standard large. Wild Kidney-bean.

92 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.

2. P. direr stfotius Pers. : stem prostrate ; leafets ovate, angular, 2—
3-lobed ; peduncles angled, longer than the leaves ; flowers in heads ;
bracts ovate ; legumes linear, terete, subpendulous, pubescent. — P. tri-
lobus Mich. — Strophostyles anguLosa EU. Torr. — Glycine anguLosa, Muhl.
in Wtild.

HAB. Woods. N. J. to Car. Aug. © — Stem prostrate and a
little scabrous. Flowers 8 — 14 at the summit of a peduncle 4 — C
inches long, purple. Seeds reniform-cylindrical.

3. P. hdrohts Linn. : climbing or prostrate ; leafets deltoid-oblong,
subsinuate ; peduncles longer than the leaves, 3-flowered at the top ;
wings expanding, very large ; legume erect. — Strophostyles hclvola Ell,
TVrr.

HAB. Sandy fields. N. Y, to Car. W. to Miss. July, Aug,
If. — Stem branching. Flowers purple.

P. rrrillatus Linn, ,• stem prostrate, twining, somewhat hairy ; leaf-
ete oblong-ovate ; peduncles very long ; flowers 5 — 7 in a head ; stan-
dard large> emarginate ; wings small ; legume terete, hairy ; seeds
woolly. — Strophostyles peduncularis EU. — Glycine peduncularis Muld.
HAB. Woods. N. J. to Car. July. 2^.— Stem prostrate or
climbing. Flowers 5 — 7 on a common peduncle 6 — 7 inches
long, large, pink and purple. — This species is credited to New-
Jersey by Prof W. P. C. Barton and to Pennsylvania by Muh-
lenberg. It seems to me to be distinct from the preceding.

25. LUPINUS. Linn.

Calyx deeply bilabiate. Carol papilionaceous. Standard
and urings reflexed ; keel acuminate. Stamens monadelphous.
Sheath entire. Style filiform. Stigma terminal, roundish,
bearded. Legume, coriaceous, oblong, compressed, obliquely
torulose. Diadelphia. Decandria.

L. percnnis Linn. : herbaceous,rperennial ; root creeping ; stem and
leaves smoothish ; leaves digitate ; leafets 8 — 9, oblong, mucronate,
villous beneath ; flowers alternate, on pedicels ; calyx without appen-
dages ; upper lip emarginate, the lower entire.

HAB. Sandy woods. Can. to Flor. W. to Miss. May, June.
Z/, — Stem a foot high, ascending, somewhat hairy. Flowers blue,
in a terminal spike or raceme. Common Lupine.

26. CRAFORDIA. Raf. DeCand.

Calyx campanulate, 5-cleft ; segments nearly equal. Stan-
dard large, reflexed ; wings appressed, auriculate at base ;
keel obtuse, longer than the wings. Stamens 10, diadelphous.
Style filiform. Stigma punctiform, glabrous. Legume sub-
dispermous, linear, torulose, striate. Seeds oblong-reniform.
Plant twining. Diadelphia. Decandria.

LEGUMINOS^J. 93

C. bracteata Raf. De Cand.

HAB. Banks of the Susquehannah. Penn. Raf. — Plant twining.
Leaves unequally pinnate ; leafcls sessile, oblong, mucronate.
Peduncles longer than the leaves, somewhat spiked ; bracts sca-
riose, subulate, persistent, ciliate ; flowers white. — This genus
is said by De Candolle to be allied to Galega and Colutea, but
differs from them as well as from Teprosia, by its 2-seeded legume.

SUBORDER II. C^ES ALPINES.

Petals imbricated in aestivation. Stamens periginous,
mostly free.

27. GLEDITSCHIA. Linn.

Flowers by abortion imperfect, or perfect. Sepals 34-5,
equal. Petals as many as the sepals, arising from the tube
of the calyx. Stamens as many as the sepals and opposite to
them, or by abortion fewer. Style short. Stigma pubescent
above. Legume compressed, 1 or many-seeded. Seeds com-
pressed. Dioecia. Hexandria.

G. triacanthos Linn. : branches spiny ; spines thick, simple or triple
and compound, leaves equally pinnate ; leafets linear-oblong ; legume
compressed-flat, falcate, many-seeded.. — G. triacanilios and brachy-
cai-pa Pursh.

HAB. Woods. N. J. to Car. W. to Miss. A tree sometimes
attaining the height of 40 or 50 feet, with very long spines.
Flowers in axillary racemes. Legume 10 — 12 inches long, many-
seeded, the intervals between the cells of the seeds filled with a
saccharine pulp. The tree is sometimes unarmed, when it forms
the var. inermis of De Candolle. Honey Locust.

28. GYMNOCLADUS. Lam.

Flowers by abortion dioecious. Calyx tubular, 5-cleft.
Petals 5, equal, oblong, exserted from the tube. Stamens 10,
included. Legume oblong, thick, pulpy within.

Dioecia. Decandria.

G. canadensis Mich. . '

HAB. Can. N. Y. S. W. to Arkansa. May, June. A middle
sized tree. Leaves very large, bipinnate ; leafets oval, acumi-
nate, pubescent. Floicers white, in racemes. Legume large,
dark brown. Coffee Tree.

29. CASSIA. Linn.

Sepals 5, scarcely united at base, somewhat unequal.
Petals 5, unequal. Stamens 10, free, unequal ; 3 lower ones
longer ; 4 middle ones short and straight ; 3 upper ones with
abortive anthers. Anthers dehiscent at the apex.

Ihcandria. Monogynia.

94 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.

1. C. marylandica linn.: nearly smooth ; leafets in 8 or 9 pairs,
ovate-oblong, mucronate, equal ; gland at the base of the petiole
ovate ; racemes axillary, many-flowered, shorter than the leaves ;
legume compressed, linear, hispid, at length smooth.

HAB. Banks of streams. N. Y. to Car. W. to Miss. July, Aug.
2_(. — Stem 3 — 4 feet. Flowers yellow, large, in axillary racemes,
which appear paniculate at the summit of the stem. Medfcinal
Big. Mai. Hot. i, 166. Wild Senna.

2. C.fnjtrlcvlata Mich. : nearly smooth ; leafets in 8 or 9 pairs, ob-
long-linear, mucronate ; gland near the middle of the petiole, sessile ;
fascicles lateral, many-flowered ; petals and stamens of the same
colour ; legume smooth, curved, ascending.

HAB. Dry fields. N. Y. to Car. June— Aug. Q.— Flowers
yellow.

3. C. nictitans Linn. : stem erect or pubescent, branched ; leafets in
16 — 20 pairs, oblong-linear, obtuse, mucronate ; gland on the petiole
cup-shaped, on a slender foot-stalk ; peduncles subaxillary, short, few-
flowered ; flowers pentandrous ; legume pubescent.

HAB. Sandy banks of streams. N. Y. to Car. June, July. ©.
— Stem a foot high. Floicers small, yellow. The leaves are
somewhat irritable like the mimosa or sensitive plant.

Sensitirc Plant.

4. C. chamacrista Linn. : smoothish ; leafets in 10 — 15 pairs, oblong-
linear, mucronate ; gland sessile on the petiole ; peduncles 2 — 3-
flowered, above the axils, shorter than the petiole ; 2 of the petals
spotted ; legume pubescent.

HAB. Sandy places. N. Y. to Car. W. to Miss. June— Aug.
©. — Stem a foot or more high. Flowers yellow, sometimes the
base of all the petals spotted.

30. CERCIS. Linn.

Calyx 5-toothed, gibbous at base. Petals 5, with claws,
subpapilionaceous, all distinct ; wings large. Stamens 10,
free, unequal. Legume oblong, compressed, 1-celJed, many-
seeded ; upper seminiferous suture margined. Seeds obo-
vate. Decandria. Monogynia.

C. canadensis Linn. : leaves roundish-cordate, acuminate, villous at
the axils of the nerves ; legumes x>n short foot-stalks ; flowers in small
fascicles.

HAB. Woods. Can. to Car. W. to Miss. April. A small tree
with greyish bark. Flowers appearing before the leaves, of a
dark rose colour. Judas Tree. Red Bud.

ORDER XXXVI. AMYGDALEjE. Lind.

i
Calyx 5-toothed, deciduous, the odd lobe superior. Petals

5. Stamens about 20, in aestivation curved inwards ; anthers

AMYGDALEJE. 95

erect, 2-celled. Torus lining the tube of the calyx. Ovary
superior, solitary, simple, one-celled ; styles terminal, with a
groove on each side ; stigma renifbrm. Fruit a drupe. Seeds
usually solitary, suspended from the funiculus, which arises
from the base of the cavity, but coheres with its sides. Em-
bryo straight, with the radicle next to the hilum ; albumen
none ; cotyledons thick.

Trees or shrubs. Leaves simple, alternate, stipulate. Hy-
drocyanic acid present in the leaves and kernel.

1. PRUNUS. Linn.

Drupe ovate or oblong, fleshy, very smooth, covered with
greyish dust ; putamen compressed, acute at both ends, ,sub-
sulcate at the margin, elsewhere smooth. — (Plum.)

Icosandria. JVLonogynia.

1. P. maritima mild. : peduncles solitary ; leaves ovate-oblong,
acuminate, doubly serrate ; fruit dark purple. — P. acuminata Mich.

HAB. Sea coast. N. J. to Car. May. T>. — Fruit about the
size of the common garden plum, dark purple. Beach Plum.

2. P. Americana Marsh. : leaves oblong-oval, acuminate, sharply
serrate, veined ; umbel 2 — 4 flowered. — P. nigra Muhl. not of Ait.

HAB. Penn. Aug. Tp.-^-A tree 8 — 15 feet high. Flowers white.
Fruit reddish-yellow. By cultivation the fruit becomes large
and luscious. Dr. Darlington, who notices this species in his
Florida Cestrica, thinks it has not been described by any one
except Marshall. — Abustrum Americanum p. iii. — He remarks, ' ' I
certainly should not have expected to find it under the specific
name nigra, if Dr. Muhlenberg's catalogue had not directed my
attention to that species, by the subjoined English name ' Yel-
low Plum.' I think it cannot be the P. nigra of Aiton, Will-
denow, Persoon,&c. for they seem evidently to refer to a species
of cherry, properly so called. This species, though clearly dis-
tinct, approaches nearer to the Chicasa plum than to any other
which I have seen." Yellow Plum. Brandywine Plum.

3. P. mollis Torr. : younger branches leaves and peduncles pubes-
cent ; umbels sessile, 2 — 3 flowered ; leaves ovate, long-acuminate,
doubly dentate-serrate : stipules setaceous, denticulate ; calyx nearly
smooth ; segments linear-lanceolate, serrate.

HAB. Mass.— A small tree. Flowers large. Fruit oval, nearly
black when ripe.

4. P. spinosa Linn. : branches spiny ; peduncles solitary, calyx*
campanulate ; lobes obtuse, longer than the tube ; leaves obovate-ellip-
tic or ovate, pubescent beneath, coarsely and doubly dentate ; fruit

>ose.
HAB. Hedge rows. Penn. *? . — Introduced. Pursh.

Black Thorn or Sloe.

96 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.

2. CERASSUS. Juss.

Drupe, globose or umbilicate at base, fleshy, very smooth,
destitute of grey powder ; nucleus subglobose, smooth. —
(Cherry.) Icosandria. Monogynia.

* Flowers umbelled ; pedicels \-flowered, arising from the bints.

1. C.pumila Mich.: striale ; branches virgate ; flowers subumbel-
led, peduncled ; calyx short, campanulate ; leaves obovate-oblong,
erect, glaucous beneath, serrulate, smooth; fruit ovate. — Prunus pu-
mila Lam.

HAB. Banks of streams. Mass, to Virg. May. >>. — Shntb
2 — 3 feet high. Fruit small, ovate, red, acid.

2. C. pygman De Cand. : unarmed ; umbels sessile, few-flowered ;
leaves ovate-elliptic, somewhat acute, smooth on both sides^ sharply
serrafe, attenuate, with two glands at the base.— - Prunus pygmtea Wittd.

HAB. New-England, N. Y. and Penn. May. J>. — Shrub 3 — 4
feet high. Fruit black, of an indifferent taste, and about the size
of a large pea.

3. C.pvbesccns De Cand. : umbels sessile, few-flowered; peduncles and
calyx pubescent ; leaves short-oval, serrulate, mostly with two glands
at base ; fruit globose. — Prunus pubescens Pursh. — P. sph&rocarpa Mich.
—P. liUoralis Big.

HAB. Sandy shores. N. Eng. Penn. May. *>. — Shrub 2 — 4
feet high. Fruit shortly pedunculate, purplish, sour and astrin-
gent.— The description of Dr. Bigelow's P. littoralis, does not
differ materially from the above, except in the fruit, which is
large, (sometimes an inch in diameter) globular, eatable, with
the flavor of the common plum. It may be distinct.

Sand Cherries.

4. C. nigra De Cand. : unarmed ; umbels solitary, sessile, few-
flowered ; leaves deciduous, ovate, acuminate, unequally and acutely
Berrate, smooth on both sides ; petioles with two glands ; segments of
the calyx obtuse, glandular on the margin ; petals obovate. — Prurni*
nigra Ait.

HAB. Mountains. Can. N. Y. and N. Eng. June. 1? — Shrub
6—8 feet high.

5. hyemalis Mich. : flowers umbelled, smooth ; segments of the ca-
lyx lanceolate ; leaves oblong-oval or oboval, abruptly acuminate ; fruit
subovate.

HAB. Can. Virg. and Car. May, 1?.— Fruit small, black, ex-
tremely astringent, but eatable in winter. Pursh.

Black Choke Cherry.

6. C. depressa De Cand. : branches angular, depressed, prostrate ;
umbels few-flowered, sessile, aggregated ; leaves cuneate-lanceolate,
remotely serrate, smooth, glaucous beneath ; fruit ovate. — C. pumila
Mich, not Prunus pumila Linn. — P. depressa Pursh,

AMYGDALE^E. 97

HAB. Banks of streams. Can. to Virg. May. T>. — A low shrub
with spreading branches. Fruit black, small and agreeably
tasted.. %

7. C. borealis Mich. : flowers sub-corymbed ; pedicels elongated ;
leaves oval-oblong, acuminate, membranaceous, glabrous, erosely den-
ticulate, smooth ; fruit subovate. — Prunus borealis Pursh.

HAB. Mountains. Can and N. S. May. £. — A small tree
• with delicate leaves, and hard and fine grained wood. Fruit
small, red, agreeable to the taste, but astringent. Pursh.

Choke Cherries.

** Floicers racemose, arising from the brandies.

8. C. pennsylvanicw De Cand.: umbels subsessile, aggregated, at length
becoming paniculate ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, smooth,
with two glands at the base ; branches punctate.. — Prunus lanceolata
Wittd. — <-P. pcnnsylvanica Ait.

HAB. Woods. N. S. N. to Subarctic America. April, May. T?.
— A sizeable tree, resembling Prunus cerasus. Fruit small, red
and astringent. — Muhlengberg and Torrey havo, I think with-
out reason, confounded this species with P. borealis. Both are
retained by De Canjdolle, and they are even arranged by him un-
der different sections of his genus Cerasus.

9. C. virginiania Mich. : racemes erect, elongated ; petals orbicular ;
leaves oblong, acuminate, dentate, smooth on ftoth sides ; petioles with
2 — 4 glands ; fruit dark red. — Prunus virginiana Linn.

HAB. Woods. Can. to Flor. W. to Miss. , N. to Are. Amer.
May. T?. — A large tree with blackish rough bark and very dense
wood, resembling mahogany, which is much used by cabinetmak-
ers. Flowers white, in long simple racemes. Fruit purplish-
black.

10. C. serotina De Cand. : racemes loose, at length pendulous ; leaves
deciduous, oval or obovate, with a short acumination, opaque, doubly
and very sharply serrate ; midrib bearded on each side towards the
base j petiole with two glands.— Prunus serotina Wittd.

HAB. In woods. N. S. June. ^>. — A large tree, resembling
the preceding in its bark and wood. The fruit is dark red and
astringent. According to Dr. Torrey/ this species has been con-
founded with the preceding by Michaux and- other botanists,
and both are incorrectly described by Willdenow and Pur* h.

11. C. obovata Beck: racemes spreading; leaves obovate, acute,
mostly obtuse at base and sometimes cordate, sharply serrate, smooth,
except the axils of the lower veins beneath ; petioles mostly with two
glands. — Prunus obovata Big. — P. serotina Pursh not of Wittd. ?

HAB. Margins of woods. Can. to Car. ? May. ^>. — A shrub
3 — 4 feet high, rarely rising to the height of a small tree. Fruit
small, red and bitter.— I have long been acquainted with this
shrub which is certainly distinct from C. serotina as above de-
scribed. It may be identical with Prunus kirsutus of Elliott.

12. C. canadensis De Cand. .- flowers in racemes ; leaves deciduous,

9

98 DICOTYLEDQNOUS PLANTS.

without glands, broad-lanceolate, acutely serrate, rugose, pubescent on
both sides. — Prunus canadensis WiUd.

HAB. In Penn. MM. This is supposed by Pursh to be a mere
variety of P. hiemdHs of Mich.

ORDER XXXVII. ROSACE^E. land.

Calyx 4 or 5-lobed, with a disk either lining the tube^or
surrounding the orifice ; the fifth lobe next the axis. Petals 5.
Stamens indefinite ; anthers 2-celled. Torus thick, lining the
tube of the calyx, bearing at its margin the stamens and pet-
als, and on its surface the carpels. Ovaries superior, solita-
ry or several, 1-celled ; ovules 2 or more, suspended ; styles
persistent, lateral ; stigmas usually simple and emarginate on
one side. Fruit either 1-seeded nuts, or acines, or follicles
containing several seeds. Seeds suspended, rarely ascend-
ing. Embryo straight, with a taper short radicle next to the
hilum, and flat cotyledons ; albumen, if present, fleshy.

Herbs or shrubs. Leaves- simple or compound, with 2 sti-
pules at base.

1. SPIRAEA. Linn.

Calyx 5-cleft, persistent. Petals 5. Stamens 10 — 50.
Carpels 1 — many, distinct, rarely united at base, short api-
culate, sessile, rarely stiped. Seeds 2 — 6.

Icosandria. Di-Pentagynia.

* Shrubby. Leaves lobcd and toothed.

1. S. opultfolia var. tomcntdUi De Cand. : leaves ovate, 3-lobed,
doubly toothed and crenate, petioled, smooth ; corymbs terminal,
hemispherical, peduncled ; flowers numerous (30 — 40) trigynous ; pedi-
cels pubescent ; lobes of the calyx ovate, obtuse, pubescent ; capsules
large, inflated, compressed ; seeds obovate, shining, yellow. — «S. opu-
lifolia Pursh. Mich. Torr.

I!AB. Banks of streams. Can. to Geor. W. to Miss. June,
July. *>• — A shrub 3 — 6 feet high. Flowers white, in a corymb.
— According to De Candolle the Linnaean S. apulifolia 1ms the
pedicels and calyx smooth. Nine-bark. Hard-hofk.

** Shrubby. Learu entire or toothed.

2. 8. hyperidfolia, De Cand. : leaves obovate-oblong, 3 — 4 nerved,
entire or dentate, glabrous or slightly pubescent ; nerves pinnate ;
flowers in peduncled corymbs or sessile umbels ; pedicels smooth or
pubescent ; segment of the calyx ascending.

b. plxktnetiana De Cand. : leaves entire, smooth, corymbs se*«ile.
— 8. hyperieifolia Linn. Pursh. Muhl.

ROSACES. 99

d. crcnata De Cand. : leaves obovate, crenulate at the apex,
somewhat pubescent ; corymbs-sessile ; pedicels slightly pubes-
cent.— <S», crenata Linn. MM.

HAB. var. b. Dry swamps. Can. and N. Y. May. *?.
Pursh. var. d. N. Y. MuhL — This species according to De
Candolle is very variable, and includes several which have here-
tofore been considered distinct. It is sometimes cultivated in
our gardens, and was formerly known by the name of Hypericum
frutex, but I believe, it has not been found native ; and the only
authorities for the varieties here mentioned as American plants,
are those above given.

3. 8. corymbosa Rqf. : leaves oblong-obovate, incisely toothed,
pubescent beneath ; corymb terminal, pedunculate, compound, fasti-
giate, somewhat leafy ; flowers peritagynous. — S. corymbosa Mufd. f
#. cliam&drifolia Pursh. ?

HAB. Alleghany mountains. Rrf. May, June. ^>. — Stem 18
inches high, slightly pubescent. Leaves nearly smooth above,
pale beneath. Flowers pale rose-colour, in a compound pedun-
culatecorymb. — I adopt the above description, &c. fromTorrey's
Flora ; though De Candolle still detains Pursh' s plant as a vari-
ety of the Linnsean 8. chamcedrifolia.

4. S. salicifolia Linn. : stem and peduncles glabrous ; leaves lanceo-
late, acutely serrate, smooth ; racemes in dense terminal compound
panicles ; flowers pentagynous ; segments of the calyx ovate, spread-
ing.—S. alba Ekrh.

HAB. Meadows. Can. to Car. N. to Arc. Amer. July. *>. —
Stem 2 — 4 feet high. Flowers white. — This species varies some-
what in the form of the leaves.

R. & tomentosa Linn. : stem and peduncles reddish tomentose ;
leaves ovate-lanceolate, unequally serrate, densely tomentose beneath ;
racemes terminal, compound, crowded ; flowers pentagynous ; seg-
ments of the calyx tomentose on the outer side, reflexed ; capsules 5,
distinct.

HAB. In low grounds. Can. to Car. July, Aug. *?, — Stem
2 — 3 feet high. Floioers small, pale purple, in a very dense
elongated conical raceme. Hard-hack.

*** Herbaceous. Leaves pinnate.

6. S. aruncus var. americana Pursh : leaves twice or thrice pinnate,
shining ; leafets acuminate, lateral ones lanceolate, terminal one
ovate ; spikes slender, in an oblong panicle ; flowers very numerous,
trigynous, perfect. — 8. aruncus Ett.

HAB. Mountains. N. Y. to Geor. W. to Miss. June. 1£. — Stem
4-r6 feet high. Flowers white, small, in slender terminal spikes.

Goafs-beard.

7. 8. lobata Jacq. : leaves palmate-pinnate, smooth, lower ones bipin-
nate ; terminal leafet much larger and 7-lobed ; lateral leafets 3-lobed ;

100 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.

stipules reiiiform ; corymbs proliferous ; flowers with 3 — 5 short styles ;
sepals reflexed.— & palmata Linn.

HAB. Penn. to Car. June. 1£. — Flowers rose-colour, in a com-
pound cyme.

2. GILLENIA. Momch. Ni/it.

Calyx tubular-campanulate, contracted at the mouth, 5-
cleft. Petals 5, linear-lanceolate, somevvha't unequal, coarc-
tate at the claws. Stamens 10—15, included. Styles 5,
contiguous. Stigmas capitate. Capsuh 5-celled ; cells 2-
seeded. Icosandria. Di-Pentagynia.

1. G. trtfoliata Mctnck. : leaves ternate ; leafets lanceolate, serrate,
subequal •; stipules small, linear, entire ; flowers in loose terminal pa-
nicles, large. — Sj/irtca trtfoliata Linn*

HAB. Shady woods. N. J. to Gear. W. to Miss. ; rare. June.
U'—Slem 2—3 feet high. Flowers white, in a few flowered ter-
minal panicle. Petals long. Medicinal, emetic, &c. — Bart.
Veg. Mat. Med. i. 69. Big. Med. Bot. iii. 11.

Indian Physic. Ipecac.

2. G. stipulacea Nutt. : radical leaves pinnatifid ; stem leaves ter-
nate ; leafets incisely serrate ; stipules foliaceous, ovate, incisely tooth-
ed and clasping ; flowers in loose terminal panicles, large.— /S^ircca sti-
11 ni, it, i MvM.

HAB. Western part of N. Y. W. to Miss. S. to Car. June.
L(. — It resembles the former, but can readily be distinguished
by its large clasping stipules. I have fine specimens gathered
in the western part of N. Y. by Pavid Thomas, Esq.

3. DRYAS. Limt.

Calyx 8—9 parted, naked without ; tuhe somewhat con-
cave. Petals 8 — 9. Statncns many. Carpels many, crowii-
ed by a terminal style, at length terminating in a bearded plu-
mose awn. Seed ascending. Icosandria. Polygynia.

D. \ntegrifoliaVahl.: leaves very entire, acute at base. — D. tendla
Pursk.

HAB. On the white hills of N. H. July. 1C.— Peduncles 1 -flow-
ered.— Scarcely differs from D. octopCtala found in the north
western part of Canada.

4. GEUM. Linn.

Calyx with the tuhe concave ; 10-cleft ; the alternate seg-
ments smaller (or limb 5-cleft and 5-bracted.) Petals 5.
Stamens many. Carpels in a head, awned ; awn naked or
bearded, mostly jointed. Icosandria. Polygynia.

ROSACE5E.

101

1. G. strictum Ait.: hairy; leave*? *ll-

terminal leafet larger; leafets ovate, dentate ; stipules ovate, incised ;
calyx with 5 alternate segments, linear and short ; flowers erect ; per
tals roundish, a little longer than the segments ; awns naked, uncinate.
•r-G. canadense Murr.

HAB, Swamps. Can. and N. S. Aug. 21. —Stem 2 feet high.
Floicers large, yellow. Yellow Avens.

2. G. mrginianum Linn. : pubescent ; radical lower stem leaves ter^
nate ; the upper lanceolate ; stipules ovate, nearly entire ; flowers
erect ; petals shorter than the calyx ; awns uncinate, naked, hairy and
twisted at the summit.

HAB. Shady woods. Can. to Car. W. to Miss. June, July.
If. — Stem 2 feet high, erect. Lower leaves large, sometimes
quinate. Floicers yellowish-white, on long peduncles.

Virginian Avens.

3. G. album IVittd. : pubescent ; radical leaves pinnate ; stem leaves
ternate ; the upper one simple, 3-eleft ; lower stipules incised ; flow-
ers erect ; petals as long as the calyx ; awns uncinate, naked, hairy at
the summit. — G. canadense Jacq.

HAB. Banks of streams. Can. to Car. June, July. 11. — Stem
2 feet high. Flowers white, on short peduncles. — De Candolle
thinks it may be a variety of the former. White Avens.

4. G. rivale Linn. : pubescent ; stem simple, 1 — 4 flowered ; radical
leaves interruptedly pinnate ; lobes obovate, doubly-serrate ; stem
leaves 3-lobed ; lobes acute ; flowers nodding ; petals as long as the
calyx ; awns plumose, nearly naked at the summit, minutely uncinate.

HAB. Moist places. Can. and N. S. May, June. If. — Stem
18 inches high. Flowers large, terminal, several on each branch,
dark purple. Water Avens.

5. G. peckii Pursh. : somewhat hairy ; stem few-flowered ; radical
leaves reniform, incisely toothed and somewhat lobed ; petioles elon-
gated, with minute leafets ; petals roundish, longer than the calyx.

HAB. White hills, N. H. July, Aug. If.— Stem 8—10 inches
high. Radical leaves on long petioles. Flowers yellow, middle
sized.

0. G. geniculatum Mich. : stem branched above ; stem leaves sessile,
3-parted ; stipules entire ; flowers somewhat panicled ; petals obcor-
date-cuneate ; awns hairy, geniculate in the middle.
HAB. Canada. Mich. An obscure species.

5. COMAROPSIS. Rich.

Calyx with the tube turbinate, the limb 5rdeft, not bracted,
Petals 5, without claws. Stamens numerous. Carpels small,

9*

102 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.

ah; elongated 'filiform -fityle at the apex. Acines dry, not
united at base. Icosandria. Polygynia.

C.fragaiioides De Cand. : carpels smooth Lsh ; peduncles branched,
3-flowered ; petals thrice as large as the calyx ; leaves ternate ; leai'et*
wedge-fonn, sessile. — Dalibardafragarioides Mich. Punk. Torr.

HAB. Woods. Can. to Car. May. L£. — Root creeping. Scapes
3 — 4 inches high. Leaves on long petioles, ternate, rarely qui-
nate, incisely serrate. Flowers 3—5, yellow. Dry Strawberry.

6. RUBUS. Linn.

Calyx, flat at base, naked, 5-cleft. Petals 5. Stamens
many, inserted into the calyx. Berry composed of many co-
hering fleshy carpels or acines. Receptacle nearly dry.

Icosandria . Polygy nia.

* Lcarcs jrinnate or ternate, white-dmcny beneath.

1. K. strigosus Mich. : stem terete, strongly hispid ; leafets in threes,
or pinnate in fives, oval, obtuse at the base, marked with lines and
whitish-downy beneath, the terminal one often subcordate ; peduncles
somewhat 3-flowered and with the calyx hispid ; flowers in terminal
racemes ; petals obovate, longer than the calyx. — R. pennsylnanicus
Jam.

HAB. Rocky liills. Can. to Virg. N. to Subarc. Amer. May.
\j. — Stem upright, without prickles, but covered with still' l>nV
tles, of a reddish colour. Flowers white. Fruit red, richly fla-
voured. Red Raybcmj.

2. K. occidcntalis Linn. : somewhat smooth ; stem terete, glaucous,
armed with strong recurved prickles ; leaves of the sterile branches
pinnate, of the fertile ones ternate ; leafets ovate, coarsely serrate,
hoary -tomentose beneath ; petioles terete ; flowers in terminal racemes;
lobes of the calyx lanceolate-linear, tomentose at the apex; petals obo-
vate-wedgeform, 2-lobed, shorter than the calyx.

HAB. Side hills. Can. to Car. N. to Subarc. Amer. May —
July. 1>. — Stem 4 — 5 feet high. Flowers white. Fruit round-
ish, black and reddish. Wild Raspberry.

3. It. idanis Linn. : villose ; stem terete, with slender recurved
prickles ; leaves of the sterile branches pinnate, of the fertile ones ter-
nate ; leafets rhombic-ovate, acuminate, white and very downy be-
neath ; petioles channelled ; flowers somewhat corymbed ; lobes of the
calyx ovatc-lanceoJate, white-tomentose, submucronate ; petals obo-
vate- wedgoform, entire, shorter than the calyx.

HAB. Hedges and woods. Can.toPenn. Pitrsh. June. J?. — Stem
a — 4 feet high. Flowers white, panicled. Fruit red. It is said
to have several varieties.

ROSACES. 103

** Leaves palmate, with 3— 5 Uafets.

t Frutescent.

4. R. setosus Big. : stem strongly hispid ; branches setose at the
apex ; leaves ternate or quinate, on long petioles ; leafets obovate-
wedgeform, simply serrate, smooth, of the same colour on both sides ;
flowers in racemes, with bristly pedicels ; petals obovate-wedgeform,
longer than the calyx.

HAB. Swamps. Can. and Mass. Big. June. ^>. — Flowers
white. Fruit red. Bristly Raspberry.

5. R. cuneifolius Pursh : stem petioles and peduncles tomentose ;
prickles few, recurved ; leaves ternate and quinate, palmate ; leafets
wedgeform, ovate, entire at the base, subplicate, tomentose beneath ;
flowers in terminal panicles; pedicels divaricate, naked, 1-flowered. —
R. parvijlorus Walt.

HAB. Sandy fields. N. J. to Car. June. T?.—Stem 2—3 feet
high. Flowers white. Fruit black, ovate, juicy, eatable.

6. R.frondosus Big. : stem prickly, erect ; leaves ternate or quinate;
pubescence simple ; racemes leafy, about ten-flowered ; petals orbi-
cular.

HAB. Road sides, near Boston. Big. May, June. ^> Flow-
ers white, large. Fruit black, agreeable. — Approaches R. villo-
sus, and has probably been confounded with it, but differs, ac-
cording to Dr.- Bigelow, in habit, and in having the pubescence
simple, the flowers in leafy racemes, and the petals orbicular-
ovate. Leafy Raspberry.

7. R. villosus Ait. : pubescent, hispid and prickly ; leaves ternate,
Barely quinate-palmate, villose ; leafets ovate, doubly serrate ; flowers
in lax panicles ; lobes of the calyx short-acuminate ; pedicels solitary.

HAB. Fields and hedges. Can. to Car. June. 1>. — Stem 4— 6
feet high. Flowers white, 20 or more in a raceme. Fruit large,
black. High Blackberry.

8. R. hispidus Linn. : stem sarmentose-procumbent, and with the pe-
tioles and peduncles strongly hispid ; prickles few, recurved ; leave*
in threes or fives, palmate ; leafets unequally dentate, smoothish,
wedgeform at base ; pedicels solitary, elongated ; petals obovate. — R.
tricialis Mich. — R. procumbens Muhl. — R. Jlagellaris Wllld. (According
to Sprengel. ) — R. sempervirens Big. ?

HAB. Barren grounds. Can. to Car. May, June. ^>. — Flowers

white. Berries large, black and well flavoured. — Sprengel's views

concerning the identity of the above supposed distinct species,

-appear to me to be entirely correct. Low Blackberry. Dewberry.

9. R. canadensis Linn. : stem purple, smoothish ; leaves in threes
and fives, palmate ; leafets lanceolate, acutely serrate, naked on both
sides ; stipules linear, subaculeate; pedicels elongated, 1 — 3-flowered ;
calyx 5 — 7--clefl. — Cylactis montana Raf.

104 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.

HAB. Woods and swamps. Can. to N. J. June. ^>. — Stem
creeping. Flowers white. Fruit small, dark red, well tasted.

tt Herbaceous.

10. R, sazatilis var. canadensis Mich. : herbaceous, pubescent; stems
creeping ; leaves ternate ; leafets rhombic, acute, incisely dentate, na-
ked, the terminal one petioled ; flowers somewhat in threes ; pedicels
elongated.

HAB. Mountains. Can. to Vir. N. to the sources of the Mis-
sissippi. June, July. If..— Flowers white. Fruit small, black.

11. R. acaulis Mich.: stem herbaceous, very short, unarmed, 1-flow-
ered ; leaves ternate-palmate ; leafets ovate, rhomboidal, coarsely ser-
rate ; peduncle somewhat pubescent ; lobes of the calyx lanceolate-
linear, somewhat acute, with the oblong petals much shorter ; fila-
ments dilated ; styles subclavate, approximate. — R. pistillatus Smith.

H\B. Can. and N. Y. W. to N. W. coast. June, July.ZJ.—
Flowers rose-colour, Fruit red. — Resembles R. arcticus.

12. R. agopodioides De Cand. : stem herbaceous, somewhat pubes-
cent, unarmed ; leaves ternate and quinate, palmate, very smooth ;
leafets lanceolate, acutely and doubly serrate, ciliate, many-nerved ;
flowers terminal, in pairs, peduncles elongated, pubescent ; lobes of
the calyx lanceolate, acute, shorter than the corol. — R. saxatilis Big.
sec. De Cand.

HAB. White mountains, N. H. 3une. Q. — Stem a foot high.
FUncers white.

13. R. obovalis Mich. : stem becoming a little woody, hispid with
stiff hairs ; leaves ternate ; leafets obovate-roundish, serrate, naked ;
racemes subcorymbed, few-flowered ; bracts ovate ; pedicels elongated.

HAB. Mountain swamps. N. Y. to Car. June, July. 1(. —
Berries with only a few large grains, black and sweet. — Allied to
R. saxatilis.

*** Leaves simple, lobed, but neither pinnate nor palmate.

14. R. partiflorus Nntt. : stem suffruticose, unarmed ; leaves sim-
ple-palmate lobed ; peduncles about 3-flowered ; lobes of the calyx
ovate, acuminate, villose ; petals ovate-oblong, shorter than the calyx.

HAB. Island of Michilimackinac. Nutt. — Flowers small, white.

15. R. cliamcemorus Linn. : root creeping ; stem simple, 1-flowered,
somewhat pubescent, unarmed ; leaves somewhat kidney-form, plicate,
denticulate, lobes rounded ; flowers monoecious ; lobes of the calyx
lanceolate subentire, longer than the corol ; petals obovate.

HAB. High mountains. Can. and N. Eng. N. to Arctic Amer.
May, June. 2J.. — Flowers white, Fruit yellow or amber col-
oured.

16. R. odoratus Linn. : stem fruticose, erect ; petioles, peduncles and
calyx glandular-pilose ; leaves 5-lobed, unequally dentate ; flowers sub-

ROSACES. 105

corymbed ; lobes of the calyx ovate, long acuminate, shorter than the
corol ; petals nearly round.

HAB. Rocks. Can. to Geor. June. f>. — Stem 3 — 4 feet high.
Flowers large, purple. Fruit large, yellow, well flavored, but
not abundant. Flowering Raspbemj.

7. DALIBARDA. Linn.

Calyx with the tube short concave ; limb 5 — 6-cleft, naked
without ; lobes dentate. Petals 5. Stamens many, deciduous.
Ovaries 5 — 10, with short terminal styles. Acmes few, dry,
adhering to the calyx. Icosqndria. Polygynia,

D. repens Linn. : stem creeping ; leaves simple, cordate, crenate ;
stipules linear-setaceous ; peduncles 1 -flowered; calyx smooth with-
out, reflexed. — F. violxoides Mich. — Rubus dalibarda Linn.

HAB. Mountains. Can. and N. S. June. 1£. — Steins herba-
ceous, rooting and creeping. Leaves on long petioles. Flowers
solitary, white, on long nearly radical peduncles.

8. FRAGARIA. Tourn.

Calyx with the tube concave, 5-cleft, and with 5 bracts
without, (or 10-cleft.) Petals 5. Stamens many. Carpels
naked, fixed on a long pulpy deciduous receptacle. Style la-
teral. Icosandria. Polygynia.

1. F. virginiana Linn. : leafets broad-oval, smoothish above, the la-
teral ones distinctly petioled ; hairs of the petioles spreading, of the
peduncles appressed ; peduncles and petioles of the length of the
leaves ; receptacle pendulous ; styles long.

HAB. Fields. From Arctic America to Florida, and W. to the
Miss. May. Z£. — Stem short. Flowers white.

Wild Straicberry.

2. F. canadensis Mich. : larger ; leafets broad-oval, lateral ones mani-
festly petioled ; pedicels long, recurved-pendulous ; receptacle of the
seeds globose, favose-scrobiculate, villous.

HAB. Sandy woods. Can. and N. S. N. to Hudson's Bay. April,
May. 21.— Much larger than the former and apparently dis-
tinct, although generally considered identical. I have fine speci-
mens from the vicinity of Little Falls, N. Y.

Mountain Strawberry.

3. F. vesca Linn. : stoloniferous ; lobes of the leaves plicate, thin,
pilose beneath ; fruit pendulous ; sepals reflexed after flowering ; pe-
duncles with appressed hairs.

HAB. Fields. N. S. April, May. U-— Introduced. There
are a great many cultivated varieties of this species.

Common Strawberry*

106 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.

9. POTENTILLA. Linn.

Calyx with the tube concave ; limb 4 — 5 cleft, 4 — 5-
bracted without (or 8 — 10-cleft.) Petals 4—5. Stamens
many. Carpels many, roundish, rugose, naked, fixed to a
small dry receptacle. Jcosandria. Polygynia.

* Leaves termite-palmate.

1. P. norecgica Linn. : hirsute ; stem erect, dichotoinous above ;
leaves ternate-palmate ; leafets lanceolate or obovate, simply and
doubly serrate ; stipules lanceolate ; flowers numerous, subcorymbed
and axillary ; petals obcordate, shorter than the calyx ; lobes of tho
calyx lanceolate, acute. .

HAB. Old fields. Can. to Car. N. to Arc. Amer. June— Aug.
<§}. — Stem 8 — 10 inches high. Flowers yellow. Stipules large.
Perhaps introduced. Norway Cinquefoil.

2. P. hirsuta Mich. : stem erect, hirsute, dichotomous above ; leaves
ternate, petiolate ; leafets obovate- wedgeform, deeply dentate ; stipules
lanceolate, subentire ; flowers axillary, subcorymbed ; petals oblong-
linear, shorter than the calyx ; carpels rugulous. — P. morisoni De Cand.

HAB. Western part of N. Y. N. to Subarc. Amer. July. ©.
— Stem very hairy. Flowers few, in a terminal dichotomoua
panicle, yellowish-white. — Perhaps only a variety of the former.

5. P. tridentata Ait. : smoothish ; stem ascending, dichotomous ;
leaves ternate-palmate ; leafets obovate-wedgeforra, coriaceous, 3-
toothed at the summit, pubescent beneath ; stipules lanceolate, acumi-
nate; corymb loose, few-flowered ; petals oblong-obovate, longer than
the calyx.

HAB. Mountains. Arc. Amer. to Car. June, July. L(. Stem
3 — 6 inches high. Flowers white.

** Leaves digitate.

4. P. cantuknsis Linn. : silkly villous ; stem procumbent and ascend-
ing, somewhat branched ; leaves quinate-palmate ; leafets obovate-
wedgeform, acutely dentate; stipules lanceolate, somewhat obtuse;
peduncles solitary, elongated ; lobes of the calyx linear-lanceolate,
acute, nearly equalling the corol ; petals obovate, entire.

HAB. Fields and woods. Can. to Car. April, May. If.— Stem
3—8 inches high. Flowers yellow. Receptacle hairy.

Five-finger.

5. P. simplex Mich. : stem sarmentose, simple, hairy ; leaves qui-
nate, petioled ; leafets ovate- lanceolate, acutely toothed, a little hairy
beneath ; stipules lanceolate, entire ; peduncles lateral, solitary, elon-
gated, 1-flowered ; lobes of the calyx lanceolate-linear, mucronate, a
little shorter than the roundish obcordate petals, — P. sarmentosa Willd.
*— P. carolinuma Poir.

HOSACE.E. 107

HAS* Fields and woods. Can. to Car. May— Aug. *>. — Fknccrt
yellow. Is not this a mere variety of the last ?

6. P. argentea Linn. : stem ascending or erect, tomentose ; leaves
quinate-palmate ; leafets obovate-wedgeform, incised, revolute on the
margin, white and tomentose beneath ; flowers numerous, corymbed ;
lobes of the calyx lanceolate, shorter than the corol.

b. dentata De Cand. : leafets subentire, 3—4 toothed at the apex,
tomentose beneath. — JP. cinerea Raf.

HAB. Fields. Can. and throughout the N. S. June— Sept. If.
— Stems 4 — 10 inches long. Leaves green above. Flowers yel-
low. Silvery Cinquefoil.

*** Leaves pinnate.

7. P. fruticosa Linn. : stem fruticose ; leaves pinnate, hirsute ; leaf-
ets oblong-lanceolate, very entire, approximate ; stipules lanceolate,
membranaceous, acute ; flowers in corymbs, large ; petals longer than
the calyx. — P. fruticosa and P. Jloribunda Pursh.

HAB. Margins of swamps. N. S. N. to Arc. Amer. W. to Rocky
mountains. June. T>. — A shrub 2 feet high, much branched
and hairy. Flowers large, yellow. — P. Jloribunda of Pursh, dif-
fers only in having the leaves and flowers more numerous.

8. P. supina Linn. : stem de'cumbent, herbaceous, dichotomous ;
leaves pinnate ; leafets obovate or oblong, somewhat glabrous, more
or less toothed ; peduncles axillary, solitary, 1-flowered ; segments of
the calyx triangular-lanceolate ; petals as lohg as the calyx.

HAB. Overflowed banks of streams. Can. and Penn. W. to Miss.
June— Aug. 0. — Floicers small, yellow.

9. P. anserina Linn. : stem filiform, rooting ; leaves interruptedly
pinnate ; leafets ovate-oblong, incisely and acutely serrate, smooth
above, silky beneath ; stipules many-cleft ;* peduncles as long as the
leaves, axillary, solitary ; lobes of the calyx lanceolate, entire ; pe-
tals obovate, longer than the calyx.

HAB. Wet meadows. N. S. N. to Arc. Amer. June. 1£. —
Stems long, reddish. Flowers yellow, on long axillary pedun-
cles. Silver-weed. Wild Tansey.

10. P. pcnnsylvanica Linn. : whole plant white tomentose ; stem
herbaceous erect ; leaves interruptedly pinnate ; cauline ones 3-lobed,
lobes oblong-ovate, deeply dentate ; stipules lanceolate, somewhat la-
ciniate ; flowers in corymbose panicles ; inner lobes of the calyx trian-
gular-lanceolate, outer ones oblong-lanceolate, as long as the corol ;
petals obcordate ; receptacle pilose ; carpels rugulous. — P. arguta
Lehm. not of Pursh.

HAB. N. S. N. to Arctic Amer. June. It.—Stcm 1—2 feet
high. Flowers pale yellow.

11. P. arguta Pursh : erect, simple, pubescent ; leaves pinnate ;
ieafetc ovate, gharply dentate, outer ones larger ; stipules rhomboidaJ,

108 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.

incised ; flowers terminal, in a crowded corymb — P. confcrtijhra Torr.

ft. Lefim. — P. pennsyhanica Torr. in Ann. N. Y. Lye. ii. 197. — Geum

agrimonoidcs Pursh. — Bootia sylvestris Big.

HAB. N. S. N. to Arc. Amer. June, July. !£.— Stems many.
3 feet high, erect, nearly simple, branched above and \vi».
petioles, peduncles and calyx covered-with a whitish and glandu-
lar pubescence. Leaves unequally pinnate, with the leafets un-
equally and doubly serrate, and sometimes lobed. Flowers erect,
at first in dense corymbs, at length paniculate. Calyx with the
five alternate segments smaller. Petals pale yellow. Styles
lanceolate, naked. — Richardson's Appendix to Fran/din's Jour. p.
20.

12. P. comarum DC Cand. : root creeping ; stem ascending, leaves
pinnate ; upper ones ternate ; leafets lanceolate, acutely serrate ; petals
lanceolate, acuminate, much shorter than the calyx. — •P.paliistrcLehm.
Torr. — Comarum palustre Linn.

HAB. In swamps. N. S. N. to Arctic America. June. 2^. —
Stem 18 inches high. Flowers large, purple, on the upper part
of the item. Marsh Cintpirfu'd.

10. SIBBALDIA. Linn.

Calyx 10-cleft, with the alternate segments narrower.
Petals minute. Stamens and carpels often 5. Styles 5, pro-
ceeding laterally from the germ. Seeds 5, clustered in the
bottom of the calyx. Pentandria. Pentagynia.

S. procumbens Linn. : leaves 'ternate ; leafets auneate, tridentate,
smooth above, hairy beneath ; flowers corymbed ; petals lanceolate,
acute, about as long as the calyx.

HAB. High mountains. Can. and Ver. 1?.— A small procumbent
plant with the habit of PotentiUa tridcntata. Flowers yellow.

11. AGRIMONIA. Linn.

Calyx inferior, 5-cleft, with a lobed calicle at its base. Pe-
tals 5. Stamens 15. Acines 2, in the bottom of the calyx.

Icosandria. Di- Pentagynia.

1. A eupatoria Linn. : hairy ; leaves interruptedly pinnate ; leafets
oblong-ovate, crenate-dentate, the terminal one petioled ; spike vir-
gate, many-flowered, terminal, long and slender ; tube of the calyx
bell-shaped, with spreading bristles near the middle ; petals twice as
long as the calyx ; fruit distant, turbinate, hispid, smooth at base.

HAB. Woods and hedges. Can. to Car. W. to Miss. July. 2/.
— Stem 2 feet high. Flowers yellow, in a long terminal spike or
raceme. Agrimony.

2. A. parriflora Ait. : somewhat hairy ; leaves interruptedly pin.
nate ; leafets numerous, linear-lanceolate, incisely serrate ; spike vir-
gate ; flowers on very short pedicels ; petals once and a half the length
of the calyx ; fruit roundish, divaricately hispid.

ROSACES. 109

HAB. Woods. Penn. to Virg. Pursh — Aug. 24- — Flowers
small, yellow. — Perhaps a mere variety of the former.

12. ROSA. Linn.

Calyx urceolate, fleshy, contracted at the orifice, 5-cleft.
Petals 5. Stamens numerous. Carpels numerous, bony, his-
pid, included in the fleshy tube of the calyx.

Icosandria. Polygynia.

* Styles cohering in a column* Fruit ovate or subglobose.

1. R. rubifolia Brown : stem ascending ; branches glabrous ; prickles
few falcate ; leaves ternate, ovate-lanceolate, serrate, pubescent be-
neath ; stipules narrow, entire ; peduncles and calyx hispid ; flowers
subsolitary ; lobes of the calyx ovate, short, simple ; styles cohering
in a tomentose club-shaped column, as long as the stamens ; fruit pisi-
form.

HAB. Shores of the Western lakes. W. to Miss. July. ^>.~
Floicers very numerous, changing white to different shades of
red, sometimes in a corymb.

** Styles free mostly included. Fruit globose or globose-depressed. Sti-
pular prickles usually in pairs.

2. R. lucida Ehrh. : prickles recurved or none ; leafets 5 — 9, lanceo-
late-elliptic, coriaceous, obtusely serrate, shining ; stipules dilated,
large, smooth, serrulate ; peduncles somewhat hispid ; segments of
the calyx entire, appendaged, spreading but not deflexed ; flowers most-
ly in pairs ; fruit globose-depressed, hispid or smooth.

HAB. Mountain swamps. N. Y. to Car. July. fp. — Shrub 3 — 4
feet high. Flowers large, red. Petals emarginate. Fruit red.

Swamp Rose.

3. R. nitida Willd. : arms crowded, slender subequal ; leafets 5 — 9,
rigid, lanceolate, shining ; stipules large, finely serrulate ; lobes of the
calyx spreading ; fruit subglobose, shining, red.

HAB. In Penn. MM. T>. — A low shrub. — Perhaps a variety of
the former.

4. R. paroiflora Ehrh. : prickles straight, horizontal, needle-shaped
or none ; leafets 5 — 9, lanceolate, smooth, coarsely serrate, flaccid ;
stipules large, subdenticulate ; fruit depressed-globose and with the pe-
duncle of the calyx very long, appendaged. — R. caroliniana Mich.

HAB. In woods. N. Y. to Car. W. to Lake Superior. June,
July. T?. — Shrub 3 feet high. Flowers in pairs. Petals large,
red, broadly obovate, emarginate. — There are a number of varie-
ties of this species.

5. R. Carolina Linn. ; prickles recurved, often wanting ; leafets 5 — 9,
coriaceous, lanceolate or obovate, serrulate, approximate, glaucous be-
neath ; stip ules long, with an involute margin ; flowers mostly in

110 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.

corymbs, rarely solitary ; lobes of the calyx very long, appendaged,
spreading; fruit depressed-globose, hispid, rarely smooth. — R. corym-
bosa Ehrh. — R. pennsylvanica Mich. — R. Jiorida Don.

HAB. Swamps, Can. to Car. W. to Miss. June, July. >> . —
Shrub 3—8 feet high. Flowers 5 — 7 in terminal corymbs. Pe-
tals large, red, obovate, emarginate. Petioles tomentose. — A
very variable species, including the above and some others which
have been described as distinct species. A variety ? of this
species occurs on an Island near Troy, N. Y. with the stems uni-
formly and constantly smooth, except very near the root, where
there are sometimes a few slender prickles. This, and a slight
difference in the shape of the fruit, which is depressed-globose,
led me to believe it a distinct species.

*** Styles free. Fruit ovate, rardy globose. Prickles fao, not stipular.

6. R. gemeUa Willd. : stipular prickles uncinate, in pairs ; leafets
5 — 7, oblong, acute, opaque, pubescent beneath ; flowers mostly in
pairs ; fruit depressed-globose, and with the peduncles glabrous.

HAB. Dry hills. N. Eng. to Car. Pursh. July. *>.— Shrub
low, with large red flowers. — This species is considered by De
Candolle a variety of the R. cinnamomea, differing from it only in
being more slender and nearly unarmed, and in having the sti-
pules narrower. But this, as well as several other points con-
nected with our roses, must remain doubtful until they have been
more attentively studied.

7. R. stricta Muhl. : very branching; branches with numerous slender
prickles below, naked at the apex ; leafets 7 — 9, ovate, obtuse, some-
what rigid; peduncles hispid ; fruit small, elongated.

HAB. N. Eng. and Penn.— De Candolle, from whom the above
description and locality are quoted, thinks it may be a variety of
R. alpma.

8. R. rubiginosa Lmn. : prickles strong, compressed, uncinate, rarely
straight ; leafets 5—7, ovate or somewhat rounded, serrate, more or
less, especially beneath glandular and ferriginous ; fruit elliptical,
short, and with the peduncles hispid. — R.}suaveolens Pursh. Ett.

a. pubera DC Cand. : flowers subsolitary ; fruit ovate, smooth ;
peduncles glandular-hispid ; leafets roundish, glandular beneath,
and with the petioles somewhat pubescent. — R. micrantJia
Smith. Big.

HAB. Hedges and hill sides. Can. to Car. July. T?.—Mrut>
tall and slender. Floicers solitary, or 2 or 3 together, pale red.
Fruit orange red. — A very variable species. Var. a. is found
near Boston. Siceet-briar.

ORDER XXXVIII. POMACES. Lind.

Calyx 5-toothed, the odd segment superior. Petals 5, un-
guiculate. Stamens indefinite. Disk thin, lining the tube of
the calyx, bearing the petals and stamens on its margin. Ova-

POMACE^E. Ill

ries 1 — 5, adhering to the side of the calyx ; ovules ascending,
2, collateral, rarely solitary; styles 1—5; stigmas simple.
Fruit an apple, 1 — 5-celled, or spuriously 10-celled ; endo-
carp cartilaginous or bony. Seeds solitary, ascending ; al-
bumen none ; embryo erect, with flat, rarely convolute cotyle-
dons, and a short conical radicle.

Trees 'Or shrubs. Leaves alternate, stipulate, simple or com*
pound. Flowers in terminal cymes, white or pink.

L CRAT^EGUS. Linn.

Calyx with the tube urceolate, and the limb 5-cleft. Petals
spreading, orbicular. Stamens many. Ovary 2 — 5-celled.
Styles glabrous. Pome fleshy ovate, closed by the teeth of
ihe calyx or incrassated disk. Putamen bony.

Icosandria. Di-Pentagynia.
* Ideates dentate or subentire, not lobed.

1. C. crus-galli Ait. : thorny ; leaves obovate-wedgeform, subsessile,
shining, coriaceous ; corymbs compound ; lobes of the calyx lanceo-
late, subserrate ; flowers digynous ; fruit small, mostly 1-seeded. — C.
Lutida Wangh. amcr.

HAB. Borders of woods. Can. to Car. W. to Miss. May,
June 1?. — A shrub or small tree much branched and with long
spines. Flowers white in a corymb. Style often solitary. Fruit
red. — There are several varieties of this species.

2. C. punctata Jacq. : thorny or unarmed ; leaves obovate-cuneate,
smooth, somewhat plaited, serrate, tapering at base into a petiole ;

calyx villous ; lobes subulate, very entire ; fruit subglobose, with the
summit depressed.

HAB. Woods and swamps. Can. to Car. May. T>. — A small
tree. Leaves sometimes hairy beneath. Corymbs many-flow-
ered, pubescent. Fruit red and yellow.

Common Thorn-tree.

3. C. dliptica Ait. : thorny ; leaves elliptical, unequally serrate,
smooth ; petioles and calyx glandular ; fruit globose, 5-seeded.

HAB. Dry swamps. Can to Car. May. I?. — Calyx with the
segments obtuse. Fruit small, red. Pursh.

4. C. parviflora Ait. : thorny ; leaves obovate-wedgeform, subsessile,
incisely serrate, pubescent ; flowers subsolitary, pentagynous ; lobes
of the calyx laciniate, villous ; fruit subturbinate, with 5 bony 1-seeded
nuts. — C. tomentosa Linn. — Mespilus laciniata Walt.

HAB. Sandy woods. N. J. to Car. June. T>. — Shrub 4 feet
high, with the younger branches and leaves tomentose. Fruit
large yellow.

112 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.

** Leaves often incised or lobed.

5. C. pyrjfolia Ait. : thorny or unarmed ; leaves ovate-elliptic, in-
cisely serrate, somewhat plicate and hairy ; calyx villous ; segments
linear-lanceolate, serrate ; flowers trigynous.

HAB. Rocky woods. Penn. to Car. W. to Michigan. June.
1?.— Leaves large, acute or acuminate at each end. Corymbt
many-flowered. Peduncles and calyx tomentose.

6. C. glandulosa WUld. : thorny ; leaves obovate-wedgeform, smooth
and shining ; petioles, stipules and calyx glandular ; fruit oval, 5-
seeded.

HAB. Can. and Alleghany mountains. May. J>. — Fntit middle
sized, scarlet.

7. C. coccinea Linn. : thorny ; leaves on long petioles, ovate, sub-
cordate, incisely lobed and serrate, glabrous ; petioles and calyx pubes-
cent and glandular ; flowers pentagynous ; petals orbicular.

HAB. Woods. Can. to Car. May. >>. — A large shrub. Learcs
on long petioles, often subcordate.. FUncers in corymbs, white.
Fruit large, red, eatable. Thorn-bush.

8. C. cor data Ait. : thorny ; leaves cordate-ovate, pinnatifid, lobed
and angled, smooth ; petioles and calyx without glands ; flowers pen-:
tagynous ; fruit small, globose, depressed. — C. pupvlifolia Pursh.

HAB. Banks of streams. May, June. *?.— A large shrub.
Leaves with 3, 5 or 7 lobes. Corymb compound. Fruit red.

9. C. oxycantha Linn. : leaves obovate-wedgeform, nearly entire,
trifid or lacinate, glabrous or shining; flowers in corymbs, 1 — 3 gynous;
calyx without glands, acute.

HAB. Roadsides, &c. N. S. June. *>. — A shrub 8—10 feet
high. Flowers white. Fruit red, small. — This thorn is prefer-
red in England for hedging. Introduced. Hawthorn. Quickset.

2. AMELANCHIER. DeCand.

Calyx 5-cleft. Petals lanceolate. Stamens many, rather
shorter than the calyx. Ovary with 10, or 5 bipartite, cells.
Styles 5, somewhat united at base. Fruit, when mature,
3— 5-celled.

1. A. botryapium De Cand. : unarmed; leaves cordate, oval, conspi-
cuously acuminate, pubescent when young, smooth when mature :
flowers in loose racemes, appearing before the leaves ; calyx pubes-
cent ; petals linear-lanceolate. — Aronia botryapium Pers. — Pyrus botry-
apium Linn. Pursh. — MespUus canadcnsis var. cordata Mich.

HAB. Rocky woods. Can. to Car. May. *>.— A small tree.
Floicers large, white. Fruit dark purple.

Service-berry. Shad-bush.

2. A. ovalis De Cand. : leaves roundish-elliptical, acute, smooth
when mature ; flowers in compact racemes ; petals obovate ; germs

POMACE^E. 113

and segments of the calyx pubescent ; fruit black. — Aroniaovalis Pers.

— Pyrus ovalis Linn. Pursh. — Mespilus canadensig var. obovalis Mick.

HAB. In swamps. Can. to Car. N. to lat. 62°. May. ^.—A

small shrub. Supposed by some botanists to be a mere variety

of the former, but certainly distinct. The fruit is about the

size of a pea and eatable.

3. A. ? sanguined De Cand. .• leaves oval, obtuse at each end, mucro-
nate, with very slender serratures, subcordate at base ; racemes few-
flowered ; calyx smooth ; petals linear-obtuse. — Pyrus sanguinea Pursh.
— Aronia sanguinea Nutt.

HAB. Can. and Mass. W. to Columbia river. Pursh. May. *>.
— A small tree with blood red branches. Berries red, eatable.
Pursh.

3. PYRUS. Linn, De Cand.

Calyx with the tube urceolate, and the limb 5-lobed. Petals
roundish. Styles often 5, rarely 2—3. tipple closed, 5-cell-
ed, with a cartilaginous putamen. Cells 2-seeded. Seeds
with a cartilaginous covering. Icosandria. Di-Pentagynia.

* Petals spreading, flat. Styles 5, nearly united at base. Leaves simple,
without glands. MALUS.

1. P. coronaria Linn. : leaves broadly-oval, round at the base, some-
what angular, serrate, smooth ; corymbs terminal, few-flowered, on
long peduncles ; flowers large ; fruit depressed, — Malus coronaria
Mich.

HAB. In woods. N. J. to Geor, May. T?.— A tree 15— 20
feet high. Flowers large, fragrant, pale rose-colour.

2. P. angusti/olia Ait. : leaves lanceolate-oblong, acute at base,
slightly crenate-dentate, shining ; peduncles corymbose. — Malus an*
gustifolia Mich.

HAB. Penn. May. T?. Muhl.— A tree 15— 20 feet high. Leaves
&ndfruit smaller than in the preceding.

** Styles 2 — 5. Leaves pinnate. SORBUS.

3. P. americana De Cand. : leaves pinnate ; leafets oblong-lanceo-
late, acuminate, somewhat equally serrate, and with the common peti-
ole very smooth ; flowers in terminal corymbs. — Sorbus americana
Pursh.

HAB. Mountains. Can and N. S. May. 1?. — A shrub or small
tree with the younger branches pubescent. Floicers white. Sta-
mens very numerous. Styles mostly 3. Fruit globose, fulvous,
remaining on the tree all winter. Mountain Ash.

4. P. microcarpa De Cand. : leaves pinnate ; leafets acuminate,
acutely and incisely serrate, and with the common petiole smooth j
serratures setaceously mucronate. — Sorbus microcarpa Pursh.

HAB. High mountains. N. J. to Car. Pursh. May. 1>. — A large
shrub, with the younger branches glossy. Flowers white. Fruit
small, scarlet.

10*

114 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.

*** Petals spreading, with claws. Styles 2—5. Leaves simple, glandu-
lar above near the rachis. ADENORACHUJ.

5. P. arbutifolia Linn. : leaves obovate-lanceolate, acute, crenately
•errulate, tomentose beneath (especially the younger ones ;) midrib
glandular above ; flowers in corymbs ; calyx tomentoae. — Aroniapyri-
foUa Pers.— A. arbutifolia Ell. Nutt. Torr.

HAB. Low woods. Can. to Car. May, June. ^. — Shrub 2— 5
feet high. Flowers reddish. Fruit about the size of a large wor-
Ue-berry, scarlet.

6. P. melanocarpa Wittd. : leaves obovate-oblong, acuminate, serrate,
•mooth beneath, midrib glandular j flowers in terminal corymbs ; ca-
Ijx smooth. — Aronia arbutifolia Pars.— A. arbutifolia var. melanocarpa
Torr.

HAB.. Bogs. Can. to Car. May, June. ^». — A shrub about the
JHZC of the preceding and perhaps not distinct.

ORDER XXXIX. SANGUISORBEjE. LimL
Flowers often dcclinous. Calyx 3 — 4 — 5-lobed, with a
thickened, afterwards indurated tube ; aestivation valvate.
Petals none. Stamens definite, alternating with the lobes of
the calyx, (though sometimes fewer than them by abortion,)
rarely indefinite ; anthers erect, 2-celled and bursting longi-
tudinally, or 1-celled and bursting transversely. Ovary soli-
tary, simple, with a style proceeding from the apex or the
base ; ovule solitary, attached to the ovary close to tho base
of the style ; stigma simple or compound. Nut solitary.
Seed solitary, suspended or ascending ; embryo without albu-
men ; radicle superior ; cotyledons large, plano-convex.

Herbs or wider shrubs. Leaves alternate, simple, lobed or
compoupd, with stipules. Flowers small, often in heads.

1. ALCHEMILLA. Linn.

Calyx tubular ; tube somewhat contracted at the top ; limb
8-parted, the alternate lobes smaller. Petals none. Sta-
mens 1 — 4. Carpels \ — 2, with a filiform capitate style on the
side, at length dry and 1-seeded. Tetrandria. Monogynia.

A. aJpina Linn. : leaves digitate ; leafets 5 — 7, lanceolate-cuneate,
olituse, serrate at the apex, white and silky beneath.

HAB. High mountains. N. H&rap. and Ver. June, July. 11. —
flowers white.

2. SANGUISORBA. Linn.

Flowers perfect. Calyx 4-cleft, with two scales at base
externally. Petals none. Stamens 4. Carpels 2, included

ONAGARIJE. 1 15

within the calyx, crowned by a style with a fimbriate apex,
converted into dry indehiscent 1-seeded acines.

Tetrandria. Monogynia\

1. S. canadensis Linn, : leaves pinnate ; leafets ovate-oblong sub-
cordate, coarsely serrate ; spikes cylindrical, very long ; stamens long-
er than the corol.

HAB. Wet meadows. Can. to Geojr. Aug. — Oct. 1£. — Stem
2 — 4 feet high. Flowers white, in crowded spikes which are
from 2 — 5 inches long. jRurnet Saxifrage.

2. & media Linn. : leaves pinnate and with the bracts smooth ; leaf-
ets ovate, subcordate, toothed ; spikes ovate- cylindric ; stamens scarce-
ly longer than the corol.

HAB. Wet meadows, principally on the mountains. Can. to Car.
July, Aug. If. — The spikes shorter than in the former, and
tinged with red. Pursh.

ORDER XL. CALYCANTHE.E. De Cand. Linn.

Sepals and petals confounded, indefinite, imbricated, com-
bined in a fleshy tube. Stamens indefinite, inserted into a
fleshy rim at the mouth of the tube, the inner sterile. An-
thers adnate, turned outwards. Ovaries several, simple, 1-
celled, with one terminal style adhering to the inside of the
tube of the calyx. Nuts enclosed in the fleshy tube of the
calyx, 1-seeded, indehiscent. Seed ascending ; albumen none ;
cotyledons convolute,

Shrubs with square stems. Leaves opposite, simple. Flow-
ere axillary, solitary.

1. CALYCANTHUS. Linn.

Lobes of the calyx in many rows, imbricate, lanceolate,
somewhat coriaceous, coloured. Stamens 12, unequal, deci-
duous ; outer ones fertile. Jicines many.

Icosandria. Polygynia.

C. latvigatus JVilld. : lobes of the calyx lanceolate ; leaves oblong or
oval, gradually acuminate, somewhat rugose, smooth and green on both
sides ; branches straight, erect. — C. f&rax Mich.

HAB. Mountains. Penn. to Car. May — July. T?. — Shrub 4 — 6
feet high. Leaves opposite, entire. Flowers large, solitary, ter-
minal. Calyx brownish-purple. Carolina Allspice.

ORDER XLI. ONAGRARLE. De Cand. Lind.\
Calyx superior, tubular, with the limb usually 4-lobed ; the
lobes cohering in various degrees, with a valvate aestivation.

116 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.

Petals generally equal in number to the lobes of the calyx, into
the throat of which they are inserted, regular, with a twisted
aestivation. Stamens definite, inserted into the calyx ; fila-
ments distinct; pollen triangular, usually cohering by threads.
Ovary of several cells, generally crowned by a disk; style fili-
form ; stigma capitate or 4-lobed. Fruit a berry or capsule,
many-seeded, 1 — 2 — 4-celled. Seeds numerous, without al-
bumen ; embryo straight ; radicle long and taper; cotyledons
very short.

Herbs or shrubs. Leaves simple, alternate or opposite.
Flowers axillary or terminal, of various colours.

1. EPILOBIUM. Linn.

Cayx 4-eepalled ; sepals united into a long 4-sided tube ;
limb caducous. Petals 4. Stamens 8 ; pollen not viscous.
Capsule linear, obtusely 4-sided, 4-celled, 4-valved, many-
seeded, united with the calyx. Seeds crowned with pappus.

Octandria. Monogynia.

1. E. spicatum Lam. : stem tall, terete, smooth, branched above ;
leaves scattered, linear-lanceolate, veined, smooth; flowers large, pe-
dicelled, in a terminal spike ; petals irregular ; stamens unequal, de-
clined.— E. angustifolium Linn.

HAB. Swamps and moist woods. Can. and N. S. W. to Miss.
July. It- — Stem 3 — 5 feet high. Flmoers purple, in a terminal
leaflesg spike or raceme. Willow Herb.

2. E. coloratum Muhl. : stem terete, pubescent ; leaves mostly oppo-
site, lanceolate, serrulate, petiolate, smooth, with coloured veins; upper
ones alternate; flowers small, axillary, near the extremity of the
branches.

HAB. Wet meadows. N. S. July, Aug. U.—Stem 3—4 feet
high. Flowers small.— A very variable plant.

3. E. squamatum Nutt. : pubescent ; root squamous, bulbous ; stem
terete, branching above ; stem leaves opposite ; those of the branches
linear and entire, revolute on the margin ; flowers pedunculate ; petals
bifid ; stamens unequal ; stigma clavate, undivided. — E. rosmarinifo-
liumPursh. Torr.—E. lineare MiM. Big.?

HAB. Moist woods, &c. N. S. Aug. U.—Stem a foot high,
slender. Floioers small, terminal, white. — E. rosmarinifolium
was a name applied by Hsenke to a different species, which is
recognized by De Candolle.

4. E. palustre Linn. : stem terete, branched, somewhat hirsute ;
leaves sessle, lianceolate, somewhat toothed, opposite and alternate,
•mooth ; stigma undivided ; fruit pubescent.

ONAGARLE. 117

HAB. Low grounds. Penn. N. to Arc. Amer. Aug.. Sept. 11.
— Stem 2—3 feet high. Floicers pale red.

5. E. leptophyllum Rqf. : stem branching, somewhat scabrous ; leaves
alternate, subsessile, narrow-linear, entire, smooth, 1-nerved, acute,
narrowed at base ; flowers axillary, solitary, pedunculate.

HAB. Moist woods. Penn. and Mar. — Rqf. in De Cand. Prod.

6. E. tetragonum Linn. : stem 4-sided, nearly smooth ; leaves sessile,
lanceolate-oblong, denticulate, lower ones opposite ; stigma undivided.

HAB. Low grounds. Can. to Car. July. If. — Stem 2 feet
high, branched, smooth. Flowers small, pale red, in terminal
racemes. — Distinguished by its square stem.

7. E. strictum Muhl. : densely and softly pubescent ; stejn terete ;
leaves oblong-linear, sessile, very entire ; the lower ones opposite ;
upper ones alternate ; flowers pedicillate, subterminal, regular ; petals
2-lobed ; stigma entire. — E. molle Terr.

HAB. Sand plains. N. Y. Aug. If..— Stem 18 inches high,
branched above and covered with a white pubescence. Leaves
narrow, numerous. Flowers small, pale purple. — The name
given to this species by Dr. Torrey is objectionable, having been
previously appropriated to another species found on the conti-
nent of Europe. My specimens agree very well with Sprengel's
description of E. strictum of Muhlenberg.

8. E. alpinum Linn. : stem simple, subterete, one or two flowered ;
leaves opposite, elliptical, entire ; flowers sessile.

HAB. White mountains, N. H, N. to Arc. Amer. — Big. July.
11. — The smallest species, — not above two inches high. Flowers
pale purple.

2. GAURA. Linn.

Calyx 3 — 4 sepalled ; sepals united into a long obovate
tube; limb caducous. Carol 3 — 4 petalled Stamens 6 — 8.
Ovary 3 — 4-sided, united to the base of the calyx. Seeds
1 — 4, not crowned with pappus. Octandria. Monogynia.

G. bicnnis Linn. : stem herbaceous erect, hairy, mostly purplish ;
leaves alternate, sessile, lanceolate, toothed ; flowers numerous, ses-
sile, in terminal spikes ; fruit roundish, slightly 4-angled, pubescent.
HAB. Banks of streams. N. Y. to Car. July, Aug. tf.—Stem
2 — 3 feet high. Floicers dark rose-coloured, sessile, in terminal
spikes.

3. (ENOTHERA. Linn.

Calyx 4-sepalled ; sepals united into a long 4-sided or
8-ribbed tube ; limb and part of the tube caducous. Petals
4. Stamens 8, erect or declined ; pollen triangular, viscous.
Stigma 4-cleft, or spherical. Capsule oblong-linear, obtusely

118 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.

4-sided or obovate-clavate, 4-celled, 4-valved, many-seeded,
united with the base of the calyx. Octandria. Monogynia.

* Capsule elongated, 4-sided, sessile.

1. (E. biennis Linn.: stem villous and scabrous; leaves alternate,
ovate-lanceolate, flat, toothed, very pubescent ; lower ones on short
petioles ; upper sessile ; flowers sessile, in a terminal spike ; petals ob-
cordate ; stamens shorter than the corol.

HAB. Fields. Throughout the U. S. June — Sept. © and cf-
— Stem 3 — 5 feet high. Florcers yellow, large, in a terminal
Jeafy spike. Scabish-tree. Primrose.

2. (E. muricata Linn.: stem purplish, muricate ; leaves lanceolate,
flat ; petals obcordate ; stamens as long as the corol.

HAB. Old fields. N. Y. to Car. July, Aug. Q*.— Flowers yel-
low, smaller than in the preceding species. — According to De
Candolle it resembles the next, but the margin of the capsule it
not 8-cleft.

3. (E. parciflora Linn. : stem smooth, subvillous ; leaves ovate-
lanceolate, flat ; stamens longer than the corol ; capsule crowned with
an 8-clefl margin.

HAB. Fields and woods. Can. to Virg. rare, cf • — Pwsh.

4. (E. grandiflora Ait. : stem nearly smooth, branched ; leaves ovate-
lanceolate, mostly smooth ; flowers axillary, sessile, large ; petals
deeply obcordate ; stamens declining, shorter than the corol.

HAB. Fields. Penn. to Car. July, Aug. tf.—Stem 2—3 feet
high. Flmcers axillary, very large, bright yellow. Introduced.

5. (E. sinuata Linn. : stem diffuse, pubescent ; leaves oval-oblong,
dentate-sinuate or incised ; flowers solitary, axillary, sessile, villous ;
capsule prismatic.

b. minima Nutt. : stem low, simple 1-flowered ; leaves entire. —

(E. minima Pursh.
HAB. Pine barrens. N. J. to Geor. W. to Miss. June. If.—

Stem 1 — 6 inches high. Flowers small, terminal, yellow. Petals

obcordate.

** Capsules obovatc-clavatc, angular, mostly pedicellate.

C. (E. fruticosa Linn. : pubescent ; stem branching from the base,
divaricate ; leaves sessile, lanceolate, slightly toothed, acute, pilose ;
flowers in a terminal raceme ; petals broad-obcordate j capsule oblong-
clavate, pedicellate, angled.

HAB. Shady woods. N. Y. to Geor. July. If.— Stem 12—18
inches high, purplish. Flowers pale yellow. Corol larger than
the stamens. Sun-drop. Shrubby (Enothera.

7. (E. ambigua Spreng. : more or less pilose ; stem simple ; leaves
lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, acute, subdenticulate ; petals obcordate,
longer than broad ; points of the calyx very short ; capsule subsessile,

ONAGARLE. 119

yays smooth, oblong and 4 winged ; raceme naked below. — (E. fru-
dcosa var. ambigua Nutt.

HAB. Hills and dry woods. N. Y. Penn. Bart. July. 2/.—
Stem a foot or more high, simple. Flowers pale yellow, smaller
than in (E. fruticosa.

8. (E. incana Nutt. : stem slender, erect ; leaves flat, hoary and to-
mentose, . very entire, elliptic-ovate, acute; raceme few-flowered,
naked ; capsule subsessile, oblong and square.

HAB. Dry woods. N. Y. and Mar. Stem 6 — 8 inches high.
Floioers bright yellow. — Dr. Torrey supposes it to be a variety
of (E. fruticosa.

9. (E. hylrida Mich. : stem erect, villous ; leaves pubescent on both
sides, lanceolate, remotely toothed, undulate ; capsules somewhat
spiked, on short foot-stalks, ovate, 4-angled.

HAB. Old Fields. Penn.— Darlington. S. to Geor. July-
Sept. It. — Stem 9—18 inches high. Floicers pale yellow.
Tube of the calyx 3 or 4 times as long as the segments.

10. (E. pumila Linn. : stem weak, smooth or slightly hairy ; leaves
oblong-lanceolate, very entire, obtuse, flat ; flowers small, in a termi-
nal raceme ; segments of the calyx longer than the tube ; capsule sub-
sessile, 8-angled.' — (E. chrysantha Mich.

HAB. Dry fields. N. S. to Car. July. U.—Stcm8—12 inches
high. Floicers small, bright yellow. '.

11. (E. pusitta Mick. : subpubescent ; stem nearly .simple ; leaves
lanceolate-oblong, somewhat obtuse, entire ; flowers axillary at the
summit; capsule sessile, clavate-turbinate, almost equally 8-angled.

HAB. High mountains. Penn. to Virg. — Pursh. July, Aug.
2_f. — Stem 6 — 8 inches high, erect. Flowers small, yellow.

12. (E. chrysantha Mich. : stem slender, minutely pubescent ; leaves
lanceolate, rather obtuse, flat, entire ; segments of the calyx as long
again as the tube ; capsule clavate-sessile, acute, angled.

HAB. Mountains. Can. and N. S. July. If. — Stem a foot
high. Flowers small, bright yellow. — I am induced to believe
that this is not distinct from the former, but that (E, chrysantha,
(E. pusilla and (E. canadensis of Goldie, are all mere varieties of
the same species, probably (E. pumila of Linneeus.

4. ISNARDIA. Linn.

Tube of the calyx ovate or subcylindric, short, adhering to
the ovary ; limb 4-parted, persistent. Petals sometimes 4,
alternating with the calyx ; sometimes none. Stamens 4.
Style filiform, deciduous. Stigma capitate. Capsule obovate
or nearly cylindrical, 4-sided, 4-valved, many-seeded.

Tetrandria. Monogynia.
* Petals 4. LUDWIGIA.

1. 7. alternifolia DC Cand. : stem erect, branched, nearly smooth ;
leaves alternate, lanceolate, somewhat scabrous on the margins and

120 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.

under side ; peduncles axillary, 1 -flowered ; capsules obovate-globose,
4-angled, winged ; segments of the calyx large, ovate. — Ludwigia. al-
temifolia Linn.—L. macrocarpa Mich.

HAB. Swamps. Can. to Flor. July. It.— Stem 2 to 3 feet high.
Flowers yellow, on short peduncles.

2. 7. uniflora Beck : stem straight, simple ; leaves alternate, lanceolate,
acute, smooth ; flower terminal ; petals longer than the calyx. — Lud~
tcigia ttniflora Raf. Torr.

HAB. N. Jersey. — This seems to be sufficiently distinct. — Dr.
Torrey, however, suggests that it is a variety of the former.

.3 /. hirsuta R. Sp S. : stem erect, sparingly branched, hairy ; leaves
alternate, oblong, sessile, somewhat hirsute ; peduncles 1 -flowered,
axillary; capsules globose, 4-angled, winged, hairy. — Ludwigia pilosa
Walt. — L. hirsuta Lam.

HAB. Ditches and pools. July, Aug. !(.— Stem 2 feet high.
Flowers yellow, axillary.

** Petals none, ISNARDIA.

4. /. palustris Linn. : stem prostrate, creeping, glabrous ; leaves op-
posite, ovate-lanceolate, tapering at base, petioled, smooth ; flowers
axillary, solitary, sessile ; capsule subovate, slightly angled. — Ludtci-
gianitida Mich. Pursh. — L. palustris EU. — L. apetala WaU.

HAB. Stagnant waters. Throughout the U. S. June. 1(. —
Stem succulent. Flowers solitary, axillary, sessile. Corol none.

ORDER XLII. CIRCJEACEjE. Lind.

Calyx superior, deciduous, tubular, with a two parted limb.
Petals 2, alternate with the lobes of the calyx. Stamens 2,
alternate with the petals, inserted into the calyx. Disk large,
cup-shaped, filling up the whole of the tube of the calyx and
projecting beyond it. Ovary 2-celled ; style simple ; stigma
emarginate. Fruit 2-celled, 2-valved, 2-seeded. Seed sol-
itary, erect ; albumen none ; embryo erect ; radicle short.

Herbs with opposite toothed and petioled haves. Flowers
in terminal and lateral racemes, covered with uncinate hairs.

1. CIRC^A. Linn.

Calyx short ; limb bipartite. Petals 2, obcordate. Sta-
mens 2, alternating with the petals. Stigma emarginate.
Capsule ovate, hispid, with uncinate hairs, 2-celled, 2-valved,
2-seeded. Diandria. Monogynia.

1. C. lutetiana var. canadensis Linn. : stem erect ; leaves petioled,
ovate, remotely toothed, opaque, nearly smooth. — C. canadensis Muhl.
— C. lutetiana Big.

HALORAGEjE.

HAS. Moist woods. Can. to Car. July, Aug. 1£. — Stem a foot
and a half high, smooth, simple. Floicers in long terminal ra-
cemes, reddish-white. Enchanter s Nightshade.

2. C. alpina Linn. : stem branched, very smooth, often procumbent ;
leaves broad-cordate, membranaceous, acutely toothed, shining.

HAB. Moist shady places on mountains. Can. to Car. July. 11.
— Stem 6 — 8 inches high, somewhat diaphanous. Leaves very
thin and delicate. Raceme filiform — Many botanists consider
this a mere variety of the preceding.

ORDER XLII1. HALORAGE^E. De Cand. Lind.

Calyx superior, with a minute limb. Petals minute, in-
serted into the summit of the calyx, or wanting. Stamens
inserted into the same place, mostly equal in number to the
petals. Ovary adhering inseparably to the calyx, with one
or more cells ; styles none ; stigmas equal in number to the
cells. Fruit dry, indehiscent, membranous or bony, with 1
or more cells. Seeds solitary ; albumen fleshy ; embryo
straight, in the axis ; radicle superior. .

Herbs, growing in wet places, with alternate, opposite or
whorled leaves. Flowers sessile, occasionally monoecious or
dioecious.

1. PROSERPINACA. • Linn.

Tube of the calyx adhering to the triquetrous ovary ; limb
3-parted. Petals none. Stamens 3. Stigmas 3, sessile
upon the top of the ovary. Carpels 3, indehiscent, dry, con-
creted into a 3-sided fruit. Triandria. Trigynia.

1. P. palustris Linn. : upper leaves linear-lanceolate, serrate; lower
ones often pinnatifid ; fruit angular, acute. — P.paiustris var. a. Mich.

HAB. Wet places. Can. to Car. July, Aug. 2_£. — Stem pro-
cumbent. Leaves alternate, sessile. Flowers axillary, nearly
sessile. Mermaid Weed.

2. P. pectinata Lam. : leaves all pinnatifid-pectinate ; nut large,
angular, obtuse. — P. palustris var, b. Mich.

HAB. Wet grounds. N. J. to Geor. Aug. 24!. — Distinguished
from the former, by having the leaves all finely pectinate and the
fruit with rather obtuse angles.

2. MYRIOPHYLLUM. Linn.

Flowers monoecious or rarely perfect. STERILE FL. Ca-
lyx 4-parted. Petals 4-lobed, alternating with the calyx,
ovate, caducous. Stamens 4 — 6 — 8. PERFECT FL. Calyx

11

I

122 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.

adhering to the ovary ; limb 4-lobed. Petals none. Nuts 4,
compressed or eubglobose, 1-seeded.

Monoecia. Polyandria.

* Flowers octandrous.

1. M.'spicatum Linn. .- leaves verticillate, pinnately divided ; lobes
capillary ; spike terminal, nearly naked ; floral leaves shorter than the
flower ; lower ones subserrate and mostly very entire.

HAB. In water. Can. and N. S. Aug., Sept. It. — Stem slen-
der, branched. Leaves in whorls, by fours, pectinate.

Water Milfoil.

2. M. verticittatum Linn. : leaves verticillate, pinnately divided ;
lobes capillary, opposite ; spike terminal, leafy ; floral leaves all pin-
nately divided, much longer than the flowers, and scarcely distinct
from the leaves.

HAB. In water. Can. to Car. July. If. — Upper flowers some-
times perfect.

** Flowers hexandrous.

3. M. heterophyUum Mich. : leaves verticillate, pinnately divided into
capillary lobes ; spike terminal, nearly naked ; floral leaves opposite,
•vate, acute, coarsely serrate, longer than the flowers. — Potamogcton
certicillatum Walt.

HAB. In water. N. S. to Geor. July. If.— -Stem simple.
Flowers purple.

*** Flowers tetrandrous.

4. M. capittaceum Torr. : Jeaves all capillary-pinnate ; flowers axil-
lary, opposite and alternate, tetrandrous, mostly perfect j fruit quad-
rangular, formed of 4 cylindiical seeds.

HAB. Ponds. July, Aug. If- — Floating-stem branched, di-
chotomous. Leaves hair-like.

5. M. ambiguum Nult. : leaves petiolate, pinnate, the lowest ones
capillary ; emerging ones pectinate ; uppermost nearly entire, subser-
rate ; anthers partly oblong ; fruit quadrangular.

b. limosum Nutt. : stem rooting, erect ; leaves rigid, partly entire,
or divided above, mostly trihd ; segments setaceous and acute.
— Purshia humilis Raf. ?

HAB. Ponds. N. J. July. If. — Floating in extensive masses.
Stem dichotomous. Leaves attenuated so as to appear petioled,
pectinately pinnatifid. Floicers axillary, solitary, sessile. —
yar. b. Miry shores of the Delaware, N. J. Stem erect, 2—4
inches high, decumbent and rooting. Leaves rigid and spreading,
very narrow, setaceous and acute. Flowers as in the preceding,
but the anther's are roundish.

6. M. teneUum Big. : stem simple, nearly leafless, erect, somewhat
rooting at base ; leaves in form of scales, alternate, entire ; upj^r ones
bearing flowers in the axils ; spike terminal, interrupted; flowers alter-
nate.

HALORAGE^E. 123

HAS. Ponds. Mass. July. U.—Stem 4—12 inches high.
Flowers alternate, sessile. Petak white, 3 times as long as the
calyx.

7. M. procumbens Big. : stem procumbent, round, rooting, branched ;
leaves pinnatifid with five or six narrow segments ; flowers axillary,
solitary, sessile.

HAB. Ponds. Danvers, Mass. — Resembles M. scabratum of Mi-
chaux.

3. CALLITRICHE. Linn.

Flowers perfect or imperfect. Bracts 2, opposite, petaloid.
Calyx (corol of authors) inconspicuous. Petals none. STE-
RILE FL. Stamen 1, (rarely 2) with the filament filiform and
exserted ; anthers renilbrm. FKKTILE FL. Styles 2, filiform,
glandular. Capsule compressed, 2-celled, 4-seeded.

Monandria. Digynia.

1. C. vcma var. intermedia Willd. : upper leaves spatulate-obovate,
lower ones linear, obtuse and emarginate ; flowers polygamous ; mar-
gins of the capsule obtuse. ^C. keterophylla Pursh. — C. verna Mich. — C.
aquatica Big.

HAB. In shallow streams. Throughout the U. S. May — Aug.
©. — Stem floating, sometimes 2 or 3 feet long. Uppermost
leaves crowded into a stellated tuft, and 3-nerved. Flowers soli-
tary, axillary, white.

2. C. autumnalis Linn. : leaves all linear, 1 -nerved, truncate or emar-
ginate ; capsule with acute margins ; flowers perfect. — C. linearis Pursh.

HAB. Ponds, &c. N. S. May. 0. — Scarcely differing from
the former, except in having the leaves more generally linear.

3. C. terrestris Raf. : procumbent, diffused ; leaveg oblong, uniform,
rather obtuse ; capsule grooved on the margin. — C. brevifolia Pursh.

HAB. Swamps, &c. N. Y. to Virg. June — Aug. 0. — Stem
creeping Leaves crowded, short obtuse. Flowers polygya-

4. HIPPURIS. Linn.

Tube of the calyx adn'ate to the ovary ; limb minute, entire.
Petals none. Stamen 1, inserted into the margin of the calyx.
Style filiform, received into a groove of the anther. Nut 1-
seeded, crowned with the margined limb of the calyx.

Monandria, tMonogynia.
H. vulgaris Linn. : leaves whorled, linear, acute.

HAB. Ponds and lakes. N. Y. and Penn. Aug. 1£. — Stem
12 — 18 inches high, simple, erect. Leaves linear, mostly in
whorls of eight. Flowers at the base of the upper whorls, one
to each leaf, sessile, minute. Mare's Tail.

124 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.

ORDER XLIV. PODOSTEMEjE. Lind.

Flowers naked, monoclinous, bursting through an irregu-
larly lacerated spathe. Stamens hypogynoua, varying from
2 to an indefinite number, monadelphous, alternately sterile
and shorter. Ovary, free, spuriously 2-celled ; ovules nu-
merous ; styles two or none ; stigmas 2 -or 3. Fruit slightly
pedicillate, capsular, opening by two valves, which fall off
from the dissepiment which is parallel with them. Seeds
numerous, minute, their structure unknown, or according to
Von Martius, entirely simple.

Herbs with floating stems. Leaves cnpillary or linear, or
irregularly lacerated, or minute and imbricated. Flowers mi-
nute.

1. PODOSTEMUM. Mich.

Monoecious. Calyx and corol none. Stamens 2, affixed
to a common pedicel. Germ ovate. Stigma 1, sessile. Cap-
suh 2-celled, 2-valved, many-seeded. Seeds minute.

Monoeda. Diandria.
P. ceratophyUum Mich.

HAB. Rocks in streams. Del. to Car. July. I/. — Stem fili-
form, floating. Leaves pinnate. Flowers axillary.

ORDER XLV. CERATOPHYLLE.E. De Cand. Lind.

Flowers monoecious. Calyx inferior, ninny-parted. Sta-
mens 12 — 20 ; Jilaments wanting ; anthers 2-celled. Ovary
superior, 1-celled ; ovule solitary, pendulous ; stigma filiform,
oblique, sessile. Nut 1-celled, 1-seeded, indehiscent, termi-
nated by the hardened stigma. Seed pendulous, solitary ; al-
bumen none ; embryo with 4 cotyledons, alternately smaller ;
plumnla many-leaved ; radicle superior.

Floating herbs with multifid cellular leaves.

1. CERATOPHYLLUM. Linn.

Monoecious. Calyx many-parted. STERILE FL. Corol
none. Stamens 16 — 20 ; anthers tricuepidate. FERTILE FL.
Corol none. Style 1, filiform. Nut 1-seeded.

Monoeda. Polyandria.
C. demcrsum Linn. : fruit armed with 3 spines.

SALICARLE. 125

HAS. Under water. N. Y. to Virg. July. U>—Stem long, slen-
der, leaves verticillate, in eights. Flowers axillary, solitary,
very minute. Hornwort,

ORDER XLVI. SALICARLE. Lind.

Calyx with one sepal, the lobes with a valvate or separate
aestivation. Petals inserted between the lobes of the calyx,
very deciduous, sometimes wanting. Stamens inserted into
the tube of the calyx below the petals, to which they are some-
times equal in number ; sometimes twice, thrice or four
times the number ; seldom four ; anthers adnate, 2 celled ;
ovary superior, 2 — 4-celled ; style filiform ; stigma usual-
ly capitate. Capsule membranous, covered by the calyx,
usually 1-celled. Seeds numerous, small, without albumen ;
embryo straight ; radicle, turned towards the hilum. Cotyle-
dons flat and leafy.

Herbs rarely shrubs. Leaves opposite, seldom alternate,
entire. Flowers axillary or in terminal spikes or racemes. '

1. AMMANNIA. Linn.

Calyx campanulate, 8-toothed. Petals 4, or none. Sta~
mens 4. Capsule 4-celled, many-seeded, 1-celled.

Tetrandria. Monogynia.

1. A. ramosior Linn. : stem erect, somewhat 4-sided ; leaves linear-
lanceolate, dilated at the base ; flowers axillary, 'sessile ; the lower
ones compactly whorled ; the upper ones solitary ; petals 4, obovate-
roundish ; stamens 4. •

HAS. Salt meadows. N. J. to Car. Aug., Sept; 0. — Stem
4—8 inches high; sometimes much higher. Flowers purple,
minute.

2. A. humilis Mich. : stem procumbent at the base, square, some-
what branched ; leaves narrow-lanceolate, tapering at base ; flowers
sessile, solitary, axillary ; petals 4, orbiculate ; stamens 4. — A. ramo*
tior Walt.

HAB. Damp grounds. N. Y. to Car. Aug. 0. — Stem 4 — 8
inches high, much more slender than in the former. Flowers
small, blue,

2. LYTHRUM. Linn,

Calyx cylindric, striate, 8—12 toothed. Petals 4 — 6, in-
serted into the calyx. Stamens as many or twice as many
as the petals, sometimes fewer. Style filiform. Stigma capi-
tate. Capsule oblong, 2-celled, many seeded.

Icosandria, Monogynia,

u.

126 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.

1. L. salicaria var. pubescens Pursh : pubescent ; leaves opposite and
ternate, sessile, lanceolate, cordate at the base ; flowers with 12 sta-
mens, terminal, verticillate-spiked ; capsule oblong.

HAB. Wet meadows. Can. and N. S. July, Aug. L(. — Stem 2 feet
high. Fhwers purple, very showy.— Pursh. Pwrplc Loosestrife.

2. L. hyssopifolia Linn. : stem sparingly branched, square ; leaves
alternate and opposite, linear-lanceolate, somewhat obtuse ; flowers
axillary, subsessile, shorter than the leaves ; bracts acute, small ; pe-
tals 4—6, oblong ; stamens 5 — 8.

HAB. Low grounds. N. Y. Nutt. II. — Stem 12 — 18 inches
high. Flowers pale purple. I have a specimen from Connecti-
cut which agrees exactly with Elliott's L. lanceolatum the L. vvr-
gatum of Walter, and I am inclined to believe that these two
plants have been confounded.

3. CUPHEA, Jacq.

Calyx tubular, ventricose, 6—12 toothed, unequal. Petals
6 — 7, unequal. Stamens 11 — 14, rarely 6 — 7, unequal.
Style filiform. Stigma simple or sub-bifid. Capsule mem-
branaccous, 1 — 2-celled, at length bursting longitudinally.

Icosandria. Monogynia.

C. viscosissima Jacq. : viscous ; leaves opposite, petioled, ovate-oblong,
a little rough ; flowers lateral, solitary, on short peduncles ; calyx 6-
toothed ; petals 6 ; stamens 12.

HAB. Mountains. N. Y. to Geor. W. to Ken. Sept. ©.—
Stem 12 — 18 inches high, erect, branching. Flowers purple. —
Dr. Matthew Stevenson has found this plant on thewet ground*
near Cambridge, N. Y.

4. DECODON. Gmel. De Cand.

Calyx hemispheric-campanulate, 10-toothed, 5 teeth longer
and spreading. Petals 5, undulate. Stamens 10, 5 very
long. Capsule covered >vith the calyx, 3-celled, 3-valved.
Seeds minute, apterous. Icosandria. Monogynia.

D. verticillatum Ell. — LytJirum tcrticillatum Linn.

HAB. Swamps. Can. to Flor. Aug. 2j..—Stem 2 — 3 feet high.
erect, pubescent. Leaves opposite and alternate, sometimes by
threes, lanceolate, petiolate. Flowers axillary, whorled. Pe-
tals undulate, purple. Fruit subglobose. Swamp Willow-herb.

ORDER XL VII. MELASTOMACE^. De Cand. Lind.

Calyx with 4 or 5 teeth or divisions, which are more or less
deep, or are sometimes united and separate from the tube like
a lid. Petals equal to the segments of the calyx, perigvnous.

CUCURBITACEyE. • 127

Stamens usually twice as many as the petals, sometimes equal
to them in number ; anthers long, 2-celled. Ovary more or
less coherent with the calyx, with several cells, and indefinite
ovules ; style 1 ; stigma simple, either capitate or minute.
Pericarp either dry or distinct from the calyx, or succulent
and combined with it, with several cells. Seeds innumerable,
minute, without albumen ; embryo straight or curved, with
equal or unequal cotyledons.

Herbs, trees or shrubs. Leaves opposite, undivided, usu-
ally entire, with several ribs.

1. RHEXIA. Brown.

Calyx with the tube ventricose-ovate at base, narrowed at
the apex ; the limb 4-cleft. Petals 4, obovate. Anthers 8,
attached to the filaments behind, naked at base. Capsule free
in the calyx, 4-celled. Receptacle lanceolate, pedicellate.
Seeds cochleate. Octandria. Monogynia.

1. R. mariana Linn. : very hairy ; leaves lanceolate, acute at each
end, 3-nerved, subpetiolate ; calyx tubular, nearly smooth.

HAB. Bogs. N. J. to Car. July, Aug. If.— Stem 1— 2 feet
high. Leaves sometimes ovate-lanceolate, serrate, ciliate. Pe-
tals obovate, hairy on the outer surface, purple.

2. R. cttiosa Mich. : stem nearly square, smooth; leaves subpetiolate,
oval, serrulate, ciliate, 3-nerved, smooth beneath, slightly hispid above;
flowers with an involucre. — R.petiolata Walt.

HAB. Del. to Car. July. l[.—Stem 12—18 inches high. Flow-
ers in a loose dichotomous panicle, purple, with an involucre
of leaves at the base of each.

3. R. virginica Linn. : stem with winged angles, somewhat hairy,
square ; leaves sessile, ovate-lanceolate, ciliate, serrate, 3 — 7 nerved,
sprinkled with hairs on both sides ; corymbs dichotomous.

HAB. Wet meadows. N.-Y. to Car. July. If. — Stertt a foot
high. Floicers large, purple. Deer Grass.

ORDER XLV1II. CUCURBITACEJE. De Cand. Lind.

Flowers usually declinous, sometimes monoclinous. Ca-
lyx 5-toothed, sometimes obsolete. Corol 5-parted, scarcely
distinguishable from the calyx, very cellular, with strongly
marked reticulated veins, sometimes fringed. Stamens 5,
either distinct, or cone-ing in 3 parcels ; anthers 2-celled,
very long and sinuous. Ovary inferior, 1-celled, with 3 pa-
rietal placentae ; style short ; stigmas very thick, velvety or

128 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.

fringed. Fruit fleshy, more or less succulent, (a pepo.)
Seeds flat, ovate, enveloped in an arillus, which is either juicy
or dry and membranous; embryo flat, with no albumen ; co-
tyledons foliaceous, veined ; radicle next the hilum.

Stem succulent, climbing by means of tendrils formed by
abortive leaves. Leaves palmated, or with palmate ribs.

1. SICYOS. Linn.

Flowers monoecious. STERILE FL. Calyx 5-toothed ;
teeth subulate. Carol 5-parted. Filaments 3 ? (or rather 5,
in 3 sets.) FERTILE FL. Style trifid. Stigma somewhat
thick, trifid. Fruit l-seeded, often spiny.

Monoecia. Monadelphia.

^S. angulatus Linn. : leaves cordate, 5-angled, toothed, scabrous ;
lobes acuminate ; tendrils umbellate ; sterile flowers corymbose-
capitate, with the common peduncle long ; fertile ones sessile.

HAB. Banks of streams. Can. to Car. June. ©. — A small
procumbent vine. Flowers whitish with green. Fruit small,
ovate, hispid. Single-seeded Cucumber.

2. MOMORDICA. Linn.

Floicers monoecious. STERILE FL. Calyx 5-cleft ; tube
very short. Carol 5-parted. Stamens in 3 sets ; anthers
connate. FERTILE FL. Style 3-cleft. Ovary 3-celled.
Fruit often muricate, bursting elastically when mature.

Monoecia. Monodelphia.

if. f echinata Muhl. : leaves cordate, angularly 5-lobed ; lobes acu-
minate, very entire, glabrous, tendrils many-cleft ; fruit roundish, le-
taceous-echinate, 4-seeded. — Sicyos lolata Mich.

HAB. Banks of streams. Penn. W. to Michigan. Aug. O-
— Plant climbing. Fruit 1 — 2 inches long. Balsam Apple,

3. MELOTHRIA. Linn.

Monoecious. STERILE FL. Calyx 3—5 toothed. Carol
campanulate. Filaments 5, in three sets. FERTILE FL.
Calyx and corol as in the sterile. Style 1. Stigmas 3, firn-
briate. Fruit 3-celled, many-seeded.

Monoecia. Monadelphia.

M. pendula Jjnn. : leaves somewhat reniform, lobed and angled,
slightly hispid r.Sfttit oval, smooth, pendulous.

HAB. Barfjiir of streams. Penn. to Car. June. ©.—A slender
vine running over small shrubs and herbs. Stem hairy. Leaves
on petioles.'' Tendrils 5 — 6 inches long. Flowers axillary, yel-
low, the sterile in small racemes,. the fertile solitary.

Small Creeping Cucumber.

PORTULACE.E. 129

ORDER XLIX. PASSIFLORE^. De Cand. Lind.

Sepals 5, sometimes irregular, combined in a tube of varia-
ble length, the sides and throat of which are lined by filament-
ous or annular processes, apparently metamorphosed petals.
Petals 5, arising from the throat of the calyx, on the outside of
the filamentous processes, occasionally wanting, sometimes
irregular, imbricated in aestivation. Stamens 5, monadel-
phous, rarely indefinite, surrounding the stalk of the ovarium ;
anthers turned outwards, linear, 2-celled, bursting longitudi-
nally. Ovary seated on a long stalk, superior, 1-celled ;
styles 3, arising from the same point, clavate ; stigmas dilated.
Fruit surrounded by the calyx, stalked, 1-celled, with 3 parie-
tal polyspermous placentas, sometimes 3-valved. Seeds at-
tached in several rows to the placenta, with a bristle sculp-
tured testa surrounded by a pulpy arillus ; embryo straight, in
the midst of fleshy thin albumen ; radicle turned towards the
hilum ; cotyledons flat, leafy.

Herbs or shrubs usually climbing. Leaves alternate, with
leafy stipules.

1. PASSIFLORA. Juss.

Calyx 5-parted, coloured, with the tube very short. Petals
5, or none, inserted into the calyx. Stamens 5, monadelphous.
Crown of many filiform rays. Berry often pulpy, rarely sub-
membranaceous, pedicelled. Monadelphia. Fentandria,

1. P. lutea Linn. : leaves cordate, 3-lobed, obtuse, nearly smooth ;
petioles without glands ; peduncles axillary, in pairs ; petals much
longer than the calyx.

HAB. Banks of streams. Penn. to Flor. June- — Aug. If. —
Stem climbing, slender. Flowers small, greenish-yellow.

Yellow Passion-flower.

2. P. incarnata Linn. : leaves smooth, subcuneate at base, 5-nerved,
deeply 3-cleft ; lobes oblong, acute ; petioles with 2 glands ; involucre
3-leaved ; leafets lanceolate, glandular-serrate ; ovary villose.

HAB. Banks of streams. Del. to Flor. Sept. If — Stem long,
climbing. Petals white. Nectary purple, longer than the coroL
Fruit subacid and spongy, eatable.

ORDER L. PORTULACEJE. De Cand. Lind.
Sepals 2, seldom 3 or 5, cohering by the base. Petals ge-
nerally 5, occasionally 3, 4, or 6, either distinct, or cohering
in a short tube, sometimes wanting. Stamens inserted along

130 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.

with the petals irregularly into the base of the calyx, variable
in number, all fertile, sometimes opposite the petals ; filaments
distinct ; anthers versatile, with 2-cells, opening lengthwise.
Ovary superior, l-celled ; style single, or none"; stigmas sev-
eral, much divided. Capsule l-celled, dehiscing either trans-
versely or by 3 valves, occasionally 1-seeded and indehiscent.
Seeds numerous, if the fruit is dehiscent; attached to a cen-
tral placenta ; albumen farinaceous ; embryo curved round
the circumference of the albumen, with a long radicle.

Succulent shrubs or herbs. Leaves alternate, seldom oppo-
site, entire, without stipules, or sometimes with membrana-
ceous ones on each side at the base.

1. PORTULACCA. Linn.

Calyx inferior, 2-parted. Petals 4—6, equal, inserted into
the calyx. Stamens 8 — 15. Style 1, 3— 6-cleft at the apex,
or style none, and stigma* 3 — 8-elongated. Capsule subglo-
blose, l-celled, many-seeded, opening circularly.

Polyandria. Monogynia.

P. oleracea Linn. : leaves cuneiform, fleshy, smooth ; axils genicu-
late, naked ; flowers sessile.

HAB. Near gardens, &c. N. S. May — Aug. ©. — Stem spread-
ing, succulent. Flowers yellow. Introduced. According to
Mr. Nuttall it is indigenous on the plains of the Missouri.

Purslane.

2. TALINUM. Sims.

Calyx of 2 ovate deciduous sepals. Petals 5, distinct, or
somewhat concreted at base. Stamens 10 — 20. Style fili-
form, cleft at the apex. Capsule 1-relled, 3-valved, many-
eeeded. , Polyandria. Monogynia.

T. terctifolium Pursh. : leaves terete, subulate, fleshy ; cyme terminal,
dichotomous corymbose ; flowers pedunculate, polyandrous.

HAB. Rocks. Penn. to Virg. July — Sept. If. — Root of a. firm
and fleshy consistence. Stem 4 — 10 inches high. Leaves crowd-
ed, cylindrical, incurved, 1 — 2 inches long. Flowers reddish-
purple. — A figure and detailed description of this handsome little
plant are given by Dr. Darlington in his Florula Cestrica.

3. CLAYTONIA. Linn.

Calyx of 2 ovate or roundish persistent sepals. Petals 5,
obcordate or obovnte, unguiculate. Stamens 5, inserted into
the claws of the petals. Ovary sessile. Style 3-cleft. Cap-
fuk l-celled, 3-valved, 3 — 5-seeded.

Pentandria. Monogynia,

ILLECtBRE^E. 131

C. virginica Linn. : leaves about 2, opposite, linear-lanceolate, thick J
flowers in a loose simple raceme ; sepals somewhat acute.

b.lattfolia Torr. leaves ovate-lanceolate; sepals obtuse.— C. spa-

thulff/olia Nutt. ?

HAB. Wet meadows. N. Y. to Car. W. to Miss. April, May.
If. — Stem 6 — 10 inches high, erect or procumbent. Flowers
rose-red, in a raceme. Varies much in the form of the leaves.
Var. b. often supersedes the common variety. Spring Beauty.

ORDER LI. ILLECEBREjE. Lind.

Sepals 5, seldom 3 or 4, distinct or more or less cohering.
Petals minute, inserted upon the calyx between the lobes, oc-
casionlly waiting. Stamens perigynous, exactly opposite the
sepals, if equal to them in number, sometimes fewer by abor-
tion ; filaments distinct ; anthers 2-celled. Ovary superior ;
styles 2 or 3, distinct or partially combined. Fruit small, dry,
1-celled, either indehiscent, or opening with 3-valves. Seeds
either numerous, upon a free central placenta, or solitary and
pendulous from a funiculus originating in the base of the cavi-
ty of the fruit ; albumen farinaceous ; embryo lying on one
side of the albumen, more or less curved, with the radicle al-
ways pointing to the hilum ; cotyledons small.

Herbs or half shrubby plants. Leaves opposite or alter-
nate, entire, with scarious stipules.

1. ANYCHIA. Mich.

Calyx 5-parted ; sepals connivent, subsaccate, callous at
the apex. Petals none. Stamens 3 — 5 ; filaments distinct.
Style none. Stigmas 2, subcapitate. Capsules indehiscent,
1-seeded, surrounded by the calyx.

Pentandria. Monogynia.

1. A. dichotoma Mich. : stem erect or spreading, dichotomously
branched, pubescent ; leaves opposite, lanceolate, smooth, acute ;
flowers solitary, terminal and axillary, very minute, on very short pedi-
cels, about as long as the stipules. — A. canadensis ElL—Queria cana-
densis Linn.

HAB. Dry soils. N. Y. to Car. July, Aug. Q.—Stem 6—12
inches high, very pubescent. Flowers solitary, terminal, very
minute. Forked Chickweed.

2. A. capillacea De Cand. : stem very smooth and slender ; leaves
ovate ; stipules shorter than the flowers ; flowers remote. — A. dicln/to-
ma b. Torr.—Queria capillacea Nutt.

HAB. Pine barrens. N. J. Aug. 0. — Probably onlv a variety
of the former. J

132 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.

ORDER LII. SCLERANTHE^E. Lind.

Flowers monoclinous. Calyx 4 or 5-toothed, with an urcc-
olate tube. Stamens 1 — 10, inserted into the orifice of the
tube. Ovary simple, superior, 1-seeded. Styles 1 or 2,
eniarginate at the apex. Fruit a membranous utricle, enclosed
within the hardened calyx. Seed pendulous from the apex of
a funiculus, which arises from the bottom of the cell ; embryo
cylindrical, curved round farinaceous albumen.

Small herbs. Leaves opposite, without stipules.

1. SCLERANTHUS. Linn.

Calyx 5-cleft, persistent ; tube urceolate. Petals none.
Stamens 10, rarely 5 or 2. Styles 2. Capsule very smooth,
without valves, covered by the indurated tube of the calyx.

Decandria. Digynia.

S. annuus Linn. : stems spreading, slightly pubescent ; flowers de-
candrous ; calyx of the fruit spreading, acute.

HAB. Sandy fields. N. S. July. Q. — Stems numerous, pro-
cumbent. Flowers very small, green, in axillary fascicles.

Knmcel.

ORDER LIII. CRASSULACE./E. De Cand. Lind.

Sepals 3 — 20, more or less united at the base. Petals in-
serted in the bottom of the calyx, distinct or cohering in a mo-
nopetalous corol. Stamens inserted with the petals, either
equal to them in number and alternate with them, or twice as
many ; filaments distinct, subulate ; anthers 2-celled, burst-
ing lengthwise. Hypogynous scales several, 1 at the base of
each ovary, sometimes obsolete. Ovaries as many as the
petals, 1-celled, tapering into stigmas. Fruit consisting of
several follicles, opening by the suture in their face. Seeds
attached to the margins of the suture, variable in number ;
embryo straight in the axis of the albumen, with the radicle
pointing to the hilum.

Succulent herbs or shrubs. Leaves entire or pinnatifid ;
stipules none. Flowers usually in cymes, sessile, often ar"-
ranged unilaterally along the divisions of the cymes.

FfCOlDEJE. 133

1. TILL^A. Linn.

Calyx 3 — 4-parted. Petals 3 — 4, oblong, acuminate.
Stamens 3 — 4. Scales none or minute. Carpels 3-^-4,
somewhat contracted in the middle, 2-seeded.

Tetrandria. Tetragynia.

T. simplex Nutt. : stem erect and simple ; leaves connate, oblong-
linear and somewhat acute ; flowers alternate, sessile ; petals erect,
twice as long as the calyx.

HAB. Muddy banks of streams. N. S. July, Aug. ©.— Plant
minute. — Mr. Nuttall has given a figure and detailed description
of this plant in the Journal of the Philadelphia Acad. i. 114.

2. SEDUM. Linn.

Calyx 5-parted ; sepals ovate, often turgid and leafy. Pe-
tals 5, often spreading. Stamens twice the number of the
petals. Carpels 5, with a nectariferous scale at the base of
each. Decandria. Pentagynia.

1. S. tematum Mich. : stem creeping, a little scabrous ; leave* flat,
rounded-spathulate, ternate ; cymes mostly 3-spiked ; terminal flow-
ers decandrous ; the rest octandrous. — S. portulaccoides Muhl.

HAB. Rocks. Penn. to Car. May. U-—Stem 4—6 inchei
long. Lower leaves rounded, the upper lanceolate. Flowers
white, sessile. Stone Crop.

2. S. telephioides Mich. : leaves ovate, flat, acute at each end, tooth-
ed ; corymb fasciculate, many-flowered.

HAB. Rocks. N. J. to Car. July. If. — Stem branching. Leaves
alternate, sometimes oval. Corymb terminal, many-parted.
Flowers pale purple.

3. PENTHORUM. Linn.

Calyx 5-parted. Petals 5. Stamens 10. Carpels 5, con-
creted at base into a capsule. Capsule 5-beaked, 5-celled,
5-sided at the apex. Seeds many.

Decandria. Pentagynia.

P. sedoides Linn. : stem branched, angular above ; leaves alternate,
lanceolate, subsessile, unequally serrate ; flowers in terminal one-sided
spikes or racemes ; seeds numerous, elliptical.

HAB. Overflowed grounds. Can. to Car. July, Aug. If..

Stem 12 — 18 inches high. Flowers white or pale yellow.

I Irginian Stone Crop.

ORDER LIV. FICOIDE^E. De Cand. Lind.

Sepals definite, usually 5, but varying from 4 to 8, more or
less combined at the base, equal or unequal. Pttak indefi-

12

134 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.

nite, coloured, opening beneath bright sunshine, sometimes
wanting. Stamens arising from the calyx, definite or indefi-
nite, distinct ; anthers oblong, incumbent. Ovary inferior, or
nearly superior, many-celled ; stigmas numerous, distinct.
Capsule either surrounded by the fleshy calyx, or naked, many-
celled, often 5-celled, opening in a stellate manner at the apex.
Seeds definite or indefinite ; embryo lying on the outside of
mealy albumen, curved or spiral.

Shrubs or herbs. Leaves succulent, opposite, simple.

1. SESUVIUM. Linn.

Calyx 5 parted, persistent, lobes coloured within. Petals
none. Stamens 15 — 30, inserted at the top of the short caly-
cine tube. Ovary free, sessile. Style none. Stigmas 3 — 5.
Capsule 3, rarely 4 — 5-celled, opening circularly, many-seed-
ed. Icosandria. Di-Pentagynia.

S. portulacastrum Linn. : leaves linear or lanceolate-oblong, flat ;
flowers pedicelled or subsessile.

HAB. Sea coast N. J. to Flor. June— Sept. U.—Sttm suc-
culent. Leaves opposite, entire. Flowers solitary, axillary, red-
dish.— " Varies with flowers upon long pedicejs, S. peduncula turn
Pers. and with the flowers subsessile, & sessile Pers. ' — De Cand.

ORDER LV. CACTE.E. De Cand. Lind.

Sepals numerous, usually indefinite and confounded with
the petals, either crowning the ovary or covering its whole sur-
face. Petals numerous, usually indefinite. Stamens indefi-
nite, more or less cohering with the petals and sepals ; fila-
ments longer, filiform; anthers ovate. Ovary fleshy, 1-cell-
ed ; style filiform ; stigmas numerous, collected in a cluster.
Fruit succulent, 1 -celled, many-seeded, smooth or covered
with scales, scars or tubercles. Seeds without albumen ; em-
bryo straight, curved or spiral ; cotyledons flat, thick, folia-
ceous.

Succulent shrubs, very variable in form. Leaves mostly
wanting ; when present fleshy, smooth, and entire or spine-
like.

1. OPUNTIA. Tourn.

Sepals numerous, leafy, adnate to the ovary ; outer ones
flat, short ; inner ones petal-like, obovate, rosaceous ; tube

GROSSULACE^E. 135

above the ovary none. Stamens numerous, shorter than the
petals. Style cylindric, contracted at base. Stigmas many,
erect, thick. Berry ovate, umbilicate at the apex," tubercu-
late and often bearing spines. Icosandria. Monogynia.

0. vulgaris DC Cand. : stems erect or procumbent, destitute of pro-
per leaves, articulately proliferous ; articulations compressed, ovate ;
spines setaceous ; flowers large, sessile on the margin of the joints ;
fruit succulent, smooth. — Cactus opuntia Linn.

HAB. Dry rocks and sandy soils. N. Y. to Car. and W. to Miss.
June, July. 2_f . — Flowers yellow, sessile. Fruit pulpy and eat-
able. Seeds numerous, immersed in the crimson pulp.

Prickly Pear.

ORDER LVI. GROSSffLACE^E. Lind.
Calyx 4 — 5-cleft, regular, coloured. Petals 4 — 5, minute,
inserted in the throat of the calyx. Stamens 4 — 5, inserted
alternately with the petals, very short. Ovary 1-celled ; style
2 — 4-cleft. Berry crowned with the remains of the flower,
1-celled ; the cell filled with pulp. Seeds numerous, suspend-
ed among the pulp by long filiform funiculi ; embryo minute,
with the radicle next the hilum ; albumen corneous.

Shrubs either unarmed or spiny. Leaves alternate, lobed.

1. RIBES. Linn.

Calyx campanulate, 5-cleft. Petals 5. Stamens 5, rare-
ly 6 ; filaments free. Style 1 — 4 cleft. Berry 1-celled, ma-
ny-seeded. Pentandria. Monogynia.
* Stem without thorns. RIBESIA.

1. R. albinenium Mich. : unarmed ; leaves short, acutely lobed,
smoothish ; nerves white ; racemes recurved ; berries smooth.

HAB. Catskill mountains. N. Y. April, May. "??. — Flowers
small, greenish-yellow. Berries red. Pursh.

2. JR. trifidum Mich. : unarmed ; leaves moderately lobed, smooth
above, pubescent beneath ; racemes loose, pubescent ; flowers rather
flat, with the segments of the calyx somewhat 3-cleft ; petals spatu-
Jate, obtuse ; berries hairy.

HAB. Mountains. Penn. April, May. Pursh. T?. — Branches
weak. Leaves with subacute lobes. Carol purple. Berries red.

3. JR. rigens Mich. : unarmed ; branches straight ; leaves on long
petioles, acutely lobed and dentate, reticulate-rugose, pubescent be-
neath ; racemes loose, many-flowered, becoming stiffly erect ; seg-
ments of the calyx obovate, obtuse ; berries hispid.

HAB. Mountains. N. S. May, June. 1>. — Racemes few-flower-
ed, erect. Calyx and corol purple. Berries red, hispid.

Mountain Currant,

136 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.

4. R. prostratum L'Herit. : unarmed ; branches smooth, reclined-
prostrate ; leaves lobed, nearly smooth, with the margin ciliate ; ra-
cemes somewhat erect, loose ; calyx rather flat ; petals deltoid ;
bracts minute ; berries hispid. — R . glandulosum Ait.

HAB. Mountains, N. H. and Penn. May. T?.— Shrub 2— 3 feet
high. Flowers reddish-yellow, in a loose raceme. Berries red.

5. -R. floridum Wittd. : unarmed ; branches smooth, recurved ; leaves
on long petioles, punctate both. sides, acutely 3-lobed, pubescent; ra-
cemes pendulous, many-flowered, white pubescent ; calyx tubular ;
bracts longer than the pedicels ; berries ovate-globose. — R. recurratum
Mich. — R. pennsylvanicum Lam.

HAB. Woods and hedges. Can. to Virg. N. to Subarc. Amer.
April, May. *?.— Shrub 3—4 feet high. Flowers pale yellow,
12 — 15 in a pendulous raceme. Berries black and insipid.

Wild Black Currant.

** Stem thorny. GROSSULARIA.

6. R. hirtcttum Mich. : spines subaxillary ; branches somewhat his-
pid ; leaves small, half 3-cleft ; lobes subdentate ; peduncles 1-flower-
ed ; berries smooth.

HAB. Rocks on the Alleganies, Can. to Vir. May, June. Jj>. —
Berries red. Pursh.

7. R. gracile Mick. : spines subaxillary ; leaves on slender petioles,
pubescent on both sides ; lobes acute, dentate, incised ; peduncles slen-
der, erect, about 2-flowered ; calyx tubular, campanulate ; berries often
spiny.

HAB. Mountains. N. Y. to Car. April — June. 1?.— NAn/6
2—3 feet high. Petals white. Berries green becoming purple.

8. /{. triflorum Wittd. : spines subaxillary, short, leaves smooth,
3— 5-lobed, incisely toothed, on short petioles ; peduncles about 3-
flowered ; pedicels elongated ; bracts very short ; petals spatulate,
undulate ; styles hairy, exserted, deeply 3-cleft; berries small, smooth.

HAB. Mountains. N. S. May, June. T?.— Shrub 3—4 feet
high. Petals white. Berries smooth, pale red, somewhat re-
sembling the common gooseberry. Wild Gooseberry.

9. R. oxycanthoides Linn. : larger spines subaxillary ; smaller ones
scattered over the stem •, leaves smooth, somewhat 3-lobed ; lobes den-
tate ; peduncles short, about 2-flowered ; berries globose, smooth.

HAB. Rocks. April, May. T?. — Shrub 3 feet high. Flviccn
pale yellow. Berries purplish-blue.

10. R. lacustre Pursh : spines subaxillary, compound ; stem on every
part aculeate-hispid ; leaves lobed beyond the middle ; petioles villous ;
racemes pendulous, loose, 5— 6-flowered ; berries hispid. — R. orycan-
tkoides var. tacustris Pers. — R. oxycanthoides Mich.

HAB. Mountains. N. H. April— June. ^.—.S'ArwA 3 — 4 feet
high. Flowers small, greenish-yellow. Berries dark brown, his*
pid.

SAXIFRAGES. 137

11. R. cynosbati Jacq. : subaxillary spines in pairs ; leaves with short
lobes, incisely toothed, softly pubescent ; racemes nodding, few-flower-
ed ; calyx erect-campanulate ; berries prickly.

HAB. Mountains. N. H. andPenn. April, June. 1>. — Racemes
few-flowered. Calyx white. Petals very small. Berry cover-
ed with long prickles. Prickly Gooseberry.

ORDER LVII. SAXIFRAGES. De Cand. Lind.

Calyx either superior or inferior, 4 — 5-cleft. Petals 6, or
none, inserted between the lobes of the calyx. Stamens 5 — 10,
inserted either into the calyx, or beneath the ovary. Disk either
hypogynous or perigynous. Ovary inferior, or nearly supe-
rior, usually consisting of two carpels, 1 or 2-celled, rarely 4
or 5-celled. Styles none. Stigmas sessile on the tips of the
lobes of the ovary. Fruit a capsule or berry, with numerous
minute seeds. E?nbryo taper in the axis of a fleshy albumen.

Herbs. Leaves simple, alternate, without stipules.

1. HYDRANGEA. Linn.

Calyx hemispheric, adnate to the germ, 5-toothed. Petals
5, regular. Stamens 10. Styles 2, distinct. Capsule 2-
celled, crowned by the styles and teeth of the calyx, opening
by a foramen between the styles. (Placed under Caprifolia-
cea by Lindley.) Decandria. Digynia.

1. H. vulgaris Mich. : leaves oblong-ovate, acuminate, dentate, ob-
tuse at base, smooth beneath ; flowers in terminal naked cymes. — H.
arlorescens Linn.

HAB. Rocky situations. Penn. Pursh. July. T>. — Shrub
4 — 6 feet high. Flowers white.

2. H. radiata Walt. : leaves cordate, ovate, acuminate, serrate, to-
mentose and white beneath ; cymes terminal, radiate. — -H. nivea Mich.

HAB. Penn. to Geor. Muhl July. T?.— Shrub 6 feet high.
Floicers white, very ornamental. Hydrangea.

2. SAXIFRAGA. Linn.

Calyx 5-parted. Petals 5, entire, with short claws. Sta-
mens 10. Capsule with2-beaks, 2 celled, many-seeded, open-
ing between the beaks. Decandria. Digynia.

1. & virginiensis Mich. : pubescent ; stem nearly leafless, corym-
bose-paniculate ; leaves oval, obtuse, crenate, narrowed at the base into,
a petiole ; flowers subsessile ; petals oval, much larger than the calyx ;
capsule half inferior. — & vernalis Big. — & nivalis Muhl.

12*

138 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.

HAB. Rocky hills. Can. to Geor. W. to Miss. April, Mar.
U. — Stem 4—12 inches high. Radicle lestrcs rather spathulate.
Flowers crowded near the extremities of the branches, white.

Early Saxifrage.

2. S. pennsylvanica Linn. : pubescent ; stem naked ; leaves oblong-
lanceolate, acute at each extremity, obsoletely denticulate ; panicle
oblong ; flowers fasciculate ; petals linear, longer than the calyx ; cap-
sule superior.

HAB. Wet grounds. N. S. May, June. U.—Stcm 1—2 some-
times 3—4 feet high. Petals yellowish-green. Much larger
than the preceding. Root very astringent. Large Saxifrage.

3. CHRYSOSPLENIUM. Linn.

Calyx 4 — 5-cleft, coloured. Carol none. Stamtns S — 10.
Styles 2. Capsule with two beaks, 2-valved, at length 1-cell-
ed, many-seeded. Decandria. Digynia.

C. oppositifolium Linn. : leaves opposite, roundish, narrowed into a
petiole, slightly crenate.

HAB. Springs and brooks. Can. to Car. April, May. If. —
Plant succulent, creeping, with small sessile flowers. Stamens
usually 8. Golden Saxifrage.

4. MITELLA. Linn.

Calyx campanulate, 5-cleft. Petals 5, inserted into the
calyx, iaciniate or toothed. Stamens 10. Styles 2, united.
Stigmas scarce!/ distinct. Capsule l-celled,2 valved ; valves
equal. Decandria. Digynia.

1. M. diphyUa Linn.: radicle leaves cordate-lobed, toothed and cili-

ate ; cauline ones 2, opposite, smaller ; flowers in a terminal raceme .-

petal* toothed-pinnatifid ; calyx and capsule at length membranaceous.

HAB. On wet rocks, &c. N. S. May. H- — Stem 8— 10 inches

high. Flowers small, white, in a long terminal spike.

SanicU.

2. Jf. cordtfolia Linn. : radicle leaves cordate, sub-3-lobed, doubly
creaate ; scape naked or with a single leaf, scaly at base ; petals fim-
briate-pinnatifid. — M. nuda Willd. — M. reniformis Lam. Pursh.

HAB. Moist rocks. Can. and N. S. June. K..—Stem 6—8
inches high, sometimes prostrate with creeping suckers.

5. TIARELLA. Lin*. .

Calyx 5-parted, persistent, with the lobes obtuse. Petals
5, inserted into the calyx, unguiculate, entire. Stamens 10.
Styles 2, distinct. Capsule 1-celled, 2-valved ; valves une-
qual. Decandria. Digynia.

UMBELLIFER^E. 139

T. cordifolia Linn. : leaves cordate, acutely lobed, dentate ; teetk
mucronate ; scape racemed ; petals with long claws.

HAB. Shady rocks. Can. and N. S. May. U •— Scape 8—10
inches high. Flowers white, in a simple terminal raceme.

Mitre-wort.

6. HEUCHERA. Linn.

Calyx persistent, 5-cleft. Petals 5, inserted on the calyx.
Stamens 5. Styles 2, distinct, as long as the stamens. Cap-
sules with 2-beaks^ 1-celled, many-seeded.

Pentandria. Digynia.

1. H. americana Linn. : vicidly pubescent ; scape and leaves some-
what scabrous ; leaves radical, on long pubescent petioles, with round-
ed and dentate lobes ; flowers in a long terminal panicle or thyrse ;
calyx short, obtuse ; petals lanceolate, as long as the calyx ; stamens
exserted. — H. cortusa Mich. — H. viscida Pufsk.

HAB. Shady rocks. N. Y. to Geor. W. to Miss. June, July. If .—
Scape 2 — 3 feet high. Floicers small, red, in a long simple pani-
cle.— This species has been found by Dr. Samuel B. Mead near
North Salem, Westchester county, N. Y. Alum-root.

2. H. pubescens Pursh: pulverulent-pubescent ; scape smooth be-
low ; leaves somewhat acutely lobed, smooth beneath, toothed ; teeth
rounded, mucronate ; peduncles short, with crowded flowers ; calyx
large, bell-shaped; petals longer than the calyx ; stamens scarcely
exserted.

HAB. Mountains. Penn. and Virg. May, June. 1£ »

2 feet high. Flowers large, red with yellow.

7.1 ITEA. Linn.

Calyx 5-cleft, campanulate. Petals 5, linear reflexed, in-
serted into the calyx. Stamens 5. Style 1. Stigma capi-
tate, 2-lobed. Capsule 2-celled, 2-valved ; valves bent in-
wards. (Placed by Dr. Torrey, with a mark of doubt, under
this order ; by other botanists under Ericea. Its true place
does not appear to be fully settled.) Pentandria. Monogynia.

I. virginica Linn.

HAB. Borders of swamps. N. J. to Car. June. ^>. — Shrub
4 — 8 feet high, branching. Leaves alternate, lanceolate, acumi-
nate, serrulate, pubescent beneath. Flowers white, in simple
terminal racemes.

ORDER LVIII. UMBELLIFER^E. Dt Cand. Lind.

Calyx, superior, either entire or 5-toothed. Petals 5, in-
•erted on the outside of a fleshy disk. Stamens 5, alternate

140 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.

with the petals. Styles 2, distinct ; stigmas simple. Fruit
consisting of two carpels, which are attached to a common axis
by their face (the commissure} from which they separate when
ripe; each carpel traversed by ribs or ridges, of which 5 are
primary, and 4 alternating with them, secondary. Seed soli-
tary, pendulous ; embryo minute, at the base of a horny albu-
men.

Herbs with fistular furrowed stems. Leaves mostly com-
pound and sheathing at the base. Flowers in umbels.

SUBORDER 1. ORTHOSPERMJE.

Jllbumcn flat or flattish within.

* Umbels simple or imperfect.
1. HYDROCOTYLE. Linn.

Calyx with the tube subcompressed, and (he margin of the
limb obsolete. Petals ovate, entire, acute, with npex straight.
Fruit laterally compressed ; ribs 5, filiform, the middle and
lateral ones often obsolete. — Umbel simple. Involucre few-
leaved. Pentandria. Digynia.

1. H. intemtpta Muld. : stem filiform, creeping, rooting at the joints,
smooth ; leaves peltate, orbicular, doubly crenate ; flowers 5—8 in
axillary umbellate heads. — H. vulgaris Mich.

HAB. Wet places. Can. to Geor. Pursh. June — Aug. 2J.. —
Flowers minute, white, in small umbels or bunches, which are
much shorter than the petioles. Marsh Penny-wort.

2. H. umbeJlata Linn. .* stem glabrous, rooting at the joints ; leaves
peltate-orbicular, doubly crenate ; emarginate at the base ; umbels
20— 30-flowered j flowers distinct, pedicelled.

HAB. Swamps. N. Y. to Geor. June— Aug. It. — Umbels on
peduncles longer than the leaves. Flowers white, minute.

3. H. americana Linn. : root tuberous ; stem filiform, with long
creeping suckers ; leaves reniform, slightly 7-lobed, crenate ; umbels
few-flowered, axillary, nearly sessile.

HAB. Moist places. Can. to Geor. June, July. 2f. — Leaca
nearly orbicular, 9-nerved. Umbels 4—6 flowered, axillary.
Petals greenish- white.

4. H. cymbalarifolia Muhl. : creeping, glabrous ; leaves reniform,
S-lobed, the intermediate one smaller, cordate, crenate ; umbels
few flowered, on peduncles ; flowers nearly sessile. — H. ranunculoides
Linn.? Torn

HAB. Penn. to Geor. June. If.— Differs from the former in
having the leaves smaller, more coriaceous in their texture, more

UMBELLIFER^E. 141

distinctly lobed, and in having the umbel pedunculate. — Spren-
gel considers this species identical with H. nitidula Mich.

2. CRANTZIA. Nutt.

Calyx with the tube subglobose ; limb nearly wanting. Pe-
tals roundish, entire, obtuse. Styles obtuse. Fruit round-
ish; commissure excavated. Carpels (Mericarpia D. C.)
unequal, with 3 marginated dorsal ribs, and 4 obtuse-angled
grooves. — Umbel simple. Involucre [5 — 6-leaved. Flowers
white. Pentandria. Digynia.

C. Uneata Nutt. — Hydrocotyle lineata Mdi. Torr.
HAB. Muddy banks of streams. N. Y. to Geor. July. If. —
Stem smooth, creeping. Leaves about 2 at each joint, 11-2 inch
long, thick, sessile, linear, cuneate, with transverse lines. Um-
bels 8—10 flowered, on long peduncles. Flowers pedicellate,
white.

3. ERIGENIA. Nutt.

Calyx with the margin obsolete. Petals 5, obovate, entire,
equal. Styles persistent, very long, subulate. Fruit ovalt
somewhat laterally compressed. Carpels gibbously convex,
marked with 3 striaB. — Umbel irregular, imperfect. General
involucre none ; partial one a few unequal leafets. Petals
white. Pentandria. Digynia*

E. buibosa Nutt. — Hydrocotyle composite Pursh.-^H., Upmnata N.uhl«
— Bison bulbosum Mich.

HAB. Wet grounds. Lancaster^ Penn. and W, to. Miss. March,
April. 2|. — Root globose, tuberous. Stem simple, 4 — 5 inches
high, 2-leaved. Leaves 3-parted ; partitions subpinnate ; seg-
ments rhomboidal, cleft, Umbels terminal, 3 — 5 flowered. Flow-
ers white. — The habit of this plant is so decidedly different from
Hydrocotyle as to, warrant its separation.

4, SANICULA, unr^

Calyx with the tube echinate and the lobes persistent. Pc»
tals erect connivent, obovate, deeply emarginate. Fruit sub-
globose, solid, not ribbed, armed with uncinate bristles. — Urn-,
bets few-rayed. Leafets of the involucre few, often divided^
Flowers polygamous. Pentandria. Digynia.

S. marilandica Linn. ,• leaves digitate ; leafets oblong, incisely ser-i
rate ; flowers in small head- form umbels ; fertile ones sessile, sterile
ones pedicellate.

It. canadensis Torr. .* leaves subternate ; leafets ovate, coarsely
toothed. •—•$. canadensis Linn.

142 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.

HAH. Woods. Throughout the U. S. June, Aug. If.— Stem,
2 feet high, erect, smooth. Flowers greeni«h-white. — Var. b. is
found, according to Mr. Brace, at Litchfield, Conn.

5. ERYNGIUM. Linn.

Calyx 5-parted ; tube rough with scales. Petals erect,
connivent, oblong-obovate, deeply eraarginate. Fruit Scaly
or tuberculose. — Flowers in a roundish or oblong head. Low-
er bracts often large and resembling an involucre ; the rest
(chaff,) mixed with the flowers. Pentandria. Digynia.

1. E. aquaticum Linn. : leaves linear-lanceolate, nerved, remotely
ciliate-spinose ; lower ones subensiform ; those of the flowers lanceo-
late, dentate; flowers in ovate heads, at the extremities of the branches;
leafets of the involucre 8—9, shorter than the head and with the chaff
entire. — E. yuccocfolium Mich.

HAB. Wet grounds. N. J.? to Geor. Aug. U-— Stem 2— 3
feet high, smooth, dichotomous above. Flowers white or pale
blue. Leaves 12—18 inches long. Medicinal. See EU. Sk. i.
343. Button Snake-root.

2. E. virginianum Lam. : leaves long-lanceolate, serrate, tapering at
each end ; flowers in large terminal umbels or corymbs ; leafets of the
involucre 7 — 8, longer than the heads, laciniate, subulate, whitish be-
neath ; ehafF3-clefl.— E. aquaticum Mich.

HAB. Marshes. N. J. to Geor. July, Aug. U.—Stem 3—4
feet high, hollow. Leaves 6 — 8 inches long. Flowers pale blue
or white.

3. E. virgatum Lam. : leaves spatulate-ovate, irregularly toothed,
short pctioled, sometimes a little cordate ; heads of flowers small, pe-
dunculate, shorter than the linear leafets of the involucre ; chaff 3-cleft.
— E. ovalifolium Mich. EU.

HAB. Wet meadows. N. J. to Geor. July. 2J..—Stem 2—3
feet high, simple, branching above. Leaves about 2 inches long.
Flowers blue, in small heads.

** Umbels compound or perfect.
6. CICUTA. Linn.

Calyx with the margin 5-toothed. Petals obcordate, reflex-
ed. Fruit roundish, didymous, laterally contracted. Carpels
with 5 equal flattish ribs ; the lateral ribs margined. — Gene-
ral involucre none or few-leaved ; partial one many leaved.
Flowers white. Pentandria. Digynia.

1. C. maculata Linn. : stem spotted ; lower leaves triternate and
quinate; upper biternate ; segments lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate,
acuminate, mucronately serrate ; umbels large, axillary and terminal ;
partial involucre of 5 — 6 setaceous leaves.

UMBELLIFERJE. 143

HAB. Wet grounds. Can. to Car. W. to Miss. July, Aug.
If. — Stem 3 — 4 feet high, terete, smooth. Petals white, obcor-
date. Poisonous and medicinal. Big. Med. Bot. i. 125.

Water Hemlock.

2. C. bulbi/era Linn. : leaves various, ternate and biternate ; leafet*
linear and linear-lanceolate, remotely toothed ; umbels small, termi-
nal, solitary ; partial involucre of 3 — 5 subulate leaves ; axils of the
leaves bulbiferous.

HAB. Swamps. Can. and N. S. Aug. U-—Stem 2—3 feet
high, smooth and slender. Umbels small. Flowers white.

7. ZIZIA. Koch. DC Cand.

Calyx with the margin obsolete or very short, 5-toothed.
Petals elliptic, attenuated into a long inflexed point. Fruit
laterally contracted, subdidymous, roundish or oval. Carpels
with 5 prominent equal ribs ; the lateral ribs margined.- — Ge-
neral involucre none ; partial one few-leaved. Flowers yel-
low, rarely white or dark purple. Pentandria. Dlgynia.

1. Z.aureaKoch: leaves biternate, shining; segments oblong-lan-
ceolate, attenuate at base, incisely serrate ; partial involucre 3-leaved,
unilateral — Smyrnium aureum Linn. — Sison aureus Spreng. Torr. —
Tkaspium aureum Nutt.

HAB. Rocky hills. N. Y. to Car. W. to Miss. June, July.
If..— Stem 1 1-2 to 2 feet high. Rays of the umbel short. Flow-
ers bright yellow.

2. Z. cordata Koch : radical leaves undivided, cordate, crenate, pe-
tiolate ; cauline ones subsessile, ternate ; segments petiolate, ovate,
cordate, serrate ; partial involucre 1-leaved. — Smyrnium cordat um Walt.
— S. trifoliatum Nutt.

HAB. Meadows. Can. to Flor. W. to Miss. May, June. If.—-
Stem 12 — 18 inches high, smooth. Floicers yellow. Fruit black.

3. Z. integerrima De Cand. : leaves biternate, somewhat glaucous ;
segments ovate, very entire ; partial involucre 1-leaved, very short. —
Smyrnium inte gerrimum Linn. — Sison inte gerrimus Spreng. Torr.

HAB. Mountains. Can. to Geor. W. to Miss. June. If. —
Stem 1 — 2 feet high. Umbel with elongated filiform rays. Flmo-
ers yellow.

8. DISCOPLEURA. De Cand.

Calyx with 5 subulate persistent teeth. Petals ovate, en-
tire. Fruit ovate, subdidymous. Carpels with 5 ribs; 3
dorsal ribs filiform, exsert, subacute ; 2 lateral ones with a
thick margin — Leaves much divided ; the segments linear.
Partial involucre a few linear setaceous leafets. Flowers
white. Pentandria. Digynia.

144 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.

D. capillacta De Cand. : stem erect or procumbent ; umbels 3 — 10-
rayed ; leafets of the involucre 3 — 5, mostly 3-clefl — Ammi maju*
Wait. — Ammi capillaceum Sprang.

HAB. Bogs. N. Y. to Geor. July— Sept. 0.— Stem 1—2 feet
long, geniculate, smooth. Leaves many-parted, with the seg-
ments all linear. Flowers white, on axillary umbels.

Bishop Weed.

9. CRYPTOTjENIA. DC Cand.

Calyx with the margin obsolete. Petals obovate, sub-
entire, inflexed. Fruit laterally contracted, linear-oblong,
crowned with straight styles. Carpels with 5 equal filiform
obtuse ribs. — Umbels numerous, arranged somewhat in the
form of a panicle. Rays few. General involucre none ; par-
tial one few leaved. Flowers white. Pentandria. Digynia.

C. canadensis De Cand. : leaves ternate, smooth ; leafets rhomboid-
ovate, acute, incisely toothed, acutely serrate; umbels numerous, lower
ones rising from the axils of the upper leaves ; fruit oblong, rostrate
with the persistent styles. — Sison canadense Linn. — Charophyttum cana-
dense Pers. Pursh. — Myrrhis canadensis Nutt. Torr.

HAB. Rocky woods. Can. to Car. June. L£. — Stem2 — 3 feet
high, erect, smooth. Flowers white.

10. SIUM. Linn.

Calyx with the margin 5-toothed, often obsolete. Petals
obovate, emarginate, inflexed. Styles di verge nt-reflexed, ca-
pitulate at the apex. Fruit compressed or contracted at the
side, subdidymous, crowned with the styles. Carpels with
equal filiform and somewhat obtuse ribs. — Mostly aquatics.
Leaves pinnate. Umbels terminal. Involucre many-leaved,
rarely wanting. Flowers white. Pentandria. Digynia.

1. S. lattfolxum Linn. : root creeping ; stem erect, angular ; leavei
pinnate ; leafets ovate-lanceolate, unequal at base, sessile, smooth,
equally serrate, sometimes pinnatifid ; umbels terminal, large, many-
rayed ; involucres many-leaved.

HAB. Swamps. Can. to Car. July. L£.— Stem 2— 4 feet high.
Flowers white. — When growing in water the lower leaves are
bipinnatifid, or have the leafets laciniate. Water Parsnip.

2. & Uneart Mich. : stem erect, smooth, angular and sulcate ; lower
leaves pinnate, upper ones ternate ; leafets linear-lanceolate, acutely
and finely serrate ; umbel terminal, with short rays ; involucres many-
leaved, linear. — & tcnu\folium Muhl.

HAB. Swamps. N. S. July. H.—Stan tall. LtaftU rerj
long and narrow. Flower $ white.

UMBELLIFER^E. 145

11. BUPLEURUM. Linn.

Calyx with the margin obsolete. Petals roundish, entire,
involute. Fruit laterally compressed or subdidymous, crown-
ed with the depressed style. Carpels with 5 winged acute,
filiform or obsolete ribs ; lateral ribs marginal, — Leaves most-
ly simple. Umbel compound. Involucre various. Flowers
yellow. Pentandria. Digynia.

B. rotundjfotium Linn. : stem leaves perfoliate, roundish-ovate : um-
bel 5-rayed ; general involucre none ; partial one of 5-mucronate leaf-
ets. — B. perfoliatum Lam.

HAB. Near cultivated grounds. ©. — Introduced, but apparently
growing wild near North Salem, Westchester co. N. Y. Dr.
Samuel B. Mead.

12. jETHUSA. Linn.

Calyx with the margin obsolete. Petals obovate, emar-
ginate, inflexed. Fruit ovate-globose. Carpels with 5 ele-
vated, thick and acutely keeled ribs ; the lateral ribs margined
and a little broader, and surrounded by a somewhat winged
keel. — Leaves much divided. General involucre none or 1-
leaved ; partial one 1 — 3 or 5 leaves. Flowers white.

Pentandria. Digynia.

JE. cynapium Linn. : leaves bi- and tri-pinnate, dark green; segments
ovate-lanceolate ; umbels terminal.

HAB. Road sides, &c. Boston, probably introduced. Big. July,
Aug. $j£. — Stem about a foot high, smooth. Flowers white, in
many rayed umbels — Said to resemble Conium maculatum, but
is smaller. Poisonous. Fool's Parsley.

13. CNIDIUM. Cuss. DC Cand.

Calyx with the margin obsolete. Petals obovate, emargin-
ate, reflexed. Fruit roundish in the transverse section. Car-
pels with 5 equal winged ribs ; wings membranaceous ; late-
ral ribs margined. — General involucre various ; partial one
many-leaved. Flowers white or reddish. Allied to Seseli,
but differs, in the membranaceous-winged ribs of the fruit, and
the obsolete margin of the calyx. Pentandria. Digynia.

T. canadensis Spreng. : stem angular, flexuous; leaves bipinnate,
shining ; leafets many-parted ; segments lanceolate ; involucres many-
leaved. — Sclinum canadense Mich. Pursh. — Apium bipinnatum Walt.
HAB. Banks of streams. Can. to Car. July. If. — Flowers
white. Pursh.

13

146 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLAiNTS.

14. THASPIUM. Nutt.

Calyx with the margin 5-toothed. Petals elliptic, attenu-
ated into a long inflexed point. Fruit not contracted at the
side, subelliptic. Carpels convex, with 5 winged ribs ; wings
subequal ; intervals grooved. — General involucre none ; par-
tial one about 3-leaved. Differs from Cnidiian in its 5-tooth-
ed calyx, — petals not emarginate, — involucels 3-leaved — and
in its habit. Pentandria, Digynia.

* Umbels opposite. Flowers dark purple.

1. T. atropurpureum Nutt. : stem smooth, dichotomously branched ;
radical leaves subcordate, simple, serrate ; cauline ones ternate ; leafets
ovate, acute, subcordate. — Cnidium atropurpureum Spreng. Torr.

HAB. Moist grounds. N. S. June. 2^.— Stem 2—3 feet high.
Petals dark purple. Fruit small, with membranaceous wings.

** Umbels terminal. Flowers yellow.

2. 7'. aciatfotium Nutt. : stem very tall, smooth and straight ; lower
leaves tri- ternate ; upper ones bi-ternate ; leafets oval, coarsely tooth-
ed ; umbels numerous, terminal, somewhat whorled ; partial involucre
setaceous. — Ligusticum actatfolium Mich. Torr.

HAB. Can. to Car. July. U.—Stem 3—4 feet high. Fruit ob-
long-oval, with the ribs somewhat winged.

3. T. barbinode Nutt. : petioles and nodes of the stem pubescent ;
lower leaves tri-ternate ; upper ones bi-ternate ; segments cuneate-
ovate, acute, unequally and incisely serrate, entire at the base ; partial
involucre 3-leaved, setaceous. — Ligusticum barbinode Mich. — Smyrnium
barbinode Muhl. — Ttiapsia tr\foliata Spreng. Torr.

HAB. Banks of the Schuylkill, near Philadelphia. Nutt. Stem
2 — 3 feet high. Floiccrs yellow, in a terminal umbel.

15. LIGUSTICUM. Linn.

Calyx with the margin 5-toothed or obsolete. Petals obo-
vate, acute, emarginate, inflexed ; claw very short. Fruit
roundish in the transverse section, or slightly laterally com-
pressed. Carpels with 5 equal and somewhat winged ribs ;
the lateral ones margined. — Involucre various — partial one
many-leaved. Flowers white. Pentandria. Digynia.

L. scoticum Linn. : stem erect, smooth and striate; lower leaves bi-
ternate ; upper ones ternate and nearly sessile ; leafets broadly ovate,
coarsely serrate ; umbels many-rayed ; flowers equal ; petals inflexed ;
involucres linear-lanceolate, 5— 7-leaved.

HAB. Borders of salt marshes. Salem, Mass. Big. Aug. If.
— Stem 12 — 18 inches high. Flotcers white. Identical with the
foreign plant. Sea Lorajfe.t

UMBELLIFER^E. 147

16. ANGELICA. Linn.

Calyx with the margin obsolete. Petals lanceolate, entire
acuminate, with a straight or incurved point. Fruit com-
pressed on the back, with the central raphe two-winged on
each side. Carpels with 3-dorsal filiform elevated ribs; the
2 lateral ribs dilated into a mernbranaceous wing. — Umbels
terminal. General involucre none or few-leaved; partial one
many-leaved. Flowers white. Pentandria. Digynia.

1. A. triquinata Mich. : stem terete, pubescent above; leaves on long
petioles, ternate, the partitions quinate ; leafets oblong-ovate, equally
serrate, smooth ; lower ones 2-lobed at the base ; general involucre
none ; partial one of 6 — 8 subulate leaves, directed to one side. — A.
hirsuta Muhl. — Ferula mllosa Walt.

HAS.* Dry grounds. N. Y. to Car. July, Aug. U-— Stern 2—3
feet high, erect and straight, white, villous below the umbel.
Leafets ovate or subrhomboidal. Umbels mostly 3. Flowers nu-
merous, white.

2. A. afropurpurca Linn. : stem large, smooth, coloured ; leaves ter-
nate, on large inflated sheathing petioles ; partitions subquinate ; leaf-
ets large, oblong-ovate, coarsely serrate, sublobed ; the three terminal
ones often united at base ; general involucre none ; partial one of
6 — 10 subulate leaves. — A. triquinata Big.

HAB. Wet meadows. June. l^.—Stcm 3 — 6 feet high, purplish.
(Dr. Darlington says it is often nearly the size of a man's arm
at base. ) Floicers white. — This, undoubtedly, is the A. atropur-
purea of most of our American botanists, except Dr. Bigelow ;
but whether it be the true Ljinnaean plant I have no means of de-
termining. Our A. atropurpurca is much larger than A. triquin-
,ata, has its leafets large and ovate-oblong, instead of small and
ovate. Plant powerfully aromatic. Root poisonous.

Common Angelica.

3. A. lucida Linn. : stem erect, glabrous ; leaves bi- and tri-pinnate ;
leafets equal, ovate, cuneate at base, incisely serrate ; general involu-
cre about 5-leaved ; partial one subulate. — Inperatoria lucida Nutt. ?

HAB. Shady woods. Can. to Car. Pursh. June, July. 1£. —
Stem 1 — 2 feet high. Floioers white. Root aromatic.

17. ARCHEMORA. De Cand.

Calyx with the margin 5-toothed. Petals obcordate, in-
flexed. Fruit dorsally compressed, flat, oval or obovate. Car-
pds with 5 subcarinate equidistant filiform ribs ; lateral ribs
dilated into a membranaceous margin nearly as broad as the
seed. — General involucre none or few-leaved ; partial one
many-leaved. Flowers white. — Has the habit of (Enanthe
or Sium ; the fruit of Pastinaca. Pentandria. Digynia,

148 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.

1. A. rigida De Cand. : stem erect, rigid, striate ; leaves pinnate,
smooth ; leafets 4 — 5 pairs, large, oblong-lanceolate, entire or with
several remote teeth j umbels terminal, on long peduncles ; general
involucre none ; partial one of 6—8 subulate leaves ; fruit much com-
pressed.— Sium rigidius Linn. — Slum marginatum Mich. — Pastinaca
rigida Spreng. Torr.— (Enanthe rigida Nutt.

HAB. Swamps. N. J. to S. Car. Sept. Lf. — Stem 2 — 4 feet
high. Leaves with a white and sometimes scabrous margin.
Flowers white.

2. A. ambigua De Cand. : stem erect, slightly angular ; leaves pin-
nate, smooth ; leafets narrow-linear or linear-lanceolate, long, mostly
entire, somewhat glaucous beneath ; umbels terminal, subsolitary ;
general involucre none ; partial one of 3 — 5 subulate leaves. —
(Enanthe ambigua Nutt.—Pastinaca ambigva Torr.— Sium longifolium
Pursh.

HAB. Brackish swamps. N. J. Aug. 2[.—Stem 3—5 fee:
high. Floicrrs white. — Dr. Torrey considers this plant identical
with (Enanthe ambitrna of Nuttall ; while according to the latter
botanist it is undoubtedly Sium lincare of Linneeus. The prin-
cipal difference between the present plant as characterized by
Torrey and S. lineare, consists in the absence of the general
involucre. Dr. Asa Gray informs me tliat this species has been
found in the sandy swamps of Michigan.

18. PASTINACA. Linn.

Calyx with the margin obsolete or minutely denticulate.
Petals roundish, entire, involute. Fruit dorsally and flatly
compressed, surrounded by a dilated margin. Carpels with
very slender ribs ; 3 intermediate ribs equidistant ; 2 lateral
ones contiguous. — Umbels' compound. Involucres none or
few-leaved. Flowers yellow. Pentandria. Digynia.

P. saliva Linn. : stem smooth, sulcate ; leaves pinnate ; leafets ses-
sile, subpubescent beneath, oblong, incised, terminal one 3-lobed ; um-
bels large, terminal ; fruit oval, much compressed.

HAB. Fields. July, Aug. tf.—Stcm 2—3 feet high. FUncer*
yellow. Introduced. Wild Parsnip*

19. HERACLEUM. Linn.

Calyx 5-toothed. Petals obovate, emarginate, inflexed ;
outer ones often rayed, bifid. Fruit dorsally and flatly com-
pressed, surrounded by a membranaceous margin. Carpels
with 3 equidistant ribs on the back; 2 lateral ribs with a di-
lated margin. — Umbels many-rayed. General involucre ca-
ducous, often few-leaved ; partial one many-leaved.

Pentandria. Digynia.

UMBELLIFEIUE. 149

H. lanatum Mich. : stem sulcate, pubescent ; leafets ternate, peti-
oled, tomentose beneath ; leafets petioled, round-cordate, lobed > par-
tial involucre 5 — 6 leaved ; fruit orbicular.

HAB. Meadows. June. H.—Stem 3—5 feet high. Petioles
very broad and membranous. Flowers white, in very large ter-
minal umbels. — One of our largest umbelliferous plants. Spren-
gel considers it identical with the foreign H. panaces Linn.

Cow Parsnip.

20. DAUCUS. Linn.

Calyx with the margin 5-toothed. Petals obovate, emargi-
nate, inflexed ; outer ones often rayed and deeply bifid. Fruit
somewhat laterally compressed, ovate or oblong. Carpels
with 5 primary filiform ribs ; 3 intermediate dorsal ones, 2
lateral flat, placed on the commissure ; 4 secondary ones
equal, with prominent wings, parted into a simple aculeate
series. — General involucre with many pinnate or pinnatifid
leaves ; partial one with many entire or trifid leafets. Flow-
ers white or yellow. Pentandria. Digynia.

D. carota Linn. : stem erect, hispid ; leaves tripinnate ; leafets in-
cised, linear-lanceolate, acute j umbel at length concave ; fruit bristly.
HAB. Old fields. June — Aug. tf. — Stem 2 feet. Flowers white.
Introduced. Wild Carrot,

SUBORDER II. CAMPYLOSPERM^.

Albumen involute.

21. CH^CROPHYLLUM. Linn.

Calyx with the margin obsolete. Petals obovate, emargi-
nate, inflexed. Fruit not beaked, laterally contracted or com-
pressed. Carpels with 5 obtuse equal ribs ; lateral ribs mar-
gined.— General involucre none or few-leaved; partial one
many-leaved. Flowers white, sometimes reddish.

Pentandria. Digynia.

C. procumbens Lam. : stem procumbent, somewhat hairy ; leaves
bipinnate ; segments lanceolate, rather obtuse ; umbels terminal, 3-
rayed ; partial involucre of 4 — 5 ovate ciliate leaves ; fruit prismatic,
smooth, crowned with the persistent styles.— Scandix procumbens Linn.
— Myrrhis procumbens and M. bifida Spreng.

HAB. In shady situations. N. Y. to S. Car. May. 0. — Stem
6—8 inches high. Umbel bifid, few-flowered. Flowers small,
white.

22. OSMORHIZA. Raf.

Calyx with the margin obsolete. Petals ovate, scarcely
emarginate, with a very short inflexed point. Fruit elongated,

150 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.

attenuated at base, solid, acute-angled, in the transverse sec-
tion roundish. Carpels with hispid angles and 5 acute ribs ;
commissure sulcate. — General involucre 2 — 3-leaved ; partial
one often 5-leaved. Flowers white ; central ones sterile ; outer
ones fertile. Pentandria. Digynia.

1. O. longistyUs De Cand. : stem smooth and striate ; leaves biter-
nate ; the lower ones on short petioles ; leafets ovate, incisely lobed
and dentate ; umbel 3— 4-rayed. — Myrrhis longistylis Torr. — Uraspcr-
mum claytoni Nutt. — Scandix dulcis M\M.

HAB. Wet meadows. N. S. June. It. — Stem 3 feet high. —
Can be most easily distinguished by its long subulate styles.

2. O. brevistylis De Cand. : stem hairy (at first hoary- white) ; leaves
biternate, pubescent ; leafets incisely lobed, dentate ; umbel 3- rayed ;
styles very short. — Myrrhis claytoni Torr. — Uraspermum hinmtum Big. ?

HAB. Shady rocks. Can. to Car. May, June. 11.— Stem 2
feet high. Flmoers white. Whole plant sweet tasted.

Siceet Cicilij.

23. CONIUM. Linn.

Calyx with the margin obsolete. Petals obcordate, some-
what emarginatc, very short and inflexed. Fruit ovate, late-
rally compressed. Carpels with 5 prominent equal, undulate
ribs ; the lateral ribs margined. — Involucres 3 — 5-leaved ;
partial one dimidiate. Flowers white, all fertile.

Pentandria. Digynia.

C. maculatum Linn. : stem erect, branched, smooth and spotted ;
leaves large, tripinnate ; leafets lanceolate, pinnatifid ; ultimate seg-
ments lanceolate, mostly entire ; general and partial umbels many-
rayed ; general involucre of several short lanceolate leaves ; partial
one few-leaved, setaceous, directed to one side.

HAB. Roadsides. Can. and N. S. July, 0".— Stem 2— 4 feet

high. Leaves smooth and shining. Flowers white, numerous.

Probably introduced. Whole plant highly poisonous ; fetid

when bruised. Medicinal.— Big. Med. Sot. i. 113.— Raf. Med.

Fl. i. 118. Hemhck.

ORDER LIX. ARALIACE^. De Cand. Lind.

Calyx superior, entire or toothed. Petals definite, 5 or 6,
deciduous. Stamens definite, 5 or 6 or 10 or 12, arising from
within the border of the calyx, and from without an epiginous
disk. Ovary inferior, with many cells ; ovules solitary, pen-
dulous ; styles equal in number to the cells ; stigmas simple.
fruit succulent or dry, consisting of several 1-seeded cells.
Seeds solitary, pendulous.

ARALIACE^E. 151

Trees, shrubs or herbaceous plants with the habit of umbelli-
ferse.

1. ARALIA. Linn.

Calyx 5-toothed or entire. Corol 5-petalled. Stamens 5,
often more. Styles 5, spreading. Berry 5 — 10-seeded,
crowned with the styles. — Umbels often with small involucres.

Pentandria. Pentagynia.

1. A. nudicaulis Linn. : nearly stemless ; leaf mostly solitary, tri-
quinate ; leafets sessile, oblong-oval, acute, serrate, smooth ; scape
naked, shorter than the leaf, 3-cleft at the top ; umbels few, small, on
long peduncles, without involucres.

HAB. Rocky woods. Can. to Car. N. to Arc. Amer. W. to
Rocky mountains. June, July. 11. — Root thick and creeping,
aromatic. Flowers small, 3-umbelled, greenish. Wild Sarsaparila.

2. A. racemosa Linn. : stem herbaceous, branched ; petioles 3-part-
ed ; divisions ternate and quinate ; leafets ovate, often cordate, acu-
minate, sharply serrate, mostly smooth ; umbels numerous, compound,
in large axillary panicles ; involucre small, few-leaved.

HAB. Woods. Can. to Car. W. to Rocky mountains. June
— Aug. T?. — Stem 3— 4 feet high. Flowers white. — The root
is highly aromatic, and is sometimes used for medicinal purpo-
ses. Spikenard.

3. A. hispida Mich. : low, sufFruticose ; stem and petioles hispid ;
leaves doubly pinnate ; leafets ovate, sharply serrate, unarmed ; um-
bels axillary and terminal, on long peduncles.

HAB. Rocky woods. Can. to Virg. July. *?. — Stem a foot
and a half high, with stiff and thick bristles at the base. Flow-
ers greenish-white. Wild Elder.

4. A. spinosa Linn. : arborescent ; stern and leaves spinous f leaves
doubly pinnate ; leafets ovate-acuminate, sessile ; umbels numerous, in
compound panicles ; involucre small, few-leaved.

HAB. Fertile woods. Penn. to Geor. W. to Miss. Aug.,
Sept. T?.— Shrub 8— 12 feet high, with the leaves crowded at
the summit. Flowers white, in very large terminal panicles. —
A watery infusion of the bark is said to be both emetic and ca-
thartic. Ell. Sk. i. 373. Angelica Tree.

2. PANAX. Linn.

Calyx with the margin very short and obsoletely 5-toothed.
Petals 5. Stamens 5, inserted under the margin of the disk
and alternating with the sepals. Styles 2 — 3, short. Fruit
fleshy, compressed, orbiculate or didymous, 2-celled ; cells 1-
seeded. — Flowers in simple umbels, polygamous.

Pentandria, Digynia.

152 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.

1. P. quinquefolium Linn. : root fusiform ; stem angular; leaves ter-
nate-quinate ; leafets oval, acuminate, petioled, serrate ; peduncles
shorter than the petioles ; styles and seeds 2.

HAB. Mountains. Can. to Gcor. June. It. — Stem 12 inches
high. Flowers greenish. — Highly esteemed by the Chinese for
its supposed medicinal properties. — Big. Mtd. Bot. ii. 82.

Ginseng.

2. P. trifolium Linn. : root tuberous, roundish; stem simple, smooth;
leaves ternate ; leafets subsessile, oblong-lanceolate, serrate ; styles
often 3 ; berry 3-seeded.

HABU Woods. Can. to Geor. May. H. — Stem 4 — 6 inches high.
Leaves ternate or quinate. Dtcarf Ginseng.

ORDER LX. HAMAMELIDE^E. De Cand. Lind.

Calyx superior, in 4 pieces. Petals 4, linear, with a val-
vular aestivation. Stamens 8, of which 4 are alternate with
the petals, anthers turned inwards, 2-celled, each all opening
by a valve which is finally deciduous, and 4 are sterile, and
placed at the base of the petals. Ovary 2-celled, inferior.
Styles 2. Fruit half inferior, capsular, usually opening with
two septiferous valves. Seeds pendulous. Embryo in the
midst of fleshy albumen.

Shrubs, with deciduous alternate leaves and small axillary

a ^"

flowers.

1. HAMAMELIS. Linn.

Calyx 4-lobed, with 2 — 3 scales (an involucre) external-
ly at base. Petals 4, long, ligulate, alternating with the
lobes of the calyx. Stamens 4, with very short filaments.
Capsule coriaceous, 2-celled, 2-valved at the top ; valves bifid.

Tetrandria. Digynia.

H. virginica Linn : leaves ovate, acute, toothed, cordate, with the
sinus small ; flowers in axillary clusters.

b. parcifolia Nutt. : leaves oblong-ovate ; upper part undulately
and coarsely crenate ; under surface pubescent, somewhat hir-
sute ; segments of the calyx oblong ; stamens and perigynous
filaments often nearly equal.

HAB. Woods. Can. to Flor. Oct., Nov. *?.— Shrub 6—12
feet high. Flowers yellow and continue during a great part of
the winter. — Var. b. is found on mountains in Penn. and is
smaller than the common variety. Nutt. Witch-hazel.

ORDER LXI. CORNER. De Cand.

Calyx 4-lobed. Petals 4, oblong, broad at the base, regu-
lar, inserted on the top of the tube of the calyx ; aestivation

CORNER. 153

valvate. Stamens 4, alternate with the petals, inserted with
them ; anthers 2-celIed. Ovary closely cohering with the
tube of the calyx, 2-celled ; ovules pendulous, solitary ; style
filiform ; stigma simple. Fruit fleshy, crowned by the re-
mains of the calyx, 2-celled, (or rarely 1-celled by abortion,)
endocarp thick and bony. Seeds solitary, pendulous ; albu-
men fleshy ; embryo straight ; radicle superior, shorter than
the oblong cotyledons.

Trees, shrubs or herbs. Leaves opposite, rarely alternate.

1. CORNUS. Linn.

Calyx with the tube adnate to the ovary, the limb very
small and 4-toothed. Petals 4, oblong. ' Stamens 4. Style
1. Drupe with a 2-celled nut. Tctandria. Monogynia.

* Flowers capitate, surrounded by an involucre.

1. C. canadensis Linn. : herbaceous ; lower leaves opposite, small ;
upper ones verticillate, veined ; leaves of the involucre ovate, acumi-
nate, white ; flowers numerous, very small, in a terminal head ; drupe
globose.

HAB. Woods. Arc. Amer. to Car. May, June. 24!. — Stem
6 inches high. Involucre white. Flowers reddish- white. Drupe
red.

2. C. florida Linn. : arborescent ; leaves opposite, ovate-acuminate,
entire, ribbed ; leaves of the involucre 4, large, obcordate, nerved,
white ; flowers in terminal heads.

HAB. Woods. Can. to Car. May, June. T>. — A tree 15 — 20
feet high. Flowers greenish-yellow. Involucre very large,
white. Drupe scarlet. Medicinal. Big. Med. Bot. ii. 73.

»£*«'' Dog Wood,

** Flowers naked, in cymes.
t Leaves opposite.

3. C. circinata L'Herit. : branches warty ; leaves on short petioles,
broad-oval, acuminate, white-downy beneath; cymes crowded, depress-
ed; drupe globose. — C. tomentulosa Mich. — C. rugosaLam.

HAB. Banks of streams. Can. to Virg. June, July. ^>. —
Shrub 6 — 8 feet high. Leaves broad, waved on the edges. Flow-
ers white. Drupe blue.

4. C. sericea L'Herit. : branches expanded ; leaves ovate, acuminate,
the under surface clothed with a silky ferruginous down ; cymes de-
pressed, woolly. — C. lanuginosaMich.—C. alba Walt.

HAB. Banks of streams. Can. to Car. June. J>. — Shrub 5— 10
feet high. leaves oblong, sometimes slightly cordate. Drupe
bright blue.

154 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.

5. C. sanguinea, L'Hcrit. : branches straight; leaves ovate, green on
both sides, pubescent beneath ; cymes expanding.

HAB. Low grounds. Can. to Car. June, July. 1?. — Shrub
8—12 feet high. Branches pubescent when young. Leares
broad, often oval. Drupe dark brown.

C. C. stricta L'Herit. : branches stiff and straight, fastigiate ; leaves
ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, entire, green on both sides, somewhat
naked; cymes panicled. — C.fastigiatu Mich. — C. sanguinea Walt.

HAB. Banks of streams. Can. to Car. June. 1?.— Shrub 8—12
feet high, stoloniferous. Cymes naked, sometimes paniculate.
Floicers white. Drupe blue.

7. C. alba L'Herit. : branches recurved, smooth ; leaves broad-
ovate, acute, pubescent, hoary beneath ; cymes depressed, slightly
pubescent. — C. stolo'nifera Mich.

HAB. Wet woods. Can. and N. S. N. to Arc. Amer. May-
July. T?. — Shrub 6 — 10 feet high. Cymes small. Drupe white
or lead-coloured.

8. C. paniculata L'Herit. : branches erect ; leaves ovate, acuminate,
sometimes lanceolate-ovate, hoary beneath ; cymes panicled. — C. ra-
cemosa him.

HAB. Wet woods. July. ^>.— Shrub 6— 10 feet high. Flowers
in compact panicles, white. Drupe white, nearly globose.

ft Leaves alternate.

9. C. altennfolia IJnn. : branches warty ; leaves alternate, ovate,
acute, hoary beneath ; cymes depressed, expanding.

HAB. Shady woods. Can. to Car. June. 1?. — Small tree,
15—20 feet high. Letices on slender petioles. Drupe purple.

ORDER LXII. LORANTHACE^E. De Caml.

Calyx with 2 bracts nl base. Petals 4 — 8, more or less
united ; aestivation valvate. Stamens as many as the petals,
and opposite to them. Ovary 1-celled ; ovule pendulous ;
style 1 or none ; stigma simple. Fruit fleshy, 1-celled ; endo-
carp membranaceous. Seed 1, pendulous ; embryo straight
in the axis of fleshy albumen / radicle superior, next to the
hilum.

Shrubs, almost parasitical. Leaves fleshy, entire, opposite,
rarely alternate or wanting.

1. VISCUM. Linn,

Flowers monoecious or dioecious. Calyx with the margin
entire or a little prominent. STERILE FL. Petals 4, (rarely
3 or 5) united at base. Anthers 4, adnate with the petals.

CAPRIFOLTACEJC. 155

FERTILE FL. Petals 4, distinct. • Germ crowned with the
margin of the calyx. Stigma 1, obtuse, sessile. Berry glo-
bose, mucilaginous, 1-seeded. Dioecia. Tetrandria.

V. flavcscens Pursh : branches terete, opposite and verticillate ;
leaves cuneate-obovate, 3-nerved ; spikes axillary, solitary, about
as long as the leaves; sterile flowers mostly trifid. — V. verticillatum Nutt.
HAB. Parasitic on trees. N. J. to Car. and throughout the val-
ley of the Mississippi. Berries white and diaphanous. Misseltoe.

OP.DER LXIII. CAPRIFOLIACEjE. De Cand.

Calyx with its limb 5- (very rarely 4-) lobed. Carol mono-
petalous, lobed, sometimes irregular, the divisions alternate
with those of the calyx. Stamens as many as the lobes of the
corol, and (sometimes 1 abortive) alternating with them ; fila-
ments subulate ; anthers ovate, 2 celled. Ovary cohering
withjhe calyx, 3- rarely 4 — 5-celled ; ovules few in each cell,
pendulous ; style 1, exserted. Stigmas as many as the cells.
Fruit crowned by the limb of the calyx, fleshy, or rarely al-
most dry, 1 or many-celled. Seeds solitary, in pairs or seve-
ral ; embryo straight, in fleshy albumen ; radicle superior.

Shrubs1 with opposite leaves destitute of stipules. Flowers
terminal, corymbose or axillary.

1. SAMBUCUS. Linn.

Calyx minute, 5-cleft. Corol subrotate, 5-cleft, with the
lobes obtuse. Stamens 5. Style none. Stigmas 3, sessile.
Berry roundish, 1-celled, 3 — 5-seeded.

Pentandria. Trigyjiia.

1. & canadensis Linn. : stem frutescent ; leaves pinnate ; leafets 4 or
5 pairs, oblong-oval, acuminate, smooth and shining ; nerves and peti-
oles smooth ; stipules wanting ; cymes 5-parted, lax.

HAB. Wet grounds. Can. to Car. May, June. *>. — Shrub
5— 10 feet high. Leaves sometimes bipinnate. Flowers white.
Fruit oval, deep purple. Common Elder.

2. <Sf. pulens Mich. : stem frutescent ; leaves pinnate ; leafets in 2 or
3 pairs, oval-lanceolate and with the petioles pubescent beneath ; cymes
dense, panicled or racemose. — S.pubesccns Pers.

HAB. Mountains. Can. to Car. June, July. *?. — Shrub 6 — 8
feet high. Floicers white. Fruit small, red.

2. VIBURNUM. Linn.

Calyx with the limb small, 5-toothed and persistent, Corol
rotate subcampanulate or tubular, 5-lobed. Stamens 5,

U6 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.

equal. Stigmas 3, sessile. Berry ovate or globose, 1-seed-
ed, crowned by the teeth of the calyx.

Pentandria. Tryginia.

1. V. prunjfolium linn.: branches spreading, smooth; leaves obo-
vate, nearly round and oval, very smooth, acutely serrate ; petiole
winged ; cymes large, lateral ; corol large.

HAB. Woods. N. Y. to Car. June. *?.— Shrub or small tree.
8 — 15 feet high. Flowers large, white. Fruit oval, dark blue.

2. V. pyrjfolium Lam. : leaves ovate-oblong, somewhat acute, sub-
serrate, smooth ; petioles naked ; cymes large, spreading, on angular
peduncles ; fruit ovate-oblong.

HAB. Mountains. N. S. May, June. T?.— Shrub 5—10 feet
high. Flowers white, on large spreading cymes. Fruit red.

3. V. lentago Linn. : smooth ; leaves broad-ovate or oval, acuminate,
sharply serrate ; petioles with waved margins ; cymes terminal, ses-
sile ; flo'wen small.

HAB. Rocky banks of streams. N. Y. to Geor. June. 1?. —
Shrub 10—15 feet high. Flowers small, white. Fruit black.

4. V. nudum Linn. : leaves oval-oblong, slightly acuminate, smooth
above, veins and margins pubescent beneath, obsoletely crenulate ;
petioles naked ; cymes peduncled ; flowers small, crowded ; fruit oval,
dark blue. — V. squamatum R. & S.

HAB. Swamps. Can. to Geor. June. *?.— Shrub 8 — 12 feet
high. Flowers white. Fruit black.

5. V. lantanoides Mich. : branches flexuous and often procumbent ;
leaves orbicular-cordate, abruptly acuminate, unequally serrate ; nerves
and petioles purverulent-tomentose ; cymes closely sessile ; fruit
ovate — V. lantana var. grandifiorum Ait.

HAB. Mountains. Can. and N. S. May, June. *>. — i<hmb
4 — 8 feet high. Fruit red, black when ripe. Hobble Bush.

6. V, dentatum Linn. : nearly smooth ; leaves on long petioles, or-
bicular-ovate, with coarse •erratures, plaited ; axils of the veins pubes-
eent beneath ; cymes large, terminal, peduncled ; fruit nearly globose,
small. — V. dentatum var. glabellum Mich.

HAB. Moist woods. Can. to Car. June. *>. — Shrub 8 feet
high. Flowers white, in a large expanding cyme. Fruit blue,
small. Arrow-wood.

7. V. pubescens Pursh : pubescent ; leaves on very short petioles,
ovate, subcordate, acuminate, dentate- serrate, villous beneath ; cymes
pedunculate ; fruit oblong. — V. dentatum var. scmitomcjitosum Mich.

HAB. High grounds. N. Y. to Car. June. *? . — Shrub 6 feet
high. Flowers in a small cyme.

8. V. acerifolium Linn. : leaves subcordate, 3-lobed, acutely serrate,
pubescent beneath ; petioles without glands, hairy ; cymes on long
peduncles ; fruit oval, compressed.

CAPRIFOLIACE^E. 157

HAB. Woods. N. Y. to Car. May, June. T?.— Shrub 4—8
feet high. Flowers white. Fruit black.

9. V. oxycoccus Pursh : leaves 3-lobed, acute at the base, 3-nerved ;
lobes divaricate, acuminate, remotely and obtusely toothed ; petioles
glandular ; cymes radiate ; flowers of the ray large and abortive — V.
opulus var. americana Ait. — V. opuloides Muhl.

HAB. Woods. Can. and N. S. N. to Arc. Amer. May, June.
Tp. — Shrub small, with spreading branches. Fruit large, sub-
globose, red, of an agreeable acid resembling that of cranberries.

Tree Cranberry.

10. V. edule Pursh: leaves 3-lobed, rather obtuse at the base, 3-
nerved ; lobes very short, with acuminate-dentate serratures ; petioles
glandular ; cymes radiate. — V. opulus var. edule Mich.

, HAB. Banks of rivers. Can. andN. Y. N. to Arc. Amer. July.
11- — A smaller and more upright shrub than the preceding ;
berries of the same colour and size, but when completely ripe
more agreeable to eat. Pursh.

3. TRIOSTEUM. Linn.

Calyx 5-cleft ; lobes linear-lanceolate, as long as the corol.
Carol tubular, subequally 5-Iobed, gibbous at base. Stamens
5, included. Stigma capitate. Berry 3-celled, 3-seeded,
crowned by the calyx. Pentandria. Monogynia.

T. perfoliatum Linn. : leaves connate, spatulate, lanceolate, acumi-
nate, pubescent beneath ; margin undulate ; flowers 1 — 3 in the axils
of the leaves, sessile. — T. niajus Mich.

HAB. Rocky woods. N. Y. to Car. June. IS.. — Stem 2 — 3 feet
high. Flowers purple. Medicinal. Big. Med. Bot. i. 90.

Fever Root.

4. DIERVILLA. Town.

Calyx oblong, 5-cleft, bibracteate at base. Corol funnel-
form, 5-cleft, spreading, much longer than the calyx. Stamens
5, somewhat exserted. Stigma capitate. Capsule oblong,
acute, not crowned, 1-celled, many-seeded.

Pentandria. Monogynia.

D. tournefortii Mich. : peduncles axillary and terminal, dichotomous,
2 — 3-flowered ; leaves opposite, ovate, on short petioles, serrate, acu-
minate, smooth. — D. lutea Pursh. — D. canadensis Muhl. — Lonicera dier-
tilla Linn.

HAB. Rocky woods. Throughout the U. S. June. 1?. — Shrub
2—3 feet high. Corol yellow.

5. LONICERA. De, Cand.

Calyx 5-toothed. Corol tubular, campanulate or funnel-
14

158 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.

form, 5-cleft, often irregularly. Stamens 5. Style filiform.
Stigma capitate. Berry 3-celled, few-seeded.

Pentandria. Monogynia.

* Flowers capitate-verticillate. Berry solitary, 3-celled, crowned by the
calyx. LOMCERA.

1. L. flava Sims : leaves ovate, glaucous beneath, with a cartilagin-
ous margin'; upper ones connate-perfoliate ; spikes verticillate, termi-
nal ; corol ringent ; segments oblong, obtuse. — Caprifolium flavum
EU.—C. fraseri Pursh.

HAB. Catskill mountains, N. Y. S. to Car. June, July. *>. —
Shrub twining, very smooth. Flowers bright yellow.

YeUow Honeysuckle.

2. L. hirsuta Eat. : leaves broad oVate and obovate, pubescent and*
ciliate, glaucous beneath ; upper ones connate-perfoliate., nearly
smooth ; spikes verticillate, terminal, subcapitate, glandular-pubes-
cent.— Caprifolium pubesccns Goldie.

HAB. Rocky woods. N. S. June. *>. — Shrub climbing. Flow-
ers yellow, pubescent. Berries orange. Distinct from the pre-
ceding. Rough Woodbine.

3. L. parriflora Lam. : leaves deciduous, glaucous beneath, all con-
nate-perfoliate ; spikes verticillate, in heads, subsessile ; corol ringent ;
gibbous at base ; filaments bearded. — Caprifolium parrijlorum Pursh. —
C. bracteosum Mich.

HAB. Rocky woods. N. Y. to Car. N. to Subarc. Amer. June,
July. *?. — Shrub twining. Flotcers yellow, smaller than in
either of the preceding.

4. L. grata Ait. : leaves perennial, obovate, slightly mucronate, re-
ticulate and paler beneath ; - upper ones connate-perfoliate ; spikes ver-
ticillate, approximate ; corol ringent, with the tube long. — Caprifolium
gratum Pursh.

HAB. Mountains. N. Y. to Car. June — Sept. *> . — Shrub climb-
ing or erect. Flowers scarlet.

5. L. sempercirens Ait. : leaves oblong, glaucous beneath, shining
above, the upper ones connate-perfoliate ; spikes verticillate, some-
what naked, terminal ; corol nearly equal, with the tube ventricose
above. — Caprifolium sempercirens Mich.

HAB. Stony dry woods. N. Y. to Car. May— Aug. J> . — Shrub
climbing. Leaves evergreen. Flowers crimson.

** Pedicels axillary, in pairs. Berries in pairs, distinct or more or lest
connate, %-celled, many-seeded. XYLOSTEUM.

6. L. ciliata Muhl.: stem erect ; leaves opposite, ovate and subcor-
date, ciliate on the margin, younger ones villous beneath ; tube of the
corol calcarate at base, ventricose above ; segments short, acute ; style
eiserted ; berries distinct. — Xylosteum eiUatum Pursh. Torr.

RUBIACE.E. 159

HAS. Hills and rocks. Can. and N. S. May, June. 1?.— Shrub
2 — 4 feet high. Carol yellow, long, bilabiate. Berries ovate,
red. Fly Honeysuckle.

7. L. villosa Muhl. : leaves oblong and oval, obtuse ; the younger
ones as well as the corol villous ; peduncles much shorter than the
flower ; berries coadnate. — Xylosteum villosum Mich. — -X. solonis Eat.
— X. oblongifolium Goldie.

HAB. Mountains. Hudson's bay to N. J. May. 1?. — Shrub
2—4 feet high. Flowers axillary, yellow. Berries red or purple.

6. SYMPHORIA. Pers.

Calyx minute, 4 — 5-toothed. Corol funnel-form, sub-
equally 4 — 5-lobed. Stamens 5, scarcely exserted. Stigma
subglobose. Berry crowned by the calyx, 4-celled, 4-seeded ;
2 of the cells' sometimes abortive. Pentandria. Monogynia.

1. S. glomerata Pursh: racemes axillary, capitate, glomerate ; leaves
opposite, ovate, on short petioles ; flowers small, numerous. — & vul-
garis Mich. — Symphoricarpos vulgaris De Cand.

HAB. Sandy fields. Penn. to Car. July, Aug. 1?.— Shrub 3— 4
feet high. Corol red and yellow. Berries purple.

2. S. racemosa Pursh : racemes terminal ; corol bearded within ;
leaves elliptical ovate, opposite. — Symphoricarpos racemosus Mich.

HAB. Niagara Falls. N. Y. W. to Miss. July, l?.— Shrub 2— 3
feet high. Corol pale red. Berries large, white.

7. LINNvEA. Grow.

Calyx with the tube ovate ; limb 5-parted ; segments lance-
olate-subulate. Corol turbinate, subcampanulate, 5-lobed.
Stamens 4, subdidynainous, included. Stigmas globose.
Berry dry, small, ovate-globose, 3-celled, (one cell only bear-
ing a perfect seed.) Tetrandria. Monogynia.

L. borealis Gron,

HAB. Woods and hills. N. S. N. to Arc. Amer. July. Z{.—
Evergreen, creeping. Leaves opposite, on short petioles, round-
ovate, crenate, slightly hairy. Peduncles erect, long. Flowers
2, drooping, pedicelled, white or pale red. Turin Flower.

ORDER LXIV. RUBIACEJE. De Cand.

Tube of the calyx adhering to the ovary ; the limb variable,
truncate or lobed, consisting of as many sepals as petals,
rarely with accessary intermediate teeth. Petals 4 — 5, rarely
3 — 8, united, inserted on the top of the tube of the calyx.
Stamens as many as the lobes of the corol and alternate with
them ; anthers oval, 2-celled, turned inwards. Ovary 2 — many

160 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.

celled, (by abortion 1-celled) crowned by a fleshy urceolate
disk ; style single, sometimes partly divided ; stigmas usually
2, rarely several. Fruit splitting into 2 cocci, or capsular,
or baccate, or drupaceous, 2 or many-celled. Seeds one or
many in each cell. Albumen copious, horny or fleshy ; em-
bryo straight or sligh'tly curved ; radicle turned to the hilum ;
cotyledons leafy.

Trees, shrubs or herbs. Leaves simple, entire, opposite,
rarely verticillate.

iL'r HEDYOTIS. Linn.

Calyx 4-toothed, or 4-parted. Corol tubular, bearded at
the throat, 4-parted. Stamens 4, somewhat exserted. Cap-
sule ovate, 2-celled, opening transversely at the top, maii)'-
seeded ; dissepiment contrary to the valves. '

Tetrandria. Monogynia.

H. glomerata Ell. : stem procumbent, assurgent, pubescent ; leaves
opposite, lanceolate, attenuate at base, pubescent ; flowers in clusters,
sessile, axillary and terminal. — //. auriculata Wait. — Oldenlandia glome-
rata Mich.

HAB. Damp grounds. N. J. to Car. Aug. © ? — Stem 1 — 3
inches high. Ftmcers white, minute, in clusters forming whorls.

2. MITCHELLA. Linn.

Flowers by pairs upon the same germ, superior. Calyx 4-
toothed. Corol funnel-form ; tube cylindric ; limb 4-parted,
spreading, villous on the inner side. Stamens 4, adnale to
the tube, scarcely exserted. Stigma 4-clcft. Berry by the
union of 2 germs, didymous, 4-seeded.

Tetrandria. Monogynia.

St. repens lAnn. : stem branched, smooth, creeping ; leaves opposite,
petioled, round or ovate, cordate at the base, smooth, very entire ;
flowers terminal, in pairs on each germ ; calyx minute.

HAB. Woods, among dried leaves. Can. to Geor. June, July.
1C. — A small, evergreen, creeping plant. Flowers white, hairy
within, fragrant. Berries red. Partridge Berry.

3. CEPHALANTHUS. Linn.

Common calyx none ; proper superior, small and angular,
4-cleft. Corol tubular, slender, 4-cleft. Style much exsert-
ed. Stigma globose. Capsule 2-celled, 2-secded, (mostly 2
partile.) Receptacle globose, hairy. — Flowers in a globose
head. Tetrandria. Monogynia.

RUBUCE^E. 161

C. occidentalis Linn. : leaves opposite or ternate, ovate or oval, acu-
minate ; peduncles much larger than the head of flowers.

HAB. Borders of ponds and streams. Can. to Flor. W. to Miss.
July, Aug. !?. — Shrub 4 — 5 feet high, branched. Leaves
ovate-oblong, petioled, smooth. Flowers in heads, white.

Button Bush.

4. DIODIA. Linn.

Calyx with the tube ovate or obovate, often 8-nerved ; 2 — 4-
toothed. Carol funnel-form, 4-lobed. Stamens 4, exserted
or included. Style bifid or undivided. Fruit crowned with
the calyx, 2-celled, bipartile ; carpels 1-seeded.

Tetrandria. Monogynia.

1. D. teres Walt. : stem procumbent, diffuse, terete, hairy ; leaves
linear-lanceolate, nearly smooth, margin and keel serrulate ; stipules
with numerous long bristles ; flowers axillary, solitary, alternate ;
corol bearded within ; fruit ovate, pubescent, crowned by the 4-lobed
calyx. — Speryiacoce diodina Mich,

HAB. Sandy fields. N. J. to Car. Aug. %j£.—Stem 6—8 inches
long. Flowers opposite, often clustered, white or pale purple.

2. D. virginica Linn. ,- smooth ; stem procumbent, nearly terete ; leaves
lanceolate, opposite, acute, scabrous on the margin ; corol nearly
smooth within ; fruit oblong, smooth, crowned by the 2-lobed calyx.

HAB. Damp soils. Md. to Car. Sept. If. — Stem smooth.
slender, purple. Floioers white, solitary, opposite,

Calyx with the tube-ovate-globose or oblong; limb nearly
wanting. C0r0/4-parted, rotate, (very rarely 3-parted.) Sta-
mens short. Styles 2, short. Fiidt didymous, roundish,
rarely oblong, Tetrandria. Monogynia.

* Fruit smooth. Flowers yellow.

1. G. verum Linn. : leaves about 8 in a whorl, linear, grooved, entire ;
•flowers in dense panicles,

HAB. Pastures. N. S. June, July. U.—Stem erect, 9—18
inches high, slender, branched. Leaves linear, deflexed, round-
ish. Flowers yellow. Introduced ? Yellow Bedstraw.

** Fruit smooth. Flowers white.

2. G. trifidum Linn. : stem procumbent, scabrous downward ; leaves
4 — 6 in a whorl, linear, obtuse, scabrous on the margin and midrib ;
peduncles smooth, spreading, 3-clefl ; corol 3— 4-cleft. — G. claytoni
Mick.

HAB. Swamps and wet fields. Can. to Car. N. to Arc. Amer.
June, July. If. — Stems procumbent and assurgent, much branch-

14*

162 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.

ed. Flowers in threes, white, verj minute. — It varies with obo-
vate-cuneate leaves. SmcM CUacers.

3. G. tinctorium Linn. .- stem diffuse, smoothish ; leaves linear, some-
what acute ; those of the stem in sixes ; of the branches in fours ;
peduncles terminal, elongated, mostly 3-flowered.

HAB. Wet woods. N. S. June— Aug. It- — Stem weak, branch-
ing. Leaves very narrow. Carol white, mostly 4-cleft. Used
as a red dye. Dyer's CUavers.

4. G. obtusum Big. : stem smooth, procumbent ; leaves in fours, ob-
lanceolate, obtuse, rough on the edge and midrib ; peduncles Blender,
3-flowered ; lobes of the corol acute ; fruit smooth, globose.

HAB. Banks of streams. Mass. Big. July. 24- • — Stem much
branched, entire, smooth. Leaves very obtuse. Flowers white.
— Plant larger and more open than G. tinctorium.

5. G. asprellum Mich. : stem diffuse, very branching, aculeate back
wards ; leaves in fives and sixes, lanceolate, acuminate, their margins
and nerves aculeate ; pedicels short.

HAB. Moist places. Can. to Virg. Jane, July. U-—Stem 1—2

feet high. Flowers white, minute. >^ '-><-,

*** Fruit hispid.

6. G. aparine Linn. : stem weak, branching, aculeate backwards ;
leaves 6—8 in a whorl, linear-lanceolate, mucronate, with the keel and
margin rough with reflexed prickles ;• fruit with hooked bristles.

HAB. Moist woods. N. S. June. ©.—Stew 3—4 feet long.
Flowers white, numerous, on axillary and terminal peduncles.

7. G. micranthum Pursh: stem very branching, divaricate, with re-
flexed prickles ; leaves short, lanceolate, mucronate, smooth, their mar-
gin and keel aculeate ; flowering branches divaricate ; pedicels sub-
JJ-flowered, hispid.

HAB. Mountain swamps. Can. and N. J. July. H — Flowers
white, and very minute. Fruit mostly 1 -seeded. Pvrsh.

8. G. brachlatum Pursh : stem flaccid, elongated, brachiate-ramose ;
branches short ; leaves in sixes, oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, smooth,
their margin and keel setaceously-ciliate ; flower bearing branches long-
er than the whorls, divaricate and dichotoraous ; pedicels 2-flowered ;
fruit with hooked bristles.

HAB. Woods and meadows. N. S. June — Aug. If. — Flowers
white. Pursh. — Perhaps not distinct from G, aparine.

9. G. triforum Mich. : stem procumbent, smoothish ; leaves in fives
and sixes, obovate-lanceolate, mucronate, glabrous, margin scarcely
ciliate ; flowering branches long, 3-flowered at the summit; flowers on
short pedicels ; fruit small, hispid. — G. cuspidatum MM. EU.

HAB. Moist woods. Can. to Car. July, Aug. !£.— Stem weak,
3 — 5 feet long. Flowers white, very small.

10. G. puncticulosum Wick. : stem erect, very branching, scarcely
pubescent ; leaves in fours, ovate, obtuse, smooth, with pellucid dots ;

VALERIANEjE. 163

margin and nerves pubescent ; flowering branches elongated ; fruit
with hooked bristles. — G. bermudianum Pursh not of Linn. ?

HAB. In wet places. Penn. to Car. June. If. — Stem erect,
nearly smooth. Floicers purple.

11. G. pilosum Ait. : stem nearly simple, elongated, ascending,
with remote joints, hispid ; leaves in fours, oval, mucronate, very hairy
on every part, nerveless ; flowering branches elongated, nearly simple,
3-flowered at the extremity ; fruit hairy. — G. puncticidosumva,T. pttosum
De Cand.

HAB. Woods. N. Y. to Car. July, Aug. 2{.—Stem a foot
high, rough. Flowers purple. — Probably not distinct from the
preceding.

12. G. circcBzans Mich. : stem erect, smooth or slightly pubescent
on the angles ; leaves in fours, oval, obtuse, smooth ; margin and
nerves ciliate ; peduncles short, divaricate, few- flowered ; flowers re-
mote, subsessile, alternate ; fruit nodding, with hooked bristles. — G.
boreale Walt.—G. brackiatum Muhl.

HAB. Rocky woods, N. Y. to Car. June, July. H. — Stem
about a foot high. Flowers purple.

13. G. lanceolatum Torr.: stem erect, very smooth, with remote
joints ; leaves in fours, lanceolate, generally acute, smooth, 3-nerved,
margin subciliate ; peduncles long, divaricate ; fruit sessile, nodding,
covered with hooked bristles. — G. torreyi Big.

HAB. Rocky woods. N. S. July. !£.— Stem 12—18 inches
high. Flowers purple. — De Candolle considers this a variety of
the former.

14. G. septentrionale .R, # & • stem erect, branched above, very
smooth ; leaves in fours, linear-acute or linear-lanceolate, 3-nerved^
smooth, margin involute and scabrous ; flowers in a divaricate termi-
nal panicle ; fruit with minute hooked hairs. — G. boreale Pursk. Torr.
— G. strictum Eat.

HAB. Sandy woods. N. S. Aug. If..— Stem 1 1-2—2 feet
high. Floicers white, in a. terminal crowded panicle.

ORDER LXV. VALERIANE^E. De Cand. Land.

Calyx with a limb of various kinds, either membranous or
resembling pappus. CoroHnserted into the top of the ovary,
3 — 5-lobed, regular or irregular, sometimes calcarate at the
base. Stamens 1 — 5, inserted into the tube of the corol and
alternate with its lobes. Ovary inferior, 1 — 3-celled ; ovule
solitary, pendulous ; style filiform ; stigmas 1 — 3. Fruit
dry, indehiscent, with 1 fertile cell and 2 empty ones. Seed
solitary, pendulous ; embryo straight, destitute of albumen ;
radicle superior.

Herbs. Leaves opposite, without stipules.

164 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.

1. VALERIANELLA. Matnch. De Cand.

Calyx with the limb toothed and persistent. Carol not cnl-
carate, regulnr, 5-lobed. Statncns 5. Stigmas scarcely divided
or trifid. Fruit 3-celled, submenlbrannceous, indehiscent,
crowned by the limb of the calyx ; 1 or 2 of the cells only
fertile. l^riandria. Monogynia.

V. radiata De Cand. : leaves spathulate-oblong, nearly entire, atten-
uate at base ; fruit oblong, smooth, somewhat 4-sided. — Fedia radiata
Mich. Fursh. Torr.

HAB. Fields. N. Y. to Caar. W. to Miss. May. ®.r-Stem
a foot high, dichotomous. Leaves opposite. Flowers small,
pale blue, in fasligiate corymbs, with lanceolate bracts at base.

Wild iMml Lettuce.

2. VALERIANA. De Cand.

Calyx with the limb involute, nt length evolved in a deci-
duous plumose pnppus. Corol with the tube obconic or cy-
lindric, equal or gibbous at base, limb obtusely, 5-clefl. Sta-
men? 3. Fruit indehiscent, 1 -celled, 1-seeded.

Triandria. Monogynia.

V. syhatica Rich. ? : flowers triandrous, perfect ; cauline leaves pin-
nate, acute ; radical ones oblong, entire.

HAB. Spagnous swamps, near Fairhaven, Ver. June, July. If.
— Root consisting of numerous long fibres, having the odour and
probably the medicinal properties of V. officinalis. Stem 2 — 3
feet high, simple, smooth, erect. Radical leaves on long peti-
oles, usually simple, but sometimes lobed at base, varying from
lanceolate, to ovate add subcordate ; stem leaves pinnate ; leaf-
ets in 4—6 pairs with an odd one, ovate oval or somewhat rhom-
boidal, coarsely but sometimes very sparingly toothed. Flowers
numerous, reddish- white, perfect, in a large and dense dichoto-
mous corymb. Corol gibbous at baSe, 5-cleft. Stamens and
pistil mucn exserted. Capsule ribbed, as long as the narrow and
hispid bracts. — This plant agrees very well with the short des-
cription given by Dr. Richardson ( App. to Frank. Jour.} of V.
sylratica, a IICAV species found in Arctic America and Newfound-
land, but it may prove distinct. From V. paucijlora it appears
to differ, although I have had no opportunity of comparing spe-
cimens. It was first discovered by Dr. Robbins at the above lo-
cality, where I have since found it growing abundantly.

ORDER LXVI. DIPSACE^. De Cand. Lind.

Calyx with a limb short or elongated, entire or toothed, or
pappose. Corol tubular, inserted into the calyx ; limb oblique,
4 — 5-lobed, with an imbricate aestivation. Stamens usually
4 or 5, alternate with the lobes of the corol ; anthers distinct.

COMPOSITE. 165

Ovary inferior, 1-celled, with a single pendulous ovule; style
1 ; stigma simple. Fruit dry, indehiscent, 1-celled, crowned
by the pappus-like calyx ; embryo straight, in the axis of
fleshy albumen ; radicle superior.

Herbs or under shrubs. Leaves opposite or whorled. Flow-
ers densely capitate or very rarely whorled.

1. DIPSACUS. Linn.

Flowers collected in an ovate or roundish head. Common
calyx (involucre) foliaceous, many-leaved ; proper superior,
of one leaf. Carol tubular, 4-cleft. Stamens 4. Stigma
longitudinal. Fruit crowned with the limb of the calyx.

Tetrandria. -Monogynia.

D. sylvestris Linn. : leaves opposite, rarely connate ; the many-leav-
ed involucre curved upwards ; 'scales of the receptacle straight.

HAB. Fields and waste places. N. S. July. tf.—Stem 3—5
feet high, strong, angular, prickly. Floioers blue, in dense oval
heads, shorter than the scales of the receptacle. Introduced.-

Wild Teasel.

ORDER LXVII. COMPOSITE. Mans. Lind.

Calyx with the limb cither wanting or membranous, and
divided into bristles palese or hairs, and called pappus. Co-
rol monopetalous, usually deciduous, either ligulate or tubular ;
in the latter case 4 — 5-toothecl or lobed, with a valvate aestiva-
tion. Stamens 5, alternate with the teeth of the corol ; fila-
ments distinct ; anthers cohering in a cylinder. Ovary inferi-
or, 1-celled, with a single erect ovule ; style single ; stigmas
2, distinct or united. Fruit a small indehiscent dry pericarp,
(acine) crowned with the limb of the calyx. Seed solitary,
erect ; embryo with a taper inferior radicle ; albumen none.

Herbs or shrubs. Leaves alternate or opposite, usually
simple, without stipules. Flowers (called florets'] collected
in dense heads upon a common receptacle, surrounded by an
involucre.

SUBORDER 1. CICHORACE7E.

OBS. In the arrangement of the genera of this suborder, I have
adopted Mr. Don's New Classification of the Cichoracese. Edin. New
Phil. Jour. vi. 305. Wherever he has enumerated the species of his
new genera, I have quoted him as the authority ; although he has not
in any case given specific descriptions.

166 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.

1. HIERACIUM. Linn. Don.

Involucre imbricate. Receptacle subfavose. Acines sim-
ple at the apex. Pappus with the rays numerous, persistent,
setaceous-pilose, arranged in one row. — Flowers yellow, so-
litary or corymbose. Syngenesia. Mqualis.

* Stemless. Scape many-fiowored.

1. H. venosum Linn. : scape hairy at base, smooth and branching
above; branches 1 -flowered ; leaves obovate-oblong, entire, a little
hairy above ; margins ciliate ; veins coloured ; involucre smooth.

HAB. Shady woods. Can. to Car. July, Aug. L(. — Scape
1 — 2 feet high, branching towards the summit. Leaves all radi-
cal, spreading on the ground, coloured with dark red veins.
Flowers panicled, on slender pedicels, yellow. Veiny Hawkweed.

** Stem leafy, many-flmccred.

2. //. ffronovii Linn. : radical leaves oblong, obtuse, very entire,
ciliate ; cauline ones ovate 'and clasping ; flowers in loose racemes ;
pedicels glandular-pilose ; involucre smooth.

HAB. Dry woods. Can. to Car. July, Aug. If .—Stem 2 feet
high, nearly naked. Flowers yellow, in a long terminal panicle
or raceme.— Both Pursh and Elliott have probably taken this
for the next.

3. H. marianum WlUd. : stem erect, villous ; leaves obovate-oblong,
strigose-villous on the midrib ; lower ones slightly toothed ; pedicels
and involucre hispid. — H. gronovii var. foliosum Pursh.— H. scabnim
Mich.

HAB. Woods. Can. to Car. July, Aug. If.— Stem 2 feet high,
very rough. Floicers in a small irregular panicle, yellow.

Rough ll/tir/,>ri til.

4. H. paniculatum Wittd.: stem erect, leafy, smooth above, whitish
tomentose below ; leaves lanceolate, oblong, few-toothed, membrana-
ceous, naked ; pedicels divaricate, capillary, 1 -flowered ; bracts seta-
ceous.

HAB. Woods. Can. to Car. July— Sept. "U.—Stcm slender,
1 — 2 feet high. Leaves thin, paler beneath. Flowers small, on
long slender pedicels, forming a large panicle.

5. H. kalmii Linn. : stem erect, simple, smoothish ; leaves sessile,
oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, acutely and divaricately toothed; pedicels
tomentose, somewhat in the form of an umbel ; involucre loose.—//.
virgatum and H. fasciculatum Pitrsh.

HAB. Rocky woods. Can. and N. S. Aug. L£.— Stem 2 feet
high. Leaves with acute diverging teeth. Pedicels axillary and
terminal, covered with down, thick, erect.

2. HARPALYCE. Don.

Involucre cylindric, many-leaved, in a single row, with a few
very short oppressed scales at base. Receptacle slightly pit-

COMPOSITE. 167

, • ri

ted. Florets indefinite. Stigmas filiform, somewhat hispid.
Acines narrow, angled, sulcate, simple at the apex. Pappus
pilose, stiffly erect, fragile, persistent and coloured, with the
rays crowded in a double row, denticulate- scabrous.

Syngenesia. JEqualis.

1. H. altissima Don: stem branching; leaves 3-lobed, petioled,
angular, denticulate, scabrous on the margin ; racemes axillary ; flow-
ers nodding ; involucre about 5-flowered. — Prenanthes altissima Linn.
Pursh.

HAB. Woods. Can. to Car. Aug. If. — Stem 4 — 6 feet high,
branching, glabrous. Flowers in axillary panicles or racemes,
yellowish.

2. H. cordata Don : stem paniculate above ; leaves petiolate, cordate,
toothed, ciliate ; the floral ones sessile, oblong, very entire ; panicle
loose, with the flowers somewhat racemose and nodding ; involucre
6-leaved, 6— -8-flowered. — Prenanthes cordata Pursh.

HAB. Woods. N. Y. to Car. Aug. 2J..—Stem 4—6 feet high.
Leaves ovate-lanceolate, cordate. Flowers in long loose pani-
cles, yellowish.

3. H. virgata Don : smooth ; stem simple ; leaves all lyrate and
sinuate, sessile ; racemes generally secund ; flowers pendulous ; invo-
lucre 8-leaved, 10-flowered. — Prenanthes virgata Mich.

HAB. Sandy fields. N. J. to Car. Aug., Sept. U-— Stem 2— 5
feet high. Ftowers in a long terminal raceme, pale-purple.

4. H, alba Don : radical leaves angular-hastate, toothed and some-
what lobed ; stem-leaves roundish-ovate, toothed and petioled, the
upper ones lanceolate ; panicle loose ; fascicles terminal, nodding ;
involucres 8-leaved, 9 — 12-flowered. — Prenanthes alba Linn.

b. nana : stem low ; lower leaves 3-parted ; middle ones hastate,
upper ones ovate or lanceolate ; sometimes all are entire. — P.
alba var. nana Big-. Torr.

HAB. Woods. N. Y. to Car. Aug. If.— Stem 5 feet high.
Flowers in a loose panicle which is composed of small terminal
clusters, yellowish-white. Var. b. White mountains. Stem
4 — 15 inches high. Flowers in simple or panicled racemes,
purple.

5. H. serpentaria Don : leaves toothed, rough ; those of the root pal-
mate ; of the stem on long petioles, sinuate-pinnatifid, somewhat 3-
lobed, the middle segment 3-parted ; upper leaves lanceolate ; racemes
terminal, paniculate, short, nodding; involucre 8-leaved, 12-flowered.
— Prenanthes serpentaria Pursh.

HAB. Mountain woods. N. Y. to Car. Aug. If. — Stem2 — 4 feet
high, nearly glabrous. Flowers in loose terminal panicles, purple.
— Resembles H. alba, and by Dr. Torrey is placed as a variety
of that species. The whole genus, indeed, is so liable to varia-
tion, that it may be doubted whether many of the species usual-
ly considered distinct, are more than mere varieties. But a*

168 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.

Pursh has apparently investigated it with more attention than
any succeeding botanist, I have preferred adopting his views
concerning the species. H. serpcntaria is said to be a cure for
the bite of the rattle snake. Pursh. Lion's Foot.

6. H. racemosa Don : stem simple ; leaves all undivided, smooth :
radical ones oval-lanceolate ; cauline ones subclasping ; racemes ob-
long, very hairy, in nodding fascicles ; involucre 8 — 9-leaved, 9 — 12-
flowered. — Prenanthes racemosa Afich.

HAB. Can. Mich. N. S. Torr. Sept. !£.— Stem 2 feet high.
Flowers purple.

3. LEONTODON. Schreb.

Involucre imbricate, with a few loose scales at base. Re-
ceptacle naked. Pappus simple, stipitate.

Syngenesia. JEqualis.

L. taraxacum Linn. : outer scales of the involucre reflected ; leaves
runcinate, smooth, the segments lanceolate and toothed ; scape 1-flow-
ered.

HAB. Pastures, &c. Throughout the U. S. April — Nov. If.
— Leaves all radical, smooth. Scapes often several from each
root, with one terminal large yellow flower. Introduced.

Dandelion.

4. OPORINIA. Don.

Involucre deeply many-parted, with a few appressed scales
at base. Receptacle dotted. Anthers bisetose at base. Acines
somewhat fusiform, compressed, sulcate ; furrows transverse-
ly rugose. Pappus with the rays distinct, in a single row,
persistent, plumose, scariose .and dilated at base. — Flowers
pedunculate, yellow. Syngenesia. JEqualis.

0. autumnale Don : scape branching ; peduncles scaly ; leaves lan-
ceolate, toothed or pinnatifid, smoothish. — Apargia auttitrmdti //'/'/A,'.

HAB. Fields and road sides. N. S. July— Sept. H.—Sfupe.
spreading, branching into a few peduncles which are furnished
with a few remote scales. Flowers bright yellow, resembling
the Dandelion. Introduced.

5. CYNTHIA. Don.

Involucre many-parted ; segments in a double tow. Re-
ceptacle scrobiculate. Anthers 2-toothed at base, Stigmas
linear-ligulate, pruinose. Acines oval, complanate. Pappus
double ; outer one chaffy, very short ; inner pilose, rough. —
Flowers yellow. Syngenesia. JEqualis.

1. C. amplexicaule Beck : smooth and glaucous ; scape somewhat
fleshy, simple or bifid ; branches 2 — 3-flowered ; radical leaves subly-
rate, spatulate ; cauline ones clasping, lanceolate, entire, smooth. —

COMPOSITE. 169

Krigia amplcxicaulis NutL — Trozimon virginicum Pursh. — Hyoscris am-

plezicaulis Midi.

HAB. Wet woods. N. J. to Car. W. to Miss. June. If. —
Stem a foot high, resembling a scape, and divided into long
slender branches. Flowers solitary at the extremity of the
branches, large, orange-yellow.

2. C. mrginica Beck : glaucous ; primary leaves roundish, entire,
the rest lyrate, nearly smooth ; scape 1 -flowered, smooth, at length
longer than the leaves. — Krigia mrginica Linn. — Hyoseris mrginica
Mich.

HAB. Fields and arid soils. Can. to Flor. May — Aug. %$. —
Scape 2 — 8 inches high. Floicers small, orange-yellow. — This
plant continues in flower for some time ; during which it varies
greatly in the length of the scape. Krigia dichotoma of Nutt-
all can be nothing more than a mere variety.

.6. LACTUCA. Linn.

Involucre imbricate, cylindrical ; the scales membranaco-
ous at the margin. Receptacle naked. Seeds smooth. Pap-
pus simple, stipitate. Syngenesia. Mqiialis.

1. L. elongata Muhl. : leaves smooth beneath ; the lower ones runci-
nate, amplexicaule ; upper ones lanceolate, sessile ; flowers in corym-
bose panicles.

HAB. Woods and road sides. Can. to Car. Aug. Sept. 3*. —
Stem 3 — 6 feet high. Leaves long, spreading, runcinate, clasp-
ing. Panicle terminal, composed of small clusters of yellow
flowers. — This plant appears on grounds newly burnt over and
hence called Fire Weed.

2. L. hirsuta Nutt. : lower part of the stem and leaves hirsutely pi-
lose ; radical leaves lyrate, segments truncate ; the upper ones partly
runcinate-pinnatifid ; flowers in racemes ; scales subulate.

HAB. In Pennsylvania. Muhl. Aug. 2_f. — Flowers yellow and
purple.

3. L. integrifolia Big. : leaves sagittate, entire, unarmed and clasp-
ing ; flowers panicled.

HAB. Road sides. N. S. July. $ .— Stem 3—4 feet high,
round, smooth and striated. Leaves pale beneath. Flowers yel-
low, in a panicle which is more compact than that of L. elongata,
from which Dr. Bigelow thinks it may be descended. It should
not be confounded with the L. integrifolia of Nuttall, which is
now removed to the genus Agathyrstis of Don.

4. L. sanguinea Big. : leaves clasping, runcinate, smooth beneath,
with the midrib filamentous ; flowers panicled.

HAB. Dry woods. N. S. July, Aug. g .—Stem 2—3 feet
high, erect and smooth, mostly of a reddish-purple colour. Flow-
ers panicled, with short acuminate bracts. Involucre purple.
Corol crimson.

15

170 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.

5. L. canadensls Linn. : leaves lanceolate-ensiform, clasping, toothed?
raceme compound, terminal — Sonchus pallidus Pursh. Torr.

HAB. Woods and road sides. Can. and N. S. July— Sept. If.
— Stem 2— 3 feet high. Flowers small, yellow.

6. L. villosa Jacq. : radical leaves slightly runcinate ; those of the
stem, ovate, acuminate, petiolate, toothed in the middle ; flowers pa-
niculate ; peduncles somewhat scaly. — Sonchus acuminatus JVUld.

HAB. Shady woods. Mass, to Car. Aug., Sept. <?. — Stem
3—4 feet high. Leaves attenuated at base into a winged petiole,
hairy beneath. Flowers in a loose terminal panicle, purple. Pe-
duncles with a few ovate ciliate scales. Florets about 15. Pap-
pus stipitate. — Although this plant differs somewhat in its habit
from the other species of Lactuca, it agrees more nearly with
this genus, than with Sonchus.

7. AGATHYRSUS. Don.

Involucre many-leaved, terete, closely imbricate ; the
inner scales elongated and connivent. Receptacle very
smooth. Florets indefinite. Anthers obtusely bidentate at
base. JHcines ancipital-comprcssed, 5-ribbed on each side,
transversely rugulous, somewhat attenuated at the summit ;
disk epiginous, nearly flat, dilated. Pappus very slender, fu-
gaceous, with the rays very numerous and arranged in a triple
row — Flowers corymbose paniculate, blue.

Syngenesia. JEqualis.

1. A. leucophaus Don : stem virgate und panicled ; leaves runci-
nate, acuminate ; peduncles scaly ; flowers racemose. — Sonchus leuco-
phnus Wild. Pursh. Torr. — S. spicatus Lam.

HAB. Woods and road sides. N. S. July — Sept. £. — Stem 2
feet high. Flowers bluish-white.

2. A. Jloridanus Don : stem terete ; leaves petioled, lyrate-runci-
nate, segments oblong, acuminate, toothed ; flowers paniculate ; pe-
duncles somewhat scaly. — Sonchus Jloridanus Linn. Pursh. Torr.

HAB. Woods and road sides. N. S. S. to Car. July— Sept.
$.—Stem erect, 3—5 feet high. Leaves narrow lanceolate,
sometimes with runcinate segments. Flowers in a long slender
panicle, small, blue. — Pursh states that this plant is used as a
cure for the bite of the rattle snake, in the same manner as Pre~
nanthes serpentaria, and is called — Gall of the cartii.

3. A. macrophyttus Don : ? leaves lyrate, cordate at base, very hairy
beneath ; petioles winged ; flowers paniculate ; peduncles hairy, naked
— Sonchus macrophyllus WUld. and the American authors.

HAB. Springy ground. Penn. to Car. Aug., Sept. I/. — Stem
4 — 7 feet high. Leaves large, lyrate, very hairy beneath. Flow-
trs blue, of the size of Cichorium intybus. Root tuberous.

COMPOSITE. 171

8. SONCHUS. Linn. Don.

Involucre many-leaved, closely imbricate, dilated at base,
connivent at the summit. Receptacle pitted, scabrous, with
the elevated and torn margins of the pits slightly dotted. Flo-
rets indefinite, the mouth very villous without. Anthers acute-
ly bidentate at base. Stigjna hispid. Acines ancipital-com-
pressed, sulcate, transversely rugose, simple at the summit,
very soft, capillary, fugaceous ; rays very copious, unequal,
fasciculately connate at base — Flowers yellow, corymbose,
rarely solitary. Syngenesia. JEqualis.

1. S. oleraceus Linn. : leaves oblong-lanceolate, clasping, slightly
toothed and sinuate ; involucre smooth ; peduncles somewhat tomen-
tose.

HAB. Waste grounds. Can. to Car. July— Sept. 0. — Stem
2—4 feet high, hollow and succulent. Peduncles axillary and
terminal, covered with a cotton-like down. Flowers yellow. —
It differs from the generic character in its smooth receptacle.
Introduced. Soio Thistle.

2. S. arvensis Linn. : root creeping ; leaves runcinate, denticulate,
cordate at base ; involucre hispid ; peduncles hispid, somewhat umbel-
led.

HAB. Near cultivated grounds. N. S. If. — Stem 2 feet high.
Floicers large, deep yellow. Introduced.

3. S. spinidosus Biff. : leaves clasping, oblong, waved, prickly ;
flowers somewhat umbelled.

HAB. Salt marshes. Mass. Aug. ©. — Stem 2 feet high, smooth
or slightly hairy. Leqfets smooth, with teeth ending in short
spines. Flowers somewhat umbelled, small, yellow.

9. CICHORIUM. Linn.

Involucre surrounded with leafy scales. Receptacle some-
what chaffy. Pappis plumose, sessile, unequal, shorter than
than the acines. Syngenesia. JEqualis.

C. intybus Linn. : leaves runcinate ; flowers axillary, sessile, in
pairs.

HAB. Fields. N. S. July— Sept. If.— Stem 2—3 feet high,
with rough branches. Flowers large, blue. Introduced.

Svccory.

SUBORDER II. CARDUACEjE.

10. ARCTIUM. Linn.

Involucre globose, each of its scales with an incurved hook
at the extremity. Receptacle chaffy. Pappus simple, the
rays short. Syngenesia. Mqualis.

A. lappa Linn. : leaves cordate, petiolate^unarmed.

172 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.

HAB. Waste grounds. N. S. July, Aug. "U.—Stem 3 — 4 feel
high. Leaves very large, cordate and wavy. Flowers numerous,
purple. — As Dr. Bigelow remarks, " this plant intrudes itself on
every one's acquaintance by the sharp firm hooks at the end of
the calyx scales, which attach themselves to the clothes, and
serve as a remarkable mechanism for dispersing the seeds." In-
troduced. Burdock.

11. CARDUUS. Linn.

Involucre ventricose, imbricate, with spinous" scales. Re-
ceptacle hairy. Pappus pilose or plumose, deciduous.

Syngenesia. JEqualte.

* Leaves decurrent.

1. C. lanceolatiis Linn. : stem hairy ; leaves decurrent, pinnatifid,
hispid ; the segments divaricate and spinous ; scales of the involucre
lanceolate, spreading.— Cnicus lanceolatus Wittd. — Cirsium lanceolalum
Spreng.

HAB. Road sides. N. S. July— Sept. tf.—Stem, 2—4 feet
high. Leaves woolly beneath, the segments armed with long,
and acuto spines. Flowers terminal, purple, middle-sized.

** Leaves sessile.

2. C. altissimus Linn. : leaves sessile, oblong-lanceolate, scabrous,
tomentose beneath, dentate-ciliate ; radical ones pinnatifid ; involucre
ovate, bracteate ; scales ovate, lanceolate, spinous, appressed. — Cnicus
altissimus WiUd.

HAB. Old fields. Penn. to Car. June— Sept. !£.— Stem 3— 8
feet high, and on the Missouri, according to Mr. Nuttall, 12 — 18
feet. Flowers terminal, large, purple.

3. C» arvensis Linn. : stem paniculate ; leaves sessile, pmnalifid.
spinous ; involucre ovate or globose ; scales ovate-lanceolate, nmcron-
ate, appressed. — Cnicus arvensis WWd.

HAB. Fields and roads sides. N. S. July. !£.- — Root creeping.
Stem 2 — 3 feet high, many-flowered. Leaves very thorny.
Flowers terminal, small, purple. — A very troublesome weed.
Introduced. Canada Thistle.

4. C. muticus Nutt. : leaves all pinnatifid, woolly beneath; segments
spinulose, somewhat lanceolate, acute ; branches naked, 1 -lowered ;
involucre globose ; scales unarmed. — Cnicus muticus Pursh. — Cirgium
tnuticnm Mich.

HAB. Mountains and low grounds. N. Y. to Car. Aug.. Sept..
$ . — Stem 2 — 4 feet high, branching above. Flowers purple*
middle-sized. Lower scales of the involucre spinous ; upper ones
simple, acute. — C. glaber of Nuttall appears to be only a variety
of this species.

5. C. virginianus mild. : stem attenuated, mostly 1 -flowered; leave*
sessile, lanceolate, margin revolute, distantly and spinosely serrate.

COMPOSITE. 173

smooth above, tomentose beneath ; involucre ovate ; scales appressed,
shortly mucronate, carinate. — Cnicus virginianus Pursh. — Cirsium tir-
ginianum Mich.

HAB. Woods. Penn. to Car. July— Sept, U— -Skew* 2—3

feet high, covered with a white down, especially towards the

summit. Flowers solitary, terminal, purple.

6. C. discolor Nutt. : stem divaricately branched ; leaves lanceolate,
sessile or clasping, more or less deeply pinnatifid, smooth above, tomen-
tose beneath ; segments 2-lobed, ciliate and spinous ; involucre sub-
globose ; scales ovate, spinous. — Cnicus discolor MuhL

HAB. Margins of swamps. N. J. to Car. July, Aug. $. —
Stem 3—6 feet high, hairy and tomentose ; branches leafy.
Leaves long. Floicers solitary, middle-sized, purple.

7. C. pumilus Nutt. : stem hairy, few-flowered ; leaves clasping,
green on both sides, oblong-lanceolate and pinnatifid ; segments irregu-
larly lobed, ciliate and spinous ; involucre large, and somewhat globose,
naked ; scales appressed, lanceolate, acuminate, spinous.

HAB. Dry fields. N. S. $. — Stem 1 — 2 feet high, erect or
subdecumbent. Leaves large, the lowest often 12 inches long.
Flowers few, very large, purple. Pappus more than an inch in
length. — Nuttall describes a variety of this species with the stem
simple, 1-flowered, and the leaves densely margined with spines.
It occurs on the banks of the Hudson near the city of New-
York, and is called var. hystrix.

8 C. spinosissimus Walt. : leaves sessile, pinnatifid, acutely incised,
very spinous, woolly beneath ; flowers crowded, bracteate ; bracts very
spinous, the spines generally in pairs ; involucre unarmed. — Cnicus
Jtorridulus Pursh.

HAB. Fields. N. S. to Car. July— Sept. l[.—Stem 2—3 feet
high, hollow. Flowers axillary and terminal, large, yellowish-
white, (pale purple Elliott.) Bracts 20 or 30 round the base of
each flower, on the outer ones spines in pairs. Scales of the
involucre lanceolate, very acute, but scarcely spiny.

9. C. glutinosus Beck : leaves pinnatifid, with divaricate segments ;
involucre ovate, with unarmed glutinous scales. — Cnicus glutinosus
Big.

HAB. Damp soils. Mass. Aug., Sept. $ — Stem 4 — 6 feet
high, branching. Leaves sessile, somewhat clasping. Flowers
small, on slender stalks, deep purple.-r- Allied to C. muticus, but
differs by its leaves and by the ovate glutinous scales of the in-
volucre.

12. ONOPORDON. Linn.

Involucre ventricose, with the scales spreading and spinous.
Receptacle pitted. Pappus deciduous, rough.

Syngenesia.
15*

174 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.

t

0. acantkium Linn. : leaves ovate-oblong, sinuate and spinous, de-
current, woolly on both sides ; scales of the involucre subulate, spread-
ing.

HAB. Waste grounds. N. S. July. $ .— Stem 4— 6 feet high.
branched and winged to the summit ; wings very spinous. In-
volucre globose. Flmcers large, solitary, purple. Introduced.

Cotton Thistle.

13. CENTAUREA. Linn.

Involucre scaly. Receptacle bristly. Carol of the ray in-
fundibuliform, irregular, larger than those of the disk, rap-
pus simple. Syngenesia. Frustratiea.

1. C. jacea Linn. : leaves linear-lanceolate, the lower ones broader
and toothed ; scales of the involucre scariose and torn, the lower one*
pinnatifid.

HAB. Penn. Muhl. July, Aug. If. — Scales of the inrolurrc
pale-brown and shining, the outer ones deeply pinnatifid, the in-
ner or uppermost ones torn. Flowers purple. Introduced.

Brown Knapweed.

2. C. nigra Linn. : lower leaves angular-lyrate, upper ones ovate ;
scales of the involucre ovate, ciliated with capillary teeth.

HAB. Mass, and Penn. July, Aug. U-—St*m 2—3 feet high.
Leaves scabrous. Scales of the involucre almost black, the teeth
brown. Flowers solitary, terminal, purple. Introduced. — Be-
sides the above, C. cyanus, C. benedicticta and C. calcitrapa are
naturalized in some parts of the United States. None of them
are indigenous. Black Knapicc&l.

14. ELEPHANTOPUS. Linn.

Partial involucre 4-flowered. Florets ligulate, 5-cleft, per-
fect. Receptacle naked. Pappus setaceous.

Syngenesia. Segregata.

E. carolinianvs Wittd. : stem branched, leafy, hairy ; leaves of the
root and stem oblong, tapering at base, hairy.

HAB. Dry soils. Md. to Car. Sept. 2j..—Stcm 2 feet high,
villous, especially near the base, branching towards the summit.
Heads of flowers composed of four clusters, each 4-flowered,
with the involucre 9 — 10-leaved. Corol purple.

Elepfiant' s-foot.

15. VERNONIA. Linn.

Involucre ovate, imbricate. Receptacle naked. Stigma
bifid. Pappus double ; outer short, chaffy ; inner capillary.

Syngenesia. JEqualis.

COMPOSITE. 175

1. V, novtloracensis Willd. : leaves numerous, lanceolate, scabrous,
serrulate ; corymb fastigiate ; scales of the involucre filiform at the
summit.

HAB. Wet grounds. Can. to Car. W. to Miss. Aug., Sept.
If. — Stem 4 — 6 feet high, branching towards the top. Flowers
in a very large terminal corymb, purple.

2. V. prealta Willd.: stem very tall, angular, densely ' pubescent ;
leaves numerous, lanceolate, acutely serrate, pubescent beneath ;
corymb fastigiate : scales of the involucre ovate, acute, unarmed.

HAB. Meadows. N. S. to Car. Aug. — Oct. Z£. — A very tall
rough looking plant. Flowers purple.

16. LIATRIS. Linn.

Involucre oblong, imbricate. Receptacle naked. Pappus
feathered, generally coloured. Acines pubescent, obconic.

Syngenesia. JEqualis.

1. L. spicata Willd. : leaves linear, entire, smooth, ciliate at base,
nerved and punctate ; flowers in spikes ; scales of the involucre linear,
obtuse. — L. macrostachya Mich. Pursh.

HAB. Meadows. Penn. to Car. Aug., Sept. If. — Stem 3—6
fee^high. Flowers in a terminal spike, purple. Involucres 8 — 10-
flowered.

2. L. pilosa Willd. : stem simple, pubescent ; leaves linear, hairy,
ciliate ; flowers in loose racemose heads ; scales of the involucre ob-
long, obtuse ; pedicels bracteate.

HAB. Pine barrens. N. J. to Geor. Sept.— Nov. U-—Stem

2 — 3 feet high, a little hairy. Leaves long and linear. Raceme

long, leafy. Involucre with 10—14 flowers. Flowers small,
bright purple.

3. L. scariosa Willd. : stem erect, hairy ; leaves lanceolate, pubes-
cent, scabrous on the margin ; raceme long ; involucre 14-flowered ;
seales obovate, nearly glabrous, with the margins scarious ; the lower
ones expanding.

HAB. Sandy woods. Penn. to Car. Aug. — Oct. 2_f. — Stem
3 — 4 feet high. Lower leaves very long. Flowers numerous, in a
terminal raceme, bright purple. A very variable species. See.
Ell. Sk. ii. 281.

4. L. squarrosa Willd. :- stem simple, pubescent ; leaves very long,
linear* nerved, with the margins scabrous ; racemes few-flowered,
leafy ; upper scales of the involucre lanceolate, rigid and spreading ;
segments of the florets linear, villous internally.

HAB. Sandy woods. Penn. to Flor. W. to Miss. Sept. — Oct.
If. — Stem 2 — 3 feet high. Flowers generally 4 — 5, in a terminal
raceme, bright purple. Involucre about 20-flowered.

17. BACCHARIS. Linn.
Involucre imbricate, its scales ovate and somewhat coria-

176 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.

ceous. Receptacle naked. Florets tubular, dioecious. Ste-
rile with the anthers exserted, unawned at base, pappus slight-
ly feathered. Fertile filiform, pappus capillary.

Syngenesia. Superflua.

B. halimi folia Linn. : leaves obovate and oval, incisely toothed near
the summit; panicle compound, leafy ; heads of flowers peduncled.
HAS. Sea coast. Md. to Geor. Sept., Oct. J?. — A shrub 6 — 12
feet high, and with the leaves covered with a whitish powder or
dust, flower* in a large loose terminal panicle. Pappus of the
fertile florets hairy, twice as long as the corol.

Ploughman's Sjnkenard.

18. CONYZA. Linn.

Involucre imbricate, the scales appressed. Receptacle nak-
ed. Marginal florets fertile, 3-cleft. Pappus simple, ca-
pillary. Acines hairy. Syngenesia. Superflua.

C. carnphorata Pursh : herbaceous, slightly pubescent ; leaves on
petioles, ovate-lanceolate, very acute, denticulate ; corymbs terminal
and axillary, shorter than the leaves ; scales of the involucre acute, as
long as the florets. — Erigeron camphoratum Linn.

HAB. Salt marshes. Mass, to Geor. Aug., Sept. 2j. — Stem
1 — 2 feet high, rather succulent Flowers in axillary and terminal
corymbs, purple. — When bruised, this plant gives out a strong
«picy but somewhat disagreeable odour. Big. Marsh Fleabane.

19. INTJLA. Linn.

Involucre squarroae or imbricate. Florets of the ray very
numerous, yellow. Anthers each with 2 bristles at the base.
Receptacle naked. Pappus simple. Nutt.

Syngenesia. Superflua.

I. helenium Linn. : leaves clasping, somewhat toothed, ovate, ru-
gose and tomentose beneath j scales of the involucre downy.

HAB. Roadsides. N. S. July, Aug. U-— Stem 3— 4 feet high,
branching at the top. Leaves very large, those of the root petio-
led, of the stem clasping. Flowers large, solitary, terminal,
yellow. Elecampane.

30. CHRYSOPSIS. Nutt.

Involucre imbricate. Anthers naked at the base. Recep-
tacle naked. Pappus double ; the outer chaffy and minute ;
the inner hairy, scabrous and many rayed. Acines obovate,
villous. — Rays of the corol mostly yellow.

Syngenesia. Superflua.

COMPOSITE. 177

1. C. mariana Nutt.: hairy; leaves oblong, lanceolate, serrate; the
upper ones sessile, acute ; the lower ones spathulate and generally ob-
tuse ; corymb simple ; involucre viscidly pubescent. — Inula mariana
Linn.

HAB. Sandy woods. N. J. to Car. Aug. — Oct. If.— Stem I — 2
feet high, clothed with long hairs. Flowers in corymbs ; florets
of the ray 16— 20.

2. C. falcata Beck : woolly and villous ; leaves sessile, linear, very
acute, subfalcate and spreading ; nerves pilose on both sides ; flowers
in axillary corymbs ; involucre pilose. — Inula falcata Pursh.

HAB. Pine woods. N. J. Sept., Oct. If..— Stem 6—12 inches
high. Flowers in crowded corymbs, small, bright yellow. Ray
florets oblong, tridentate. — Mr. Nuttall supposes this species to
be a mere variety of the preceding.

3. C. graminifolia Nutt. : silky ; stem leafy towards the summit ;
leaves linear-lanceolate, acute, entire, nerved ; corymb compound. —
Inula graminifolia Mich.

HAB. Sandy woods. Del. to Flor. Aug.— Oct. !£.— Stem 1—2
feet high and with the leaves covered with a silky pubescence.
Leaves long, linear. Corymb made up of many heads. Flow-
ers yellow. — Closely allied to C. argentca of Elliott, but the
leaves are conspicuously nerved, the corymbs generally more
compact and the heads more numerous. — The three species above
described, differ so much in habit from Inula helenium, as to war-
rant their separation ; a suggestion first made by Mr. Nuttalr,.
and subsequently adopted by Mr. Elliott. But it is doubtful
whether the range of the genus is so extensive as we should be
led to infer from the remarks of Mr. Nuttall.

21. ARNICA. Linn.

Involucre hemispherical, with the leafets equal and longer
than the disk. 'Receptacle, naked. Pappus simple. Florets
of the ray often with 5 filaments destitute of anthers, (yel-
low.) Syngenesia. Supcrflua.

A. nudicaulis Nutt. : hirsute ; radicle leaves opposite, decussate,
broad-lanceolate, nerved and toothed ; stem nearly leafless, divided
near the summit into a few 1 -flowered branches. — A. elaytoni Pursh. —
Doronicum nudicaule Mich.

HAB, Pine barrens. Penn. to Car, July, Aug. 2_£. — Stem 2 — 3
feet high, simple, hirsute, somewhat viscid. Leaves of the root
large, spreading, strongly nerved. Flowers large, yellow.

Leopard? s-banc*

22. GNAPHAUUM. Linn.

Involucre imbricate, with the scales membraneous and often
coloured. Receptacle naked. Florets of the ray subulate ;
some of the disk occasionally abortive. Pappus rough.

Syngenesia. Superflua.

178 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.

* Flowers perfect.

1. G.polyccphcdum Mich. : herbaceous, erect; leaves linear-lanceo-
late, acute, glabrous on the upper surface, pubescent beneath ; stem
paniculate, tomentose ; corymbs terminal, clustered.

HAB. Fields. Can. to Car. W. to Miss. July— Sept. ©.—
Stem 1—2 feet high. Flowers in thick clusters forming a large
terminal corymb, pale yellow. Fragrant Life Everlasting.

2. G. purpureum linn. : herbaceous ; stem erect, simple ; leaves li-
near-spathulate, tomentose beneath ; flowers sessile, clustered, axil-
lary and terminal.

HAB. Barren soil. N. Y. to Car. July— Oct. It.— Stem erect
and assurgent, 8—12 inches high. Flowers in compact axillary
and sessile clusters, purplish.

3. G. sylvaticum Linn. : stem herbaceous, very simple, nearly erect ;
leaves linear-lanceolate, downy on both sides ; flowers axillary, form-
ing a distant and leafy spike.

HAB. Woods. Can. and N. S. July, Aug. It-— Stem a foot
high. Flmcers sessile in the axils of the leaves, forming a more
or less interrupted spike. Scales of the involucre oblong, shin-
ing, with a broad brown border.

4. G. americanum Linn. : stem herbaceous, erect, branching; leaves
obovate-spathulate, pubescent beneath ; flowers axillary and terminal,
in clustered spikes.

HAB. Rocky woods. Penn. andVirg. July— Sept. Q. — Stem
6 — 10 inches high. Flowers small, pale yellow.

5. G. \diginosum Linn. : stem herbaceous, branched, diffuse, woolly ;
leaves linear-lanceolate ; flowers in terminal crowded clusters which
are shorter than the leaves.

HAB. Wet grounds. Can. and N. S. Aug., Sept. <$. — Stem
a span high, very much branched. Flowers small, 2 — 3 togeth-
er, forming oblong clusters at tlje extremity of the branches.
Scales of the involucre yellowish-brown, shining.

Marsh Cudweed.

6. G. germanicum Smith. : stem herbaceous, erect, proliferous at tho
summit ; leaves lanceolate, acute, downy ; flowers capitate in the ax-
ils of the branches and terminal.

HAB. Fields and pastures. Penn. and Virg. July, Aug. ©. —
Stem 6 — 8 inches high, with numerous leaves. Flowers in a
globular head. Scults of the involucre yellowish, very acute.

Common Cudweed.

7. G. decurrens kes : stem erect, much branched ; leaves linear-lan-
ceolate, very acute, decurrent, white and woolly beneath, naked
above ; flowers in dense terminal roundish clusters.

HAB. Hills. N, S. Aug. U.—Stem I 1-3—2 feet high. Flvw-
ttrs yellowish.

COMPOSITE. 179

** Flowers dioecious. ANTENNARIA. Brown*

8. G. margaritaceum Linn. : herbaceous ; stem branching near the
summit ; leaves linear-lanceolate, tapering, acute; tomentose beneath ;
corymb fastigiate ; flowers on pedicels.

HAB. Woods and mountains. Can. to Car. Aug., Sept. 1£. —
Stem 1 — 2 feet high, clothed with a thick wool. Flowers large,
in terminal corymbs. Involucre white. Florets yellow.

Life Everlasting.

9. G. plantagineum Linn. : shoots procumbent ; stem simple ; radi-
cal leaves ovate, nerved ; corymb clustered ; flowers dioecious ; inner
scales of the involucre long, obtuse, coloured. — G. dioicum var. plan-
tagineum Mich.

HAB. Woods. Can. to Car. W. to Miss. May, June. If.—
Stem 8-*-10 inches high, downy. Radical leaves large and broad,
those of the stem lanceolate. Flowers in a small terminal co-
rymb, reddish- white ; fertile ones -cylindrical and slender.

SUBORDER III. ASTERE^.
23. ERIGERON. Linn.

Involucre imbricate. Receptacle naked. Florets of the
ray numerous, very narrow, (mostly of a different colour from
the disk.) Pappus double; the outer very small ; the inner
hairy, of a few rays. Syngenesia. Superflud,

1. E. bellidifolium Linn. : hirsute-hoary ; radical leaves obovate,
slightly serrate ; those of the stem sessile, scattered, oblong-lanceo-
late ; stem 3 — 5-flowered ; rays twice as long as the involucre. — E.
pulcheUum Mich.

HAB. Shady woods. Can. to Car. W. to Miss. June — Aug.
24. — Stem 12 — 18 inches high. Flowers few, large, pale purple.
. - „ Robin's Plantain.

2. E. integrtfolium Big. : stem simple, leafy, smooth ; leaves lance-
olate, entire, 3-nerved ; flowers corymbed ; involucre hemispheric,
with acute scales.

HAB. Woods and road sides. N. S. June — Aug. Lf. — Stem
2 feet high, simple. Leaves slightly clasping, lower ones some-
times toothed. Flowers white, on rough leafy peduncles.

3. E. philadelphicum Linn. : pubescent ; lower leaves cuneate, ob-
long, sometimes incisely toothed ; stem leaves oblong-lanceolate, clasp-
ing ; flowers somewhat corymbose ; florets of the ray capillary, twice
as long as the involucre.

HAB. Fields and woods. Can. to Car. W. to Miss. Aug.,
Sept. 14. — Stem 2 — 3 feet high, slender. Flowers in a loose
corymb, pale purple ; ray florets very numerous.

4. E. purpureum Linn. : pubescent ; leaves oblong, toothed, clasp-
ing ; upper ones very entire ; peduncles corymbed, thick, th« lower

180 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.

ones elongated ; scales of the involucre pilose j rays twice as long as
the calyx.

HAB. Woods and pastures. Can. to Virg. N. to Arc. Amer.

July, Aug. H. — Stem 12 — 18 inches high. Flowers large,

purple.

5. E. strigosum Linn. : strigose and hairy ; leaves lanceolate, atten-
uate at each end, entire or with a few coarse teeth in the middle ; flow-
ers in a corymbose panicle. — E. strigosum and E. nervosum Pursh. ?

HAB. Fields and meadows. Can. to Car. W. to Miss. July,
Aug. tf.—Stcm 2 — 3 feet high. Flowers white, with the rays
capillary.

6. E. hcterophyllum Linn : radical leaves roundish-ovate, deeply
toothed, petiolate ; those of the stein lanceolate, acute, serrate in the
middle ; corymb terminal.

HAB. Waste grounds. N. S. June — Aug. tf. — Stem 2 — 3
feet high. Flowers white.

Subgenus CEAHOTUS. Nutt. Pappus simple.

7. E. canadcnse Linn. : stem hispid, paniculate, often profusely
branched ; leaves lanceolate-linear ; florets of the ray numerous,
crowded, very short. — E. canadcnse and E.pusittum Nutt.

HAB. Dry fields. Can. to Flor. W. to Miss. July— Sept 0.
Stem 6 inches to 6 feet high. When small, constituting E. pusil-
lum of Nuttall.

24. ASTER. Linn.

Involucre imbricate, with the lower scales often spreading.
Florets of the ray generally more than 10, (not yellow.) JJe-
ceptacle naked. Pafltus simple, hairy.

Syngenesia. Superflua.

OBS. Mr. Elliott's admirable Sketch of the Botany of South Caro-
lina and Georgia, contains detailed descriptions of many of our North-
ern Asters, and may be consulted with much advantage. The whole
genus is liable to great variations ; and it is more than probable that
many of the species here enumerated, will be found, on more minute
investigation, to be mere varieties.

* Florets of ike ray 5, white. Scales of the involucre white, with the sum-
mits green.

1. A. solidaginoides Mich.: leaves linear-lanceolate, entire, scabrous
on the margin ; branches corymbose-fastigiate ; flowers sessile, aggre-
gate ; scales of the involucre oblong-obtuse, appressed, somewhat re-
flexed at the summit. — Conyza lintfolUi Linn.

HAB. Dry swamps and woods. Penn. to Car. Aug. — Oct. It.
— Stem 2 feet high, smooth. Leaves almost linear, obscurely 3-
nerved. Flowers in small clusters, forming a fastigiate corymb.

COMPOSITE. 181

2. A. conyzoides IViUd. : stem simple, smooth and rigid ; leaves oval-
lanceolate, acute, serrate towards -the summit, 3-nerved ; the lower
ones attenuate at base ; the upper entire ; scales of the involucre oval,
obtuse, appressed, slightly reflexed at the summit.— A. marylandicus
Mich.

HAB. Woods and copses. Penn. to Geor. July, Aug. It. —
Stem 1 — 2 feet high.-Var. plantiginijolius of Nuttall, differs only
in being smaller and in having its leaves cuneate-ovate.

** Florets of the ray numerous. Pappus simp ie.
t Leaves entire.

3. A. hyssopifolius Linn. : leaves linear-lanceolate, 3-nerved, dotted,
acute, with the margin scabrous ; branches fastigiate, clustered; flo-
rets of the ray about 5 ; scales of the involucre about half as long as the
disk.

HAB. Sandy fields. N. J. to Car. Aug.— Oct. If.— Stem 1—2
feet high, smooth. Floiccrs in small terminal fastigiate corymbs.
Florets of the ray 3 — 7 or more, white or purplish.

4. A. sululatus Mich. .- very smooth ; leaves linear-subulate, acute,
erect ; branches many-flowered ; involucre cylindrical, the scales sub-
ulate ; florets of the ray minute.

HAB. Salt marshes. Penn. to Car. Aug. — Nov. L£. — Stem
erect, 2 — 3 feet high, smooth, with numerous spreading branches.
Flowers very small, in a loose terminal panicle, pale purple.

5. A.foliolosus Ait. : stem bearing many branches, erect; leaves linear-
lanceolate, attenuate at each end, acuminate, margin scabrous ; those
of the branches minute and numerous ; branches few-flowered; scales
of the involucre linear-acute, appressed. — A. cardifolius Mich.

HAB. Fields and road sides. Can. to Car. Aug.—Oct. 11. —
Stem 2—3 feet high, with spreading branches. Flowers in a
compound panicle, white or pale purple.

6. A. tenuifolius Linn. : stem smooth, erect, with 1 -flowered branches;
leaves linear-lanceolate, tapering at each end, very entire, slightly sca-
brous along the margin ; scales of the involucre acute, loose.

HAB. Fields and ro.ad sides. Can. to Car. Aug.— Nov. 1£.—
Stem 2 — 3 feet high, with numerous leaves. Flowers numerous,
in racemes along the main branches, pale purple. — It sometimes
has the branches paniculate, and at others the leaves are quite
linear, constituting in the former case A. dumosus Linn., in the
latter A. ericoides Linn.

7. A. nemoralis Ait. : leaves linear-lanceolate, attenuate at base, with
the margin scabrous and revolute ; branches filiform, naked, 1 -flower-
ed ; involucre loosely imbricated, with the scales acute and much short-
er than the disk; rays numerous. — A. ledifolius Pursh,

HAB. Sphagnous swamps. Can. and N. J. Sept., Oct. If.

Stem simple, 12—18 inches high, fragile and thickly set with
leaves which are sometimes minutely bidentate. Flowers large,
pale violet. — The stem is sometimes simple and 1-flowered. — A.
uniflorus Mich.

16

182 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.

8. A.paludosus Ait. : stem simple; leaves sessile or clasping, subu-
late, smooth, with the margin scabrous; peduncles few, 1-flowered,
axillary and terminal, leafy, pubescent; involucre large and squarrose.
— A. grandiflorus Walt. ?

HAB. Borders of swamps. N. J. to Flor. Aug.— Nov. 21. —
Stem 1—2 feet high, smooth nearly to the top, 3— 5-flowered.
Flowers very large and beautiful, the rays bright blue.

9. A. muUiflorus Ait. : stem diffusely branched, pubescent ; leaves
linear, entire, nearly smooth, slightly ciliate ; involucre and peduncles
squarrose, the scales oblong and ciliate.— A. multiflorus and A. citiatus
mild.

HAB. Fields and road sides. Can. to Car. Aug. If.— Stem
2— 3 feet high, branching, very pubescent. Flowers in crowded
terminal racemes, on horizontal branches. Kay florets nearly
white, disk ones yellowish.

10. A. sparstforus Mck. : very smooth ; stem slender, much branch-
ed ; leaves linear-subulate, somewhat fleshy and reflexed ; branches
spreading, leafy, 1-flowered ; scales of the involucre acute, appressed.

HAB. Salt marshes. N. Y. to Car. Sept;— Nov. 2j..—Stem
1—2 feet high. Flmcers large; rays pale purple ; disk yellow.

11. A. concolor Linn. : stem simple, erect, pubescent ; leaves oblong-
lanceolate, entire, hoary and pubescent on both sides ; raceme termi-
nal ; scales of the involucre lanceolate, silky, appressed.

HAB. Pine woods. N. J. to Flor. Aug.— Nov. If.— Stem 2-3
feet high, sparingly branched. Flowers in a long terminal ra-
ceme, blue. Root often tuberous.

12. A. salicifolius Pursh : stem smooth, paniculate at the summit ;
leaves linear-lanceolate, nearly entire, smooth ; involucre lax, with the
scales acute and spreading at their summits. — A. prealtus Lam.

HAB. Low grounds. N. S. Aug. — Oct. 2f. — Stem 4— 6 feet
high. Flowers middle-sized, reddish-blue.

13. A. astitus Alt. : stem branching from the base, erect, hispid ;
branches hairy ; leaves lanceolate, subclasping, attenuate at the apex,
with the margin scabrous ; scales of the involucre loose, linear, acute,
equal.

HAB. Dry swamps. N. S. July— Sept. If.— Stem 2 feet high.
Flowers middle-sized ; rays blue.

14. A. noraawglioi Linn. : stem erect, hairy, paniculate ; leaves nar-
row-lanceolate, hairy, clasping, auriculate, crowded on the branchlets ;
scales of the involucre lanceolate, loose, rather longer than the disk.

HAB. Meadows. Can. to Car. Sept.— Nov. If..— Stem 3—6
feet high, almost hispid, with spreading branches. Flowers
large, in a loose terminal panicle, blue or purple. — A very orna-
mental species.

15. A. cyaneus Pursh : stem very smooth, branching, the branches
spreading ; leaves linear-lanceolate, clasping, smooth ; flowers in pani-

COMPOSITE. 183

culate racemes ; scales of the involucre loose, lanceolate, as long as

the disk. — A. novaanglia var. b. Ait.

HAB. Old meadows. N. Y. to Car. Sept.— Nov. If..— Stem
3 — 4 feet high, smooth or slightly pubescent on the young
branches. Ftowers large, blue and purple.-^Said by Pursh to
be the handsomest of the genus.

16. A. phlogifolius Willd. : stem very simple, pubescent ; leaves
lanceolate, cordate, clasping, pubescent beneath, scabrous on the mar-
gin ; panicle terminal, loose, few-flowered ; scales of the involucre
loose, imbricate, lanceolate.— A. amplexicaulis Mich.

HAB. Moist grounds. N. J. toVirg. Aug.— Nov. If. — Stem 1 — 2
feet high. Flowers middle-sized, violet.

17. A. patens Ait. : stem branching, hairy; leaves oblong-lanceolate,
ciliate, cordate, clasping, scabrous and hairy on both sides ; branches
sproading,^elongated, few-flowered, with minute leaves ; scales of the
involucre imbricate, lanceolate, spreading. — A. diversifolius Mich.

HAB. Hedges. N. S. Sept.— Nov. U-— Stem 1—2 feet high.
Floioers middle-sized ; rays blue or purple ; disk yellow.

tt Leaves lanceolate and ovate ; the lower serrate.

1 . Floicers in corymbs.

13. A. nudiflorus Nutt.: stem simple and smooth ; leaves sessile,
ovate-lanceolate, subacuminate, sharply serrate, upper surface sca-
brous ; corymb simple, few-flowered ; peduncles pubescent, naked,
mostly 1 -flowered ; involucre hemispherical, closely imbricated ; scales
linear-oblong and ciliate.

HAB. Swamps. N. J. rare. 2f . — Stem 2 — 3 feet high.

Leaves 3 inches long, 1 inch wide. Flowers on peduncles 3—4
inches long, large, pale purple.

19. A. radula Jlit. .•• stem erect, simple, angular ; leaves lanceolate,
serrate, acuminate, rugose and very scabrous ; corymb terminal ; in-
volucre imbricate ; scales lanceolate, somewhat obtuse, subsquarrose.

HAB. Nova Scotia and high mountains in N. S. Sept. — Nov.
21. — Flowers middle-sized;, rays short, white.

20. A. strictus Pursh : leaves sessile, narrow-lanceolate, serrate, sca-
brous ; stem one or few-flowered above ; scales of the involucre imbri-
cate, appressed, oblong, acute, scarcely shorter than the disk. — A. bi-
florus Mich.

HAB. High mountains. N. S. N. to Labrador. Sept., Oct.
14. — Stem 4 — 6 inches high. Flowers middle-sized ; rays pale
violet ; disk brownish-yellow.

21. A. surculosus Mich. : stem simple, low and slender, minutely pu-
bescent ; lower leaves linear-lanceolate, entire or subserrate, scabrous
above ; upper ones linear, clasping ; corymb 3 — 5-flowered, somewhat
naked ; involucre imbricate, subsquarrose ; scales ciliate, linear-ob-
long, inner ones obtuse ; rays about 20.

HAB. Woods. N. S. Torr. S. to Car. Sept. Oct. U.—Root creep-
ing. Stem 12 — 18 inches high. Flowers rather large, violet

184 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.

purple ; inner scales of the involucre often coloured. — The habit
of this species is very much like that of a corymbose Liatris, and
Mr. Nuttall thinks it is the A. elcgans of Willdenow.

22. A. spectabtlis Ait. : leaves oblong-lanceolate, somewhat scabrous
and clasping ; lower ones serrate in the middle ; branches corymbose ;
involucre hemispherical, somewhat glandularly pubescent, foliaceous
and squarrose ; scales ciliate, cuneate-ovate and partly acute.

b. teffidifatttu \titt. : leaves oblong-obovate, serrate ; corymb near-
ly simple, with the branchlets mostly 1-flowered. — A. bdlidijlorus
mUd.f

HAB. Swamps. N. J. to Virg. Aug.— Nov. U.— Stem 2 feet
high ; branches 2 or 3-flowered, somewhat hairy. Flowers 10—15
in a corymb, large and blue. Var. b. has the stem never hairy
above.

23. A. scrotinus Willd. : leaves oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, sessile,
smooth, scabrous on the margin ; lower ones serrate j branches corym-
bose, smooth ; branchlets 1 -flowered ; scales of the involucre lanceo-
late, acuminate, spreading.

HAB. Low grounds. N. Y. to Virg. Sept.— Nov. 1£ — Stem
3 feet high, flowers large, blue.

24. A. puniceus Linn. : stem hispid ; leaves clasping, lanceolate, ser-
rate, somewhat scabrous j branches paniculate ; involucre loose, ex-
ceeding the disk ; scales linear-lanceolate, nearly equal.

HAB. Salt swamps. Can. to Car. Sept.— Nov. IT- — Stem 6 — 8
feet high, purplish. Flowers large, purple or blue.

25. A. novi belgii Linn. : stem terete, smooth ; leaves subclasping,
lanceolate, smooth, scabrous on the margin ; lower ones somewhat ser-
rate ; branches subdivided ; involucre loosely imbricated ; scales linear-
lanceolate. — A. noti belgii and A. jtoribundus Hilld.

HAB. Fields. N. S. Aug.— Oct. K.— Stem 3 feet high.
Flowers middle-sized, pale purple.

26. A. acuminates Mich. : stem simple, flexuous, angular ; leaves
broad-lanceolate, tapering and entire towards the base, unequally
serrate near the summit, conspicuously acuminate ; panicle corym-
bose, divaricate, dichotomous ; scales of the involucre loose, linear.
shorter than the disk.

HAB. Can. and mountains in N. S. Aug. — Oct. 2J..—8lcm a
foot or more high. Learcs large. Flowers middle-sized; rays
white.

27. A. dracwiculoidcs Jtllld. : stem nearly smooth ; leaves linear,
acuminate, very entire ; lower ones linear-lanceolate, subserrate ;
branches corymbose ; involucre imbricate.

HAB. Low grounds. N. J. to Car. Sept.— Nov. L£. — Stem 4
feet high. Flowers small ; rays white.

2. Flowers in panicles.

28. A. amplexicaulis Willd. : stem smooth, paniculate ; leaves ovate-

COMPOSITE. 185

oblong, acute, clasping, cordate, serrate, smooth ; scales of the invo-
lucre lanceolate, closely imbricate. — A. pennsylvanictis Lam.

HAB. Woods. N. rJ. to Car. Sept.— Nov. It.— Stem 2—3
feet high. Lower leaves attenuate and clasping, the upper ones
more cordate. Flowers in a terminaFpanicle, middle-sized, blue.

29. A. jtrenanthoides IVilld. : branches hairy ', leaves clasping, spath-
ulate-lanceolate, acuminate, serrate in the middle, cordate at base ;
scales of the involucre lanceolate, squarrose.

HAB. Penn. Muhl. Aug. — Oct. If. — Flowers blue.

30. A. Icevigatus Willd. : stem much branched, smooth; branches
many-flowered ; leaves subclasping, broad-lanceolate, subserrate,
smooth ; scales of the involucre lanceolate, loose, as long as the disk.

HAB. Wet woods. N. Y. to Car. Sept., Oct. U.—Stem 2—4
feet high, profusely branched. Upper leaves narrow and nearly
entire. Flowers numerous, pale purple ; disk yellow. ; ^

31. A. versicolor IVilld.: stem much branched, smooth ; leaves, sub-
clasping, broad-lanceolate, smooth, somewhat serrate ; radicle ones
serrate in the middle ; scales of the involucre lanceolate, loose, shorter
than the disk.

HAB. Fields and Woods. N. J. to Car. Aug.— Oct. L£.—
Stem 2 feet high. Flowers large and very numerous, clustered
towards the summits of the branches ; dish yellow; rays white,
changing to a deep violet. Pursh.

32. A. mutabilis Linn. : stem smooth ; branches virgate ; upper
leaves somewhat clasping, lanceolate, acuminate, very entire ; lower
ones lanceolate, narrow at base, serrate ; scales of the involucre loose,
shorter than the disk. .v.trw

HAB. Fields and woods. Penn. to Virg. Aug. — Oct. If. —
Flowers middle-sized ; dish yellow ; rays deep purple, changing
to purple. Pursh.

33. A. lotvis Linn. : stem smooth, angular ; branches simple, 1 -flow-
ered ; leaves somewhat clasping, remote, oblong, very entire, shining ;
radical ones subserrate ; scales of the involucre imbricate, subcunei-
form, acute, thickened at the apex.

HAB. Woods and sides of ponds. N. Y. to Virg. Sept. — Nov.
If. — Stem 2 feet high. Flowers large, bluish- purple.

34. A. concinnus JVilld. : stem simple, paniculate at the summit ;
leaves lanceolate-, somewhat clasping ; lower ones smooth, subserrate ;
involucre closely imbricate.

HAB. Woods. N. Y. and Penn. Sept.— Nov. U—Stem 2
feet high. Flowers bluish-purple. Leaves, said by Pursh, to re-
semble those of Phlox maculata.

35. A. tardiflorus Linn. : branches divaricate ; leaves sessile, serrate,
smooth, spathulate-lanceolate, attenuate at base, margin reflexed ; in-
volucre loose ; scales linear-lanceolate, nearly equal, smooth.

HAB. Low ground. N. S. Sept.— Nov. if. rare. — Flowers
middle-sized ; rays pale blue.
16*

186 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.

36. A. tradescanti Linn. : stem terete, smooth ; branches virgate ;
leaves lanceolate, serrate, sessile, smooth ; involucre imbricate

HAB. Dry swamps. Can. to Virg. Aug.— Oct. I(. — Stem
3— 4 feet high. Flowers very small ; rays white or purple. — A. re-
curoatus of Willdenow, is considered by Dr. Torrey as a mere
variety of the above. It has the leaves narrower and the panicle
sometimes recurved.

37. A. eminens W\Ud. : stem paniculate ; branchlets 1 -flowered ;
leaves linear-lanceolate, acuminate, scabrous on the margin ; lower
ones subserrate ; involucre imbricate ; scales lanceolate — and A. laws.

wilid.

HAB. Fields. N. J. to Virg. Sept.— Nov. 2^.— Fhicers middle-
sized ; rays pale, lilac ; disk yellow, changing to red. — As sug-
gested by Mr. Nuttall, A. laxug of Willdenow is scarcely to be
distinguished from this species.

38. A. simplex If 'Hid. : stem very smooth, paniculate at the summit :
leaves lanceolate, acuminate, scabrous on the margin ; those of the
stem serrate at the apex, of the branches very entire ; involucre loose-
ly imbricate ; scales linear-subulate.

HAB. Penn. Torr. If.— Rays white ; disk yellow. Pvrsh.

39. A. polyphyllus Willd. : stem much branched, pubescent ; leaves
linear, very entire ; radical ones oblong, subserrate ; involucre loosely
imbricate.

HAB. Penn. Ttnr. 11. — Rays white ; disk yellow, changing to
red or brown. Pvrsh.

40. A. junccus Ait. : stem paniculate, smooth ; branches virgate ,-
leaves lanceolate-linear, sessile, smooth ; lower ones subserrate ; those
of the branches lanceolate ; involucre imbricate.

HAB. Low grounds. N. 8. Aug.— Oct. If. — Stem 4—6 feet
high. Flowers flesh coloured. — A lanceolatus of Willdenow, is
only a variety with a branched stem and smaller flowers.

41. A.fragilis Willd.: <tem smoothish ; branches corymbose-pani-
culate ; leaves linear, acuminate, very entire ; radical ones oblong,
serrate ; involucre imbricate ; scales appressed.

HAB. Fields. N. S. Sept. !(.— Stem 2 feet high. Flovtrs
small, white.

42. A. miser Linn. : stem villous ; leaves sessile, lanceolate, serrate,
smooth ; involucre imbricate; scales acute ; disk equal to the ray.

a. diver gens ; leaves elliptical-lanceolate. — A. ditergens Ait.

b. diffusus ; leaves all proportioned . — A. diffusus Ait.

c. pendulus; leaves of branches rather remote. — A. pmdulus Ait.
HAB. Fields. N. S. Aug.— Nov. If. — Flowers small, white.

— I follow Dr. Torrey in uniting the above species with A. miser.

3. Leaves cordate and orate, serrate.

43. A. undulatus Linn. : stem paniculate, hispid ; branchlets second,
leaf/, 1 -flowered ; leaves oblong, cordate, clasping, very entire, hairy,

COMPOSITE. 197

Bubundulate ; lower ones cordate, ovate, subserrate, petiolate j petioles

winged. — A. diversifolius Mich.

HAB. Old fields. N. Y. to Car. Sept. U.—Stem 2—3 feet
high. Flowers large, in a terminal spike ; ray pale blue ; disk
yellow. — According to Mr. Elliott A. patens of Willdenow and
A. amplexicaulis of Michaux are identical with this species.

44. A. sagittifolius Wittd. : stem smooth, branched ; leaves oblong-
lanceolate, acuminate, sessile, serrate in the middle ; radical ones ob-
long, cordate-saggitate, serrate, petiolate ; scales of the involucre
loosely imbricate, lanceolate.

HAB. Rocky woods. N. S. Ton: S. to Car. Sept. y.—
Stem 2 — 3 feet high, erect, with many branches. Flowers mid-
dle-sized, blue.

45. A. paniculatus Ait. : stem much branched, smooth j branchlets
hairy ; leaves ovate, lanceolate, subserrate, smooth, petiolate ; radical
ones ovate-cordate, serrate, scabrous, petiolate ; petioles naked ; invo-
lucre loose, somewhat imbricate.

HAB. Woods. Can. to Car. Aug.— Oct. If.— Stem 2—4 feet
high. Flowers rather small, but numerous ; rays changing from
white to blue ; disk from yellow to purple or brown. — Scarcely
different from A. undulatus.

46. A. cordifolius Linn. : stem paniculate, nearly smooth ; leaves
cordate, hairy beneath, coarsely serrate, petiolate ; petioles winged j
panicle divaricate; involucre loose, slightly imbricate — and A. hetero-
phyllus Wittd.

HAB. Mountainous woods. Can* to Flor. Sept. — Nov. If. —
Stem 2 — 3 feet high, branched, with the branches pubescent.
Flowers small, in panicles composed of crowded racemes, white
or pale purple.

47. A. corymbosus Jlit. : stem smooth ; branches hairy ; leaves ovate,
sharply serrate, acuminate, nearly smooth ; lower ones cordate, petio-
late ; petioles naked ; corymb fastigiate ; involucre oblong, imbricate ;
scales obtuse, closely appressed.

HAB. Dry woods. N. Y. to. Car. July, Aug. 14..— Stem 2 feet
high. Flowers larger than in the preceding, in a fastigiate co-
rymb, white tinged with purple.

48. A. macrophyllus Linn. : stem branched, diffuse ; leaves ovate,
petiolate, serrate, scabrous ; upper ones cordate-ovate, sessile ; lower
ones cordate, petiolate ; petioles somewhat margined ; involucre cylin-
drical, closely imbricate ; scales oblong, acute.

HAB. Rocky woods. Can. to Geor. Sept., Oct. l^.—Stem
1—2 feet high. Flowers above middle-size ; rays white or blue.

*** Pappus double. Flowers generally in corymbs.

49. JJ. linariifolius Limit. : stem somewhat decumbent ; branches fas-
tigiate, 1-flowered ; leaves numerous, linear, mucronate, without
aerves or punctures, carinate, scabrous, rigid ; those of the branches
recurved ; involucre imbricate, as long as the disk — and A. rigidus
Wittd. Pursh.—Chrysopsis linariifolia Nutt.

188 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.

HAB. Gravelly and rocky places. N. Y. to Car. Sept.. Oct.
U.—Xtcm 1 — 2 feet high, pubescent when young Leaves very
scabrous on the margins. Branches J -flowered, forming an
umbellate corymb. Flutrcrs middle-sized ; rays pale violet ; disk
yellow.

50. A. linifolius Linn. : stem corymbosely branched, scabrous ;
branches leafy ; leaves linear, without nerves, punctate, scabrous,
reflexed-spreading ; involucre imbricate, short ; rays nearly equal to
the disk. — Ckrysopsis linifolia Nutt.

HAB. Shady woods. N. S. Sept., Oct. If.— Sfc™ 1 1-2—2
feet high. Flmcers large, white or pale purple.— Scarcely dis-
tinct from the preceding. ?

' 51. A. humilis WiUd.: leaves somewhat rhomboidal, oval-lanceolate,
acuminate at each end, slightly petiolate, smooth, hispid on the mar-
gin ; corymb diverging, dichotomous, rather naked, few-flowered : in-
volucre loose, imbricate; florets of the ray 8 — and A. cornifoliits liillil.
— .9. infirmus Mich. — Chrysopsis humilis Nutt.

HAB. Rocky situations. Can. to Car. Aug., Sept. 2J..— &trm
1 — 2 feet nigh, pubescent. Flmcers in small terminal corymbs"
white and large in proportion to the plant ; ray florets about 8.

52. A. amydatinus Lam. : stem simple, corymbose-fa.sligiate at the
summit ; leaves lanceolate, attenuate at base, acuminate, scabrous on
the margin ; involucre loose, imbricate ; scales lanceolate, obtuse. — A.
umbettatus Alt. — Chrysopsis awygdalina Xutf.

HAB. Low grounds. N. S. Aug., Sept. 21. — Stem 2 feet high.
l-'/tnrer* numerous ; ray florets about 12, narrow, white. — Closely
allied to the former.

25. SOLIDAGO. Linn.

Involucre imbricate, with the scales appressed. Florets of
the ray about 5. Receptacle naked, punctate. Pupinm sim-
ple, hairy. — Flowers yellow. Syngenesia. 8uperflua.

OBS. An excellent monograph of this difficult genus by Sir J. E.
Smith, will be found in Rees' Cyclopeedia, art. SOLIDAGO. The re-
marks made concerning the variable character of the preceding genus
will equally apply to this.

* Racemes secund. Lcarcs icith 3 combined nerves.

1. S. canadcnsis Linn. : stem villous ; leaves lanceolate, serrate, 3-
nerved, scabrous ; racemes paniculate, secund, recurved ; rays short.

HAB. Fields. Can. to Car. Aug., Sept. It.— Stem 2— 5 feet
high, very villous. Leaves large, always scabrous on the upper
surface. Flowers in secund racemes, onjarge branches, recurved
at the summit. Gulden Rod.

2. &'. procera Alt. : stem erect, villous ; leaves lanceolate, serrate, 3-
nerved, scabrous, villous beneath; racemes erect, spiciform, before
flowering nodding ; rays short.

COMPOSITE 189

* HAB. Swamps and low grounds. Can. to Geor. N. to Subarc.
Amer. July — Sept. 1£. — Stem 4 — 7 feet high. Flowers in a
pyramidal panicle which is recurved before flowering.

3. S. scrotina Ait. : stem erect, terete, smooth ; leaves linear-lanceo-
late, serrate, smooth, 3-nerved ', racemes paniculate, secund ; pedun-
cles pubescent.

HAB. Woods. N. S. Sept., Oct. !£.— Stem 4 feet high. Leaves
ciliate on the margin when young.

4. & gigantea Ait. : stem erect, smooth ; leaves lanceolate, serrate,
scabrous on the margin, obscurely 3-nerved ; racemes paniculate, se-
cund ; peduncles hirsute ; rays short.

HAB. Low grounds. N. S. Aug., Sept. If.— Stem 4—7 feet
high, purplish.

5. S. ciliaris Willd. : stem erect, smooth \ leaves lanceolate, sub-3-
nerved, smooth, scabrous on the margin, subserrate ; raceme panicu-
late, secund; peduncles smooth ; bracts ciliate ; rays short.

HAB. Woods. Penn. Aug. If. — Stem 3 fe«t high, angular.
Radical leaves oval, petioled.

6. S. reflexa Mt. : stem erect, villous ; leaves lanceolate, subserrate,.
3-nerved, scabrous, reflexed ; branches paniculate, subsecund, reflexed.

HAB. Pine woods. N. J. to Car. Aug., Sept- 2j!. — Leaves
narrow-lanceolate, with a few serratures in the middle. Racemes
short.

7. S. lateriftora Linn. : stem erect, somewhat hairy ; leaves lanceo-
late, sub-3-nerved, smooth, scabrous on the margin ; the lower ones
slightly serrate ; racemes paniculate, somewhat recurved, secund.

HAB. Dry woods. Can. to Car. Aug.— Oct. If..— Stem 2—3
feet high ; the lower part sometimes with lateral flowering
branches. Flowers larger and leaves broader than in any of the
preceding species.

** Racemes secund. Leaves veined.

8. S. aspera Ait. : stem erect, terete, hairy ; leaves ovate, somewhat
elliptic, very scabrous, rugose, serrate, without ner-ves ; racemes pani-
culate, secund.

HAB. Fields and woods. N. Y. to Car. Sept. If. — Stem 3—5
feet high, very hairy and somewhat scabrous. Flowers in a long
terminal panicle composed of secund racemes.

9. <S>. altissima Linn. : stem erect, hispid ; leaves lanceolate, the
lower ones deeply serrate, very scabrous, rugose ; panicle secund and
often spreading — and A. rugosa Willd.

HAB. Fields and woods. Can. to Car. Aug., Sept. Lf. — Stem
3 — 7 feet high, robust and hairy, much branched at the summit.
Leaves sessile, lanceolate, acute, rugose and scabrous. Flowers
in large and almost corymbose panicles composed of small,
nearly erect recurved branches. — A very variable species.

10. 8. scabra Willd, : stem erect, hairy, sulcate ; leaves oblong, «U-

190 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.

tenuate at both ends, acuminate, glabrous above, rugose and scabrous
beneath, with appressed serratures in the middle ; racemes secund.
HAH. Old fields. Penn. to Virg. Aug.— Oct. U-— Sttm 2— 5
feet high.

11. & memoralis Ail.: stem erect, tomentose ; radical leaves some-
what cuneate, serrate ; cauline ones lanceolate, hispid, very entire ;
racemes paniculate, secund.

HAB. Sandy fields. Can. to Car. Aug.— Oct. It.— Stem 1— 2
feet high. Flowers in a small and somewhat corymbose panicle.
— The whole plant has a greyish or pulverulent appearance.

12. S. paiula Wittd. : stem erect, smooth ; leaves elliptic, serrate,
smooth ; radical ones oblong-spathulate ; racemes paniculate, secund,
spreading ; peduncles pubescent.

HAB. Shady woods. N. S. Sept., Oct. U-— Stem2 feet high,
virgate and striate. Racemes short, with the flowers rather
large.

13. fi>. uluitfolitt Ji'i/liL : stem erect, smooth, striate; leaves elliptic,
deeply serrate, acuminate, villons beneath ; radicle ones obovatc j ra-
cemes paniculate, secund ; peduncles villous ; rays short.

HAB. Shady woods. N. S. Aug.— Oct.' U.—Stem 3-4 feet
high. Flowers in an oblong terminal panicle composed of secund
and recurved racemes.

14. S. arguta Alt. : stem erect, smooth; leaves smooth, acutely and
unequally serrate ; radical ones spathulate-ovate ; cauline elliptic ; ra-
cemes paniculate, secund ; florets of the ray long.

HAB. Woods and meadows. Can. to Car. Sept. — Nov. If. —
Stem 2 — 3 feet high, smooth or a little pubescent. Flowers on
recurved racemes forming long terminal panicles.

15. S. jnncca Ait. : stem erect, smooth; leaves lanceolate, smooth,
scabrous on the margin ; lower ones serrate ; racemes paniculate, se-
cund.

HAB. Sandy fields. N. J. to Car. Aug.'— Oct. U.—Stem 3
feet high, slender ; branches when young pubescent. Leaves
long, lanceolate. Racemes secund, forming a scattered terminal
panicle.

16. & elHptica Ait. : stem erect, smooth ; leaves elliptic, smooth,
serrate ; racemes paniculate, secund ; rays middle-sized.

HAB. Shady woods. N. Y. to Car. ? Aug.— Oct. It-— Stem
2 — 3 feet high. Leaves large.

17. 8. recurvata WiUd. ; stem erect, pubescent ; leaves lanceolate,
serrate, scabrous on the margin ; racemes elongated, secund, recurved,
paniculate.

HAB. Shady woods. Penn. and Virg, Sept. — Nov. 2J..—Pursh.

IS. S. sempervircns Linn. : stem erect, smooth ; leaves linear-lance-
olate, somewhat fleshy, smooth, very entire, scabrous on the margin ;
racemes paniculate, secund ; peduncles hairy.

COMPOSITE. 191

HAB. Swamps. Can. and N. S. Sept. — Nov. If. — Stem2— 3
feet high.

19. & odora Ait. : stem erect, pubescent ; leaves linear-lanceolate,
entire, smooth, scabrous on the margin ; racemes paniculate.

HAB. Fertile woods. Can. to Car. Aug.— Oct. It.— Stem 3
feet high, pubescent near the summit. Racemes recurved, form-
ing a pyramidal panicle. — The flowers when dried, form an ex-
cellent substitue for tea, and have been exported to China.
Pursh. The leaves yield by distillation, a fragrant volatile oil.
Big. Med. Bot. i. 187. Golden Rod.

*** Racemes erect.

20. S. speciosa Nutt. : stem smooth, simple or virgately branched ;
leaves lanceolate, entire, somewhat fleshy, scabrous on the margin ;
the lower very broad ; radical ones subserrate ; racemes terminal, erect
and compound, pubescent ; peduncles mostly shorter than the involu-
cre ; rays elongated. — S. sempervirens Mich.

HAB. Shady woods. N. J. to Car. Sept., Oct. If.— Stem often
6 feet high, smooth and sulcate. Leaves large. Racemes numer-
ous, terminal and erect ; rays very broad.

21. S. bicolor Linn. : stem and leaves hairy ; leaves elliptic, the
lower ones serrate ; branches leafy ; racemes erect ; scales of the in-
volucre obtuse. — Aster bicolor Nees and SprengeL

HAB. Dry hills. Can. to Car. Aug.— Oct. 2J..—Stem 1—2
feet high, erect, very pubescent. Leaves covered with a whitish
pubescence. Flowers numerous, rather large, in short clusters,
forming a compact raceme along the upper part of the stem ;
rays nearly white.

22. $. petiolaris Ait. : stem erect, villous ; leaves elliptic, somewhat
scabrous, petiolate ; racemes erect ; rays elongated.

HAB. Sandy woods. N. J. to Car. Sept., Oct. If.— Stem 2— 3
feet high, very villous. Leaves large, the upper ones nearly ses-
sile, the lower tapering into a petiole. Racemes numerous, short.

23. S. stricta Ait. : stem erect, smooth ; cauline leaves lanceolate,
very entire, smooth, scabrous on the margin ; radical ones serrate j
racemes paniculate, erect ; peduncles smooth.

HAB. Sandy woods. N. J. to Car. Aug.— Oct. If .— Stem 2
feet high, very smooth.

24. *S>. virgata Mich. : stem smooth and simple, summit racemose ;
leaves smooth, lanceolate-oblong, somewhat obtuse, appressed to the
stem, diaphanously punctate ; the upper ones small and entire ; branch-
es of the panicle elongate, racemed at the summit ; peduncles erect,
smooth, filiform and squarrose.

HAB. Swamps. N. J. to Geor. Sept., Oct. If. — Stem 4—6
feet high, much attenuated. Leaves gradually diminishing up-
wards ; lower ones very large, serrulate. Flowers small.

25. S. casia Ait : stem erect, smooth ; leaves lanceolate, smooth ;
racemes erect ; rays middle-sized.

192 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.

HAB. Sandy woods. N. J. to Car. Aug.— Oct. Z£.— Stem 2
feet high, very smooth and glaucous. Racemes not very com-
pact, sometimes slightly recurved. Leaves sometimes scabrous
on the margin, finely and acutely serrate.

26. & hispida Wtild. : stem erect, hispid, scabrous ; leaves lanceo-
late, scabrous, entire ; radical ones serrate ; racemes erect ; rays mid-
dle-sized.

HAB. Fields and woods. N. J. to Virg. Oct. It. — Resembles
& c&sia.

27. & lithospermifolia IVilld. : stem branched, pubescent ; leaves
lanceolate, scabrous on both sides, .attenuate, 3-nerved, very entire ;
racemes erect ; rays elongated.

HAB. Sandy woods. N. J. to Car. Aug. — Oct. H. — Pursh."

28. S. lavigata Alt. : stem erect, smooth ; leaves lanceolate, fleshy,
very entire, very smooth ; racemes paniculate, erect; peduncles scaly,
villeus ; rays elongated.

HAB. Salt marshes. Can. to Virg. Sept., Oct. U.—Stem
4—5 feet high. Radical leaves somewhat ovate. Rays about 10.

29. S. vlminea Ait. : stem erect, subpubescent ; leaves linear-lance-
olate, membranaceous, attenuate at base, smooth, scabrous on the mar-
gin ; lower ones slightly serrate ; racemes erect ; rays elongated.

HAB. Banks of streams. Can. to Virg, Aug.— Oct. 21.

30. <§>. Hinunij'aiui Pers. : stem oblique, smooth ; leaves lanceolate,
somewhat fleshy, entire, smooth on both sides ; racemes panicled,
erect ; peduncles scaly, smooth ; rays long.-— S. mexicana WMd.
Pursh.

HAB. Salt marshes. N. S. S. to Car. Aug.— Oct. U-— Stem3— 5
feet high, generally purple, Leaves sessile, lower ones very
large. Racemes generally erect, rarely recurved. Flowers large.

31. S. macropkylla Pursh: lower leaves ovate, acuminate, attenuate,
unequally and acutely serrate, smooth ; cauline ones lanceolate, atten-
uate at each end, nearly sessile, serrate ; racemes axillary, peduncu-
late, leafy, as long as the leaves ; involucre oblong, turgid, many-flow-
ered ; rays somewhat elongated.

HAB. Woods, near White mountains. Big. Can. Pursh. Aug.
If.. — Stem 3 feet high. Flowers yellow, in short axillary ra-
cemes.— This plant, which is described by Pursh, from a speci-
men in the Banksian Herbarium, he thinks intermediate between
this genus and dster. According to Dr. Bigelow it has broader
leaves than any other species, sometimes rough beneath.

32. & flcxicaulis Linn. : stem flexuous, smooth, angled ; leaves ovate,
acuminate, serrate, smooth; racemes erect, axillary ; rays middle-sized.
— and S. latifolia Muhl.

HAB. Woods. Can. to Car. Aug. — Oct. It.— Stem 2—3 feet
high, slender and flexuous. Racemes scattered, as long as the
stem, small, axillary, erect.

COMPOSITE. 193

33. (Si. axillaris Pursh : stem smooth, terete, very erect ; leaves lan-
ceolate, serrate, smooth ; racemes axillary, subglobose, erect ; rays
elongated.

HAB. Woods. Can. to Virg. Aug.— Oct. U.—Stem 2—3 feet
high. Leaves narrow-lanceolate. — This species, which is quite
common, is distinguished from the former by its narrower leaves
and by its compact, somewhat globular racemes, clustered along
the stem.

34. & vigaurca Linn. : stem erect, terete, pubescent and branching
at the top ; cauline leaves lanceolate, serrate, attenuate at each end ;
lower ones elliptic, somewhat hairy ; racemes erect ; rays elongated.

b. alpina Big. : a few inches in height, with obovate or lanceolate,
mostly entire, leaves.

HAB. Woods on the sides of the White Mountains. Big. N. to
Labrador. Aug.-Oct. If. — Stem flexuous, 1 — 3 feet high. Leaves
elliptic or lanc'eolate, often with a long narrow base, serrate ;
the upper ones nearly entire. Floicers in a large panicle, yel-
low ; rays 5 — 10. — Distinguished from all other species by its
much larger flowers. Common to Europe, Asia and America.
Var. b. is found, according to Dr. Bigelow, on the alpine sum-
mits of the White Mountains.

35. S. rigida Linn. : stem hairy and scabrous ; leaves ovate-oblong,
rough with minute hairs ; those of the stem very entire, lower ones
serrate ; flowering branches paniculate ; racemes compact ; scales of
the involucre obtuse ; rays elongated.

HAB. Mountains. N. J. to Car. Aug.— Oct. 2j..—Stem3 — 4
feet high, very pubescent when young. Flowers large, some-
what clustered near the summits of the branches, forming a
somewhat fastigiate corymb.

36. & noveboracensis Linn. : radical leaves ovate-oblong, petiolate ;
stem nearly naked, with fastigiate branches.

HAB. Sandy fields. N. Y. MuU. Sept. Oct. If.— Stem 3 feet
high. Leaves rough. Flowers large.

37. & squarrosa MuhL : stem thick, pubescent above ; leaves smooth,
lower ones very broad, spathulate oval, serrate, acute, margin scabrous;
the upper sessile, lanceolate-elliptic,, entire ; racemes glomerate, rigid
and pubescent ; involucre squarrose, many- flowered ; rays elongated,
10 or 12.

HAB. Rocky hills. Ver. to Geor. Sept. If.— Stem 2— 3 feet
high, always simple. Racemes axillary, thick and crowded,
forming a compound spike. — Well distinguished by its squarrose
involucre.

38. S. puberula Nutt. : stem simple and terete, somewhat pubescent ;
leaves lanceolate, entire, on each side minutely pubescent, attenuated
at each end ; radical ones subserrate ; racemes spiked, axillary, erect
and condensed ; peduncles pubescent ; scales of the involucre linear-
lanceolate, acute ; rays elongated, about 10.

17

194 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.

HAB. Sandy fields. N. J. Nutt. It.—Sfem brownish,

1 — 2 feet high. Racemes shorter than the lower leaves, collect-
ed into a leafy spike ; rays bright yellow. — Resembles S. nemo-
ralis.

* Scales of the calyx agglutinated. Ray florets 10 — 20, very small, yellow.
Receptacle setose. EUTHAMIA. Nutt.

39. 8. lanceolata Ait : stem much branched, angular, hairy j leaves
lanceolate-linear, very entire, nearly erect, 3 — 5-nerved, somewhat
scabrous on the margin, nerves beneath minutely hispid ; corymbs ter-
minal, fastigiate ; branches clustered ; rays 15—20, as long as the disk.
— Chrysocoma gramintfolia Linn. — Euthamia graminifolia Nutt.

HAB. Fields and meadows. Can. and N. S. N. to Subarc. Amer.
Sept., Oct. If..— Stem 2— 3 feet high, with the branches very*
numerous. Flowers numerous, clustered in a terminal corymb.

40. S. tenuifolia Pursh : stem angled, scabrous, with fastigiate
branches ; leaves very narrow, linear, spreading, obscurely 3-nerved,
scabrous on the margin, the axils leafy ; corymbs terminal, fastigiate,
heads clustered ; rays about 10, scarcely as long as the disk.— S. lan-
ceolata var. minor Mich. — Euthamia tcnvifolia Nutt.

HAB. Pine barrens. N. J. to Flor. Sept., Oct. It. — Stem 12 — 18
inches high. Leaves linear, covered with glandular dots. Scales
of the involucre viscid. — Every way smaller than the preceding.

26. CHRYSOCOMA. Linn.

Involucre imbricate, oblong or hemispherical. Style scarce-
ly exserted. Receptacle naked. Pappus pilose, scabrous.
Rays crowded and unequal. Acincs pubescent.

Syngenesia. JEqualis.

C. virgata Nutt : herbaceous and every where smooth ; stem vir-
gately branched ; branches corymbiferous, fastigiate; leaves all narrow
and linear ; involucre oblong, 3 — 4-floweredj scales glutinous and ap-
pressed.

HAB- Swamps. N. J. 11. — Stem 18 inches high and branched
nearly from the base. Leaves 1 — 2 inches long, smooth and
thickish, somewhat remote, flowers yellow.

27. BOLTONIA. L'Herit.

Involucre imbricate. Rays numerous. Receptacle conic,
punctate. Seines flat and margined. Pappus consisting of
many minute setae, with two of them opposite and mostly
elongated. Syngenesia. Superflua.

1. B. glastifolia L'Herit : lower leaves serrate ; flowers on short pe-
duncles ; seeds obcordate, conspicuously winged, pubescent ; awns of
the pappus 2, nearly of its own length.

HAB. Banks of streams. Penn. to Virg. July, Aug. H.
2, feet high. Leaves linear, alternate. Flowers reddish.

COMPOSITE. 195

2. B. asteroides VHerit: leaves entire ; flowers on long peduncles ;
seeds oval, smooth, nearly awnless. — Chrysanthemum carolinianum
Walt.

HAB. Swamps. N. S. to Car. W. to 111. Aug. It-— Stem
1 — 2 feet high. Leaves lanceolate. Rays flesh coloured.

SUBORDER IV. EUPATORINEJE.
28. KUHNIA. Linn.

Involucre imbricate, cylindric. Receptacle naked. Pap
pus plumose. Seed pubescent, many-striate.

Syngenesia. JEquatis*

1. K. eupatorioides Linn. : smooth ; leaves petiolate, broad-lanceo-
late, serrate ; corymb terminal, few-flowered, crowded.

HAB. Shady woods. Penn. to Virg. Aug., Sept. If. — Stem
2 — 3 feet high. Flowers white. Resembles an Eupatorium.

2. K. critonia Linn. : pubescent ; leaves narrow-lanceolate or linear,
petioled, punctate and glandular beneath ; panicle terminal, divaricate.
— Critonia kuknia Mich.

, HAB. Mountains. Penn. and Virg. Aug., Sept. If. — Flowers
pale yellow. Seed striate. Pappus of H24 rays.

2&. EUPATORIUM. Linn.

Involucre imbricate, oblong. Style long, deeply cleft. Re-
ceptacle naked. Pappus hairy, generally scabrous. Acines
smooth, 5-striate or angled. Syngenesia. JEqualis.

* Involucre 3 — ^-flowered.

1. E. hyssopi/olium Linn. : stem erect ; lowest leaves opposite, lan-
ceolate-linear, slightly toothed ; corymb nearly fastigiate j style much
larger than the corol..

HAB. Pine woods. N. J. to Car. Aug., Sept. If.— Stem 1— 2
feet high. Leaves small, punctate. Flowers in a terminal co-
rymb, white, sprinkled with glandular dots.

2. E. linearifolium Walt. : stem somewhat procumbent, villous to-
wards the summit ; stem leaves* opposite, lanceolate-linear, rarely
toothed, sometimes clustered ; style as long as the corol.

HAB. Sandy fields. N. J. to Car. Aug. — Nov. If. — Stem gen-
erally procumbent, 1 — 2 feet long, almost viscidly-pubescent.
Floicers in an irregular corymb, white. — This species seems to
have been confounded with the preceding, by both Walter and
Michaux. I have adopted the characters given by Elliott.

3. E. lanceolatum Willd. : leaves sessile, distinct, oblong-lanceolate,
scabrous, deeply serrate at base ; scales of the involucre similar co-
loured.

HAB. Dry woods. Penn. to Virg. Aug.— Nov. If. — Resem-
bles the preceding.

196 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.

4. E. verbentrfolium Mich. : leaves sessile, ovate-lanceolate, oblong,
notched and toothed, rugose, scabrous ; flowers small.— E. teuerifolimm
Wm. Pursh.

HAB. Low woods. N. Y. to Car. Aug.— Nov. If.— N/,w 1— ^
feet high, pubescent. Leaves opposite, somewhat deltoid, very
hairy beneath. Flmcers in a fastigiate corymb, small, white. —
Michaux's name for this species has the claim of priority, and
as Mr. Elliott remarks, is equally, perhaps more appropriate.

5. E. mdissoides Wittd. : leaves petiolate, ovate, somewhat obtuse,
obtusely serrate, veined, nearly smooth.

HAB. Penn. Muhl. Aug.— Oct. 2^.— Resembles the last, but
the leaves are smaller, petiolate and smooth. Still a doubtful
species.

6. E. rotundifolium Linn. : leaves sessile, distinct, roundish- cordate,
obtusely serrate, veined ; scales of the involucre acuminate.

HAB. Shady woods. Can. to Car. Aug.-— Nov. If. — Stem
12 — 18 inches high. Leaves large. Flowers subfastigiate.

7. E. pubescens IViUd. : stem paniculate, pubescent ; branches fasti-
giate ; leaves sessile, distinct, ovate, scabrous, veined ; lower ones
doubly serrate ; upper ones subserrate.

HAB. Sandy woods. N. J. to Car. Aug.— Oct. If. — Stem 2
feet high, the lower branches opposite. Leaves thin and slightly
scabrous. Flowers in a fastigiate corymb, white.

8. E. ceanothifulium Willd. : leaves petioled, ovate, acuminate, den-
tate, 3-nerved, glabrous.

HAB. Shady woods. N. Y. to Virg. Aug.— Nov. !(.— Resem-
bles Ceanotlius americanus in its foliage exceedingly.

9. E. ovatum Big. : hairy and scabrous ; leaves opposite, sessile,
ovate, obtusely toothed ; corymb fastigiate ; involucre about 8-flow-
ered.

HAB. Low grounds. Mass. July, Aug. !£.— A stout rough
species, 3 — 4 feet high. Leaves perfectly ovate. Flmcers white,
in a level topped corymb.

10. E. altissimum Linn. : leaves subsessile, lanceolate, 3-nerved, at-
tenuate at each end, pubescent ; lower ones serrate in the middle.

HAB. Sandy woods. Penn. to Virg. W. to the Miss. Aug. —
Oct. 2J..— Stem 3—7 feet high.

11. E. amotnum Pursh : leaves on short petioles, opposite and ter-
nate, lanceolate-oblong, acute at each end, serrate, nearly smooth,
somewhat rugose, reticular-veined beneath ; panicle corymbose-fasci-
culate, crowded ; scales of the involucre oblong, somewhat acute, col-
oured.

HAB. Mountains. N. J. Sept., Oct. If.— Stem 2 feet high,
solid, smooth, purple ; peduncles tomentose. Flowers small, in
a crowded corymbose panicle, pale purple.

12. E. trifoliatum Linn. : leaves petiolate, in threes or fours, o.vate.
attenuate at each end, serrate, somewhat scabrous.

COMPOSITE. J97

HAB. Banks of streams. N. Y. to Virg. W. to Miss. Aug

Oct. 1£. — Stem 2 — 4 feet high, solid. Flowers in a large co»
rymb, purple.

13. E. sessilifolium Linn. : stem nearly smooth ; leaves sessile,
clasping, distinct, ovate-lanceolate, round at base, serrate, very smooth.

HAB. Rocks on mountains. Mass, to Car. Aug., Sept. 2f.. —
Stem obscurely angled. Leaves opposite, but not connate, mi-
nutely dotted beneath. Flowers in a terminal corymb, white.

14. E. truncatum Muhl. : stem pubescent ; leaves sessile, clasping,
distinct, lanceolate, truncate at base, serrate, nearly smooth.

HAB. Shady 'woods. Penn. to Car. July— Sept. If..— Stem
slightly hairy. — -Very similar to E.. sessUi/olwm, yet sufficiently
distinct by a stem pubescent ; leaves truncate at base, the serra-
tures larger and more obtuse, and the involucre 'more pubescent.

mud.

15. E. album Linn- ,- leaves nearly sessile, oblong-lanceolate, some-
what scabrous, serrate ; the inner scales of the involucre long, lanceo*
late, scarious, white.— JE. glandulosum Mich.

HAB. Woods. Penn. to Car. Aug. — Oct. ll.—rStem erect,
1 1-2 — 2 feet high, villous. Involucre with glandular dots. Flow-
ers' in fastigiate corymbs, whits.

** Involucre many-flowered,

16. E, purpureum Linn. ; stem smooth and glaucous, hollow ; leaves
petiolate, in fours or fives, ovate-lanceolate, serrate, rugose-veiried,
somewhat scabrous. ,:' ^.^

HAB. Wet woods. Can. to Virg. Aug.— Oct. 21.— Stem
5 — 6 feet high, purplish. Floio&rs in a large terminal corymb,
pale purple.

17. E. maculatum Linn. : stem solid, furrowed ; leaves petiolate, in
fours or sixes, ovate-lanceolate, unequally serrate, pubescent beneath.

HAB, Low grounds. Can. to Car. Aug. — Oct. It. — Stem 4 — 5
feet high, furrowed and dotted with purple. Leaves pubescent
and slightly scabrous beneath. Involucre 5 — 8-flowered ; corol
purplish.

18. E. verticillatum Muhl. : stem solid, smooth ; leaves petiolate, in,
threes or fours, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate at each end, unequally ser-
rate, nearly smooth. — E. purpureum Mich.

HAB. Low grounds. N. Y. to Car. Aug..— Oct. Z(. — Stem
4 — 6 feet high, tinged with purple. Leaves large, smooth, dot-
ted beneath. Flowers'in. a terminal corymb, purple.

19. E. punctatum Willd. : stem solid, terete ; leaves petioled, in fours
or fives, ovate, acuminate, serrate, scabrous on both sides.

HAB. Mountains. N. J. and Penn. Aug. — Oct. Z£. — This
plant is described by Pursh as Hot so tall as the preceding —
with the flowers purple and very ornamental. It may be only a
variety.

17*

198 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.

20. E. perfoliatum Linn. : stem villous ; leaves connate-per&liale,
oblong, becoming gradually narrower, serrate, rugose, tomentoae be-
neath.— E. connatum Mich.

HAB. Swampy grounds. Can. to Flor. W. to Miss. Aug.,
Sept. It-— Stem 2—4 feet high, hairy, branched at the top.
Leaves large. Flotoers in large corymbs, white. — The whole
plant is bitter, and is used as a tonic. Big. Med. Bot i. 33. An-
derson's Inaugural. Boneset. Tkorov ghwort.

*** Involucre simple.

21. K. aromatieum Linn. : stem paniculate at the summit ; leaves
petiolate, ovate, acute, 3-nerved, obtusely serrate, smooth ; flowers in
corymbs ; involucre simple.

HAB. Low woods. Penn. to Flor. Aug., Sept. 2{. — Stem 2
feet high, pubescent. Pioneers in small corymbs, large, white
and aromatic.

22. E. ageratoides Linn. : leaves petioled, ovate, acuminate, 3-nerv-
ed, unequally and coarsely serrate, smooth ; corymb many-flowered,
divaricate ; involucre subsimple. — E. urticcrfolium Michs

HAB. Woods and rocky hills. Can. and N. S. W. to Miss.
Aug. — Oct. 2i. — Stem 2 feet high, round and smooth. Leayfs
opposite, the lower ones on long petioles and somewhat cordate.
flowers small, white, in small panic-led corymbs.

30. COELESTINA. Cassiri. Spreng.

Involucre imbricate. Receptacle naked. Acines angled,
with a membranaceous crown. Syngenesia. JEqualis.

C. camdea Cassin : perennial < leaves petioled, cordate-ovate, some-
what obtuse, obtusely serrate, 3-nerved, scabrous; involucre many-
leaved ; flowers in corymbs. — Eupatorium codestinum Linn.

HAB. Woods. Penn. to Car. W. to Miss. Aug. — Oct. — Stem
2 — 3 feet high, pubescent. Leaves on petioles, opposite, some-
times deltoid. Flowers hi close fastigiate corymbs, fragrant,
light blue. Involucre about 30-leaved, 40 — 60-flowered.
•

SUBORDER V. JACOBEjB.
31. MIKANIA.

Involucre 4 — '6-leaved, equal, 4 — 6 flowered. Receptacle
naked. Style long, deeply -cleft. Pappus pilose.

Syngenesia. JEqualis.

1. Jf. fcandens Willd. .• stem climbing, smooth ; leaves cordate, re-
pand-toothed, acuminate, with-the lobes divaricate and unequal ; flow-
«rs in corymbs. — Eupatorium scandens LAnn.

HAB. Low grounds. Can. to Car. July — Sept. I/. — A twin-
ing plant. Flower 9 bku'sh- white, in axillary corymbs.

Climbing Thorougkwors.

COMPOSITE. 109

2. M. pubescens Nutt. : stem climbing, pubescent ; leaves Cordate,
acuminate, angularly toothed, and with the calyx pubescent ; lobes di-
varicate, equal.

HAB. Low grounds. Penn. to Car. Sept. If.— Flowers pale
purple, odorous, in paniculate corymbs which are axillary and
terminal. — Nearly allied to the preceding,
i

32. CACALIA. Linn.

Involucre cylindric, oblong, the base only somewhat scaly.
Receptacle naked. Pappus hairy. Syngenesia. Mqualis.

1. C. suaveolens Linn. : stem herbaceous ; leaves petiolate, hastate-
nagittate, serrate, smooth, similarly coloured on both sides ; flowers
corymbed, erect ; involucre many-flowered.

HAB. Banks of streams. Penn. to Car. Aug., Sept. "U.—^Stem
3—4 feet high. Leaves large. Flowers white, with yellow an-
thers.— According to Mr. Nuttall it is a Senecio.

2. C. atriplicifolia Linn. : stem herbaceous ; leaves petioled, smooth,
glaucous beneath ; radical ones cordate, toothed ; cauline ones rhom-
boidal, somewhat toothed on each side ; flowers corymbed, • erec.t i in-
volucre 5-flowered.

HAB. Low ground. Can. to Car. Aug., Sept. 2_£. — Stem 3 — 6
^ feet high. Peduncles almost white. Flowers nearly white, in a
small terminal corymb.

3. C. reniformis Wllld. : stem herbaceous ; leaves petioled, amooth,
hairy on the veins beneath ; radicaj ones broad-cordate, reniform, re-
pand-toothed : cauline oblong, toothed, wedgeform and very entire at
base ; corymbs fastigiate ; involucre many-flowered.

HAB! Low grounds. Penn. to Virg. W. to Miss. Aug., Sept.
U.-^Stem 5—8 feet high. Flowers white.

33. TUSSILAGO. Linn.

Involucre simple, swelling ; scales equal,- even with the
disk and submembranous. Receptacle naked. Pappus sim-
ple. (Flotcers mostly polygamous, dioecious.) Fertile
florets ligulate or tubular. Syngenesia. Superflua..

1." T.frigida Linn. : .scape with a fastigiate many-flowered thyrse ,-
flowers radiate ', leaves roundish, unequally toothed, tomentose be-
neath.

HAB. Mountains. Can. and N. S. June. I£. — Stem 5—10
iches high. Florets of the ray .white j of the disk pale purple.

2. T. palmata Ait. : scape with a fastigiate thyrse ; flowers obscurely
rayed ; leaves roundish-cordate, half 7-lobed, incisely toothed, tomen-
tose beneath.

HAB. Swamps. Fairhaven, Ver. Islands of Lake Huron. Nutt.
N. to Labrador, April, May. 14. — The leaves of this specie*

200 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.

are aptly compared by Mr. Nuttall to those of the Podophyttum
peltatum, although they are not BO large.

3. T. farfara Linn. : scape 1-flowered, bracteate j flowers • rayed ;
leaves cordate, angular, toothed, pubescent beneath.

HAB. Low grounds. April. 2J..~—Stem 6 — 10 inches high.
Flowers appearing before the leaves. Introduced ? . Coifs-foot.

34. SENECIO. Linn.

Involucre cylindric, scaly at base ; scales withered at the
points. Receptacle naked. Pappus simple, capillary and co-
pious. Syngenesia. Superflua.

* Hovers radiate.

1. & gracilis Pilrsh : radical leaves on very long petioles, orbicular,
eubcordate, crenate ; cauline ones few, very remote, linear-oblong,
dilated at base, incisely toothed ; peduncles very short, hairy, some-
what umbelled ; involucre smooth ; rays few, very short.

HAB. Rocky banks. Penn. N. to Subarc. Amer. May — Aug.
21. — Stem a foot high, very slender. Flowers small, yellow.

2% S. oho rat us Wittd. : stem smooth! si » ; radical leaves obovate, cre-
nate-serrate, petiolate ; cauline ones pinnatifid, toothed; flowers some-
what umbelled, on long peduncles.

HAB. Rocky hills. N. Y. to Virg. June, July. !(.— Stem a
foot high, simple. Flowers in small terminal panicles. Rays
10—12, yellow.

3. & balsamitfB Willd- : «tem and peduncles villous at the base ; rad-
ical leaves oblong, serrate, petiolate ; lower cauline ones lyrate-pinnati-
fid, serrate ; upper pinnatifid- toothed ; flowers somewhat umbelled. —
S. lyratiu Mich.

HAB. Damp grounds. Can. to Car. N. to Subarc. Amer. June,
July. 1£. — /Stem 1—2 feet high, smooth except at the base.
Flowers in small terminal umbels. Rays 10 — 12, deeply 3-clefl.

4. & aureus Linn. : radical leaves ovate, cordate, serrate, petiolate ;
cauline ones pinnatifid, toothed, the terminal segments lanceolate ;
peduncles thickened ; flowers somewhat umbelled.

HAB. Shady woods. Can. to Car. N. to Subarc. Amer. June,
July. If. — Stem 2 feet high. Radical leaves on long petioles^
Flowers in a simple terminal umbel, yellow.

5. «S. dubius Beck : woolly and toraentose ; radical' leaves on long
petioles, spathulate-obovate and ovate, somewhat acute and pinnatifid ;
cauline ones 2—3, linear, pinnatifid ; . flowers corymbed. — S. heterophyl-
lus Nutt. Torr. — • Cineraria heterophyUa Pursh. — C. dubia Spreng.

HAB. Rocks in Blue Mountains. Penn. Pursh. May, June.
If. — Stem about a span high. Flowers deep yellow. — I have fol-
lowed Mr. Nuttall and Dr. Torrey in placing this plant under
genus Senecio, although there is still some doubt whether it
really belongs to this or to Cineraria. Mr. Nut-tall thinks it a
variety of C. integrifoUa of Willdenow and Pursh, a plant which

'COMPOSITE. 201

is still retained under the latter genus by Dr. Richardson, (App.
to Frank. Jour.) and by Dr. Torrey, in his account of plants col-
lected during a journey to the Rocky Mountains by Dr. E.
James. I have changed the specific name, as that of hetero
phyllus had been long since applied to another Senecio from the
Cape of Good Hope.

** Florets tubular : those of the ray wanting.

6. & vulgaris Linn. : leaves mostly clasping, pinnatifid, toothed ;
flowers in crowded corymbs.

HAS. Cultivated grounds. N. S. May— Oct. H^—Stem 18
inches high. Floicers yellow. Introduced. Groundsel.

7. S. Meracifolius Linn. : stem virgate, paniculate ; leaves clasping,
oblong, acute, unequally, acutely and deeply toothed ; involucre
smooth ; seeds pubescent.

HAB. Road sides, &c. Can. to Car. July, Aug. 0. — Stem
2 — 6 feet high, succulent, branching towards the summit, fle-
ers-in a compound terminal panicle, white. Fire Weed.

8. S. elongatus Pursh: smooth ; radical leaves spathulate, serrate,
attenuated into a petiole ; cauline ones pinnatifid, toothed, very re-
mote ; peduncles elongated, umbelled, corymbed.

HAB. Rocks on banks of streams. Penn. July, Aug. !£.—
Resembles S. balsamitce, but is destitute of ray florets.

SUBORDER VI. HELIANTHEjE.
35. HELENIUM. Linn.

Involucre simple, many parted. Rays deeply 3-eleft. Pap-
pus chaffy ; chaff 5-awned. Receptacle globose, naked,
chaffy on the margin. Acines villous.

Syngenesia. Superflua.

H. autumnale Linn. : leaves lanceolate, serrate, decurrent ; flowers in
corymbs ; florets of the disk 5-cleft ; of the ray flat, reflexed.

HAB. Low grounds. Can. to Car. W. to Miss. Sept., Oct.
2_(. — Stem 2 — 3 feet high, winged by the decurrent leaves. Flow-
ers in small corymbs, yellow. — "Whole plant intensely bitter.

American Sneczewort.

36. HELIANTHUS. Linn.

Involucre imhricate, generally squarrose, leafy. Receptacle
chaffy, flat. Pappus 2-leaved, caducous.

Syngenesia. Frustranea.

* Florets of disk dark purple.

1. H. atrorulens Linn. : hispid ; stem naked towards the summit,
loosely paniculate ; leaves opposite, spathulate, oblong-ovate, crenate,
3-nerved, scabrous on the upper side ; scales of the involucre ovate-
lanceolate, as long as the disk.

202 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.

HAB. Gravelly soil. Penn. to Car. W. to Miss. Aug., Sept.
2_f. — Stem 3—4 feet high, somewhat branched. Lmcer leaves
very large. Flowers in a loose terminal panicle. Rays yellow;
disk dark purple.

2. H. angustifolius Linn. : stem slender, slightly scabrous ; leaves •
narrow-lanceolate, entire, glaucous beneath, with the margin revolute,
the upper ones alternate ; scales' of the involucre linear-lanceolate,
ciliate, spreading ; chaff 3- toothed. — Rudbeckia angvstifolia 71V////.

HAB. Cedar swamps. N. J. to Flor. Sept.— Nov. If. — Stem
2 — 3 feet high, sparingly branched. Leaves opposite below,
alternate above, scabrous on the upper surface. Flmocrs small,
terminal. Rays about 12, yellow ; disk dark purple at the sum-
mit.— I have, adopted the specific description of Mr. Elliott.

** Florets qf the disk yellowish.
t Leaves opposite.

3. //. dirnrirutus Linn. .• stem smooth, branched ; leaves ovate-lan-
ceolate, 3-nerved scabrous above, smooth beneath ; panicle trichoto-
mous ; flowers small. .

HAB. Woods. Can. to Car. Aug.— Oct. 21.— Stem 5—6 feet
high, di- and tri-chotomously divided. Leaves on long petioles,
rounded at base, and tapering to a long almost acuminate point ;
upper ones often alternate. Floicers small, in terminal panicles.

4. H. tracheltfolius IFiUd. : leaves ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, ser-
rate, 3-nerved, very scabrous on both sides ; scales of the involucre
linear-lanceolate, ciliate, outer ones larger. — H. gigas Mich.

HAB. Woods. Can. to Car. Aug.— Oct. If.— Stem 3—4 feet
high, branching towards the summit, very scabrous. Leaves at-
tenuated at base into a short petiole. Floicers in a loose termi-
nal panicle. Rays 10 — 12. — This species is united by Sprengel
with H. decapctalus.

5. H.frondosus llilld.: stem smooth below ; leaves ovate, acutely
serrate, peduncles scabrous ; involucre squarrose, undulate, leafy, cili-
ate ; rays 8-flowered.

HAB. Woods. Can. and N. S. Aug., Sept. U-—Stcm 4 feet
high. Ftoirtrs small. — Resembles H. decapetalus and mvltiflorus
in several respects, but is distinct. Pursh.

G. H. mollis llrittd. : stem smooth below, scabrous near the summit ;
leaves ovate-lanceolate, acute, serrate, scabrous above, pubescent and
hoary beneath ; flowers-few, terminal.

HAB. Low grounds. Penn. to .Car. July— Sept. If. — Stem
3 — C feet high, purple, smooth except near the top. Flowers
few, in a terminal panicle. Rays about 10. — This is the H. mol~
Us of Elliott, which, although it agrees in most points with
Pursh' s description, is not according to the former author H. to-
mentosus of Michaux.

tt Upper leaves alternate.
7. H. giganteus Linn. : leaves alternate, lanceolate, serrate, scabrous,

COMPOSITE. 203

obscurely 3-nerved, tapering at each end, nearly sessile, ciliate at base j

scales of the involucre lanceolate, ciliate.

HAB. Dry swamps. Can. to Car. Aug. Sept. 1£. — Stem very
tall, branching, rough near the summit. Leaves paler and often
nearly smooth beneath. Flowers in a loose terminal panicle.
Rays 12 — 14, not large.

8. H. altissimus Linn. : leaves alternate, ovate-lanceolate, serrate,
scabrous, 3-nerved, tapering towards the summit, petioled ; petioles
ciliate ; scales of the involucre lanceolate, ciliate.

HAB. Mountain meadows. Penn. to Car. July — Sept. 1(. —
Resembles the preceding, but the stem is smooth and purple.
Leaves petiolate, broader and almost ovate-lanceolate. Scales of
the involucre shorter. Florets of the ray about 16. JVdld.-Pursh
says the chaff of the receptacle is green in this species, but
black in the preceding.

9. H. strumosus Linn. : leaves ovate, acuminate, serrate, 3-nerved,
scabrous beneath; scales of the involucre linear-lanceolate, ciliate at
base.

HAB. Can. and N. Eng. Aug. — Oct. Zf. Pursh. — Uuder the
above name Mr. Elliott describes a plant found in North-Caroli-
,na ; but it seems doubtful whether it is really the same. Stem
tall, slender, sparingly branched and smooth. Leaves lanceolate
or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, serrate, thin, slightly scabrous
on both sides, paler beneath. Flowers small, few, terminal.
Florets of the ray 8 — 10. There are probably several species of
this genus in the N. S. not now credited to it.

10. H. decapetalus Linn. : leaves ovate, acuminate, remotely serrate,
3-nerved, scabrous ; scales of the involucre ovate-lanceolate, nearly
equal, somewhat ciliate. — H. macrophyllus Willd. Pursh.?

HAB. Rocky woods. Can. to Car. Aug. — Oct. 2_£. — Stem 3 — 4
feet high, branching. Leaves alternate above, the petioles cili-
ate at base. Flowers large, in terminal panicles.

11. H. multiflorus Linn. : leaves 3-nerved, scabrous, lower ones cor-
date ; upper ones ovate ; florets of the ray numerous; scales of the in-
volucre lanceolate.

HAB. Mountain woods. Penn. to Car. July — Sept. If.— Stem
and peduncles scabrous. Scales of the involucre 40 — 50, loosely
imbricated, not squarrose.

12. H. tulcrosus Linn. : leaves 3-nerved, scabrous; lower ones cor-
date-ovate ; upper ones ovate- acuminate ; petioles ciliate.

HAB. Fields. N. S. July— Sept. -If. — Root tuberous. Stem
4 — 8 feet high. Naturalized in various parts of the N. S.

Jerusalem Artichoke.

37. HELIOPSIS. Pers.

Involucre imbricate ; scales subovate, nearly equal. Rays
large and linear. Receptacle chaffy, conic ; chaff lanceolate.
Seeds 4-angled. Pappus none. Syngenesia. Superflua.

204 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.

H. lewis Pcrs. : leaves opposite, ovate, serrate, 3-nerved. — Bupkthal-
mum hdianihoid.es WiUd. — Htllanthus laxis Linn.

HAB. Banks of streams. N. Y. to Flor. Aug., Sept. If.—
Stem 3 — 5 feet high, dichotomously branched above. Flowers
solitary, terminal and in divisions of the stem, on long pedun-
cles, large, yellow.

38. RUDBECKIA. Linn.

Involucre nearly equal ; scales in a double series. Recep-
tacle conic, chaffy. Pappus a 4-toothed margin.

Syngenesia. Frustranea.

* Involucre imbricate ', chaff of Uie receptacle mucnmate.

1. R. purpurea Linn. : very rough ; lower leaves broad-ovate, atten-
uate at base, remotely toothed ; eauline ones lanceolate-ovate, acumi-
nate at each end, nearly entire ; ray florets very long, deflexed, bifid.

HAB. High grounds. N. Y. to Flor. W. to Miss. July— Sept.
1(. — Stem 3—4 feet high, sparingly branched, differing some-
what in the degree of roughness. Leaves also varying much in
length and breadth. Flowers large, terminal ; rays purple ; disk
brown. — This plant has been found by Mr Edward Dunn, on
the banks of the Hudson, about two miles below this city, which
I believe" is the most northern station yet discovered. "It differs
considerably in its generic character from most of the other spe-
cies, and Mr. Elliott, indeed, suggests its separation from them.

** Involucre nearly equal ; chaff unarmed.

2. R. fulgida Ait. : stem hispid, the branches long, virgate and 1 -
flowered ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, denticulate, hispid, narrowed and
slightly cordate at base ; scales of the involucre as long as the ray ;
chaff* lanceolate. — R. chrysomela Mich.

HAB. Mountains. Penn. 1.. C:ir. July— Oct. If.— Stem 2— 3
feet high, branched. /•'//// florets 12—14, 2-clefl at the summit,
yellow, scarcely longer than the leafy scales of the involucre.

3. R, hirta Linn. : very hirsute ; stem virgate, sparingly branched.
1-flowered ; peduncles naked ; leaves ovate-spathulate, 3-nerved, ser-
rate, hairy ; scales of the involucre imbricate, in a triple series, shorter
than the ray ; chaff obovate, acute.

HAB. Mountains. N. S. to Flor. W. to Miss. Aug., Sept.
2_£. — Stem 2 — 3 feet high, scabrous and hairy. Lcates alternate,
sessile or subclasping, very hairy. Flowers solitary, terminal.
Ray florets about 14, bifid, hairy, yellow, twice as long as the
involucre.

4. R. triloba Linn. : hairy-hispid ; stem paniculate ; branches divari-
cate, many-flowered, leafy ; leaves lanceolate, acuminate at each end.
serrate ; the lower ones 3-lobed ; scales of the involucre linear, deflex-
ed, as long as the ray.

HAB. Mountains. N. S. to Car. W. to Miss. Aug., Sept.

COMPOSITE. 205

If.* — St$m 4 — 5 feet high. Flowers numerous, on the summits of
' the branches. ' Ray florets ^bout 8,' yellow ; disk dark purple.

5. .R. laciniata Linn. : stem smooth ; lower leaves pinnate, the seg-
ments 3-lobed ; upper ones ovate ; pappus crenate.

HAB. Bprder.8 of swamps. Can, to 'Car. W. to Miss; Aug.,
Sept. ' If J — Stem 4 — 6 feet high, branching.* ^Leaves, rough, the
lower ones pinnate or pirmatifid, with about 5 segments ; upper
ones nearly sessile, ovate of 3-cleft. Flowers large, yellow, in a
loose terminal panicle. Ray florets about 6, 3- toothed.

Cone, Flower.

0. R. digitata Ait. : stem smooth ; lower leaves pinnate, the seg-
ments pinnatifid ; the upper ones simple, pinnate ; the highest 3-.eleft.;
pappus crenate.

HAB. Mountains.. N. S. to Geor. *W. to Miss. Aug. — Oct.
2_£*— Stem 5 — 6 feet. high. Leaves thin, the segments more or
less toothed, generally lanceolate. Flowers terminating the
brarfches, yellow." .

7. R. pinnata Mich. : stem furrowed, hispid ; leaves all pinnate ;
lower segments «ome times 2-parted ; pappus entire.

HAB. Mountains. Penn. Muhl. W. to Miss. S. to Gebr.
'. . July*-Oct. If. — 'Flowers very large, -yellow. Rays long re-.
flexed ; disk qvate, purple.

-39. VERBESINA. Linn.

Involucre many-leaved, the leaves in a double series. Rays
about 5. Receptacle chaffy.. Pappus 2-awned. .

Sy/igejiesia. Superf.ua.

V. siegcsleckia Mich. : stem winged ; leaves opposite, ovate-lanceo-
• late*, acuminate, at each end, acutely serrate; corymb bra.chiate ;
branches irregularly many-flowered at the summit.^ Siegeslecltia occi-
dcntalis Linn.

HAB. Shady woods. Penn. to Car. July — Sept. 2_f. — Root
creeping. Stem erect,- 4 — 6 feet high, 4- winged. Flowers iii
large somewhat fastigiate corymbs, yellow ; rays 3-toothed.

'40.. CALLIOPSIS. Reiclienlacli.

Involucre double ; inner one many-parte.d, coloured ; outer
erect. Receptacle chaffy. Pappus none.

Syngenesia, Frustranea.

C. rosea Sprcng^: small and .very smooth ; stem mostly simple ;
leaves linear, entire, axils' leafy ; flowers few, .oh long peduncles, axil-
lary, terminal ; rays unequally 3-toothed j seeds very entire, naked. —
Coreopsis rosed Nutt.

HAB. Swamps. N. J. to Geor.- Aug. . 24!. — Stem 12 inches
high, smooth and generally simple. Leaves 2 inches long,, op-

18 ;:.-.;

206 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.

posite and connate at base. Flowers small, few, on peduncle?
3 inches Jong, pale red.

41. COREOPSIS. Linn.

Involucre double, each many-leaved ; the inner one equal,
subcoriaceous and coloured. Receptacle chaffy, scales flat.
Acines compressed, emarginate, "bidentate \ dentures rarely
awned. * Syngcnesia. Frustranea.

* Leaves opposite, divided. .

1. C. tnchosperma Mich. : smooth ; leaves generally quinate, pin-
nate ; segments linear-lanceolate, serrate ; flowers in corymbs ; leaf-
eis of the outer involucre spathulate, ciliate-serrate ; rays entire ;
acines cuneate, 2 — 4-toothed".

HAB. Swamps. N. J. and Car. Aug., Sept. $ .— Stem 2— 3
feet high, branching towards the top. . Flowers peduncled, op-
posite and terminal ; rays about 8, lanceolate, yellow.

Tickseed Sunflower.

2. C. tripieris Linn. : smooth ; leaves petiolate, lanceolate, very en-
tire; radical ones pinnate.; cauline ternate; rays* entire ; acines obo-
vate, naked at the summit.

HAB. Mountains. Penn. to Car. Aug., Sept. !£.— Stem 4— 6
feet high, terete. Flowers rather small, in a loose terminal co-
ryhib ; rays about 8, yellowish.

** Leaves alternate.

3. C. gladiata Walt : stem smooth, dichotomous towards the sum-
mit ; leaves narrow-lanceolate, entire, thick, tapering into a petiole ;
acines obovate, winged, the wings serrulate j pappus 2-awned, bristly.
— C. dichotoma Mich.

HAB. Swamps. N. J. and Car. July — Sept. <£. — Stem 2— 3
feet high, simple and slender. Leaves thick, 3 — 6 inches long.
Flowers terminal ; rays 8, dilated, trifid-yellow j disk dark pur-
ple.

4. C. aspera 'Pursh : leaves lanceolate-linear, rough; upper ones
alternate ; lower opposite ; stem 1-flowered.

HAB. In Maryland. Pursh. . ,

- • '•

42, ACTINOMERIS. Nutt.

Involucre simple, many-leaved ; leaves nearly equal. Rays
remote, elongated, (4 to 8.) Receptacle small and chaffy,
the scales embracing the margin of -the acines. ficiues com-
pressed and marginated, with the summit persistently 2-awn-
ed. < % '*. Syngenesia. Frustranea.

A.? squatrosa Nutt. : stem erect, winged, -pubescent towards the
summit ; leaves lanceolate, serrate, scabrous ; panicle loose, leafy ;

COMPOSITE. 207

involucre spreading ; receptacle nearly globose. — Coreopsis alternifolia
Linn. — Verbesina coreopsis Mich. Spreng.

HAB. Penn. to Car. July— Sept. l±.—Ste,m 3—4 feet high.

!£jjjgfef Leaves alternate. Floicers varying, yellow and white. — There

seems to be still some doubt with regard to its generic character.

43. BID^NS. Linn,

Involucre double, the outer unequal. Ray jloreis frequent-
ly wanting. Receptacle chaffy, flat. Pappus of 4 reflected
or erect and retrosely scabrous avyns. Acines 4-angled..

Syngenesia. Frustranea.

\^B. cernua Linn. : flowers stlbradiate, cernuous; outer involucre as
long as the flower ; leaves lanceolate, subconnate, dentate.

HAB. Near ponds and ditches. Can., N. Y. and Penn, W. to
• tyttss. Aug.— Sept. 0. — Stem 1 — 2 feet high. Ray florets as
in all'the species, yellow, often wanting. — This plant is some-
times not more than 8 inches high, with very small erect flow-
ers, when it constitutes the variety minima.

Water Beggar-ticks.

2. B. ckrysanthemoides $Tich. : flowers radiate, nodding ; florets of
the ray thrice as long as the nearly equal involucre ; leaves oblong, ta-
pering at each end, toothed, connate at base.

HAB. Wet places. N. Y. to Car. Aug., Sept-. ^.—Stem 1—3
feet high. Leaves glabrous. Flowers erect, yellow.- Acines com-
monly with 4 awns.— From the remarks of Mr. Elliott, it is not
improbable that several distinct species are covered under the
above name.

3. B. frondosa Linn.': flowers-discoid; outer involucre six times as
long as the flower, its leafets ciliate at base ; lower leaves pinnate ',
upper on,es ternate, lanceolate, serrate; • V.

HAB.* Woods and fields. N. Y. to Car. Aug.,- Sept. 0.—
' Stem 3 — 4 feet high, branching. Flowers terminal, erect, sur-
rounded by a large leafy involucre. Rays none. Jlcines 2-awned.
'^ » -'* Burr Marygold.

4. B. connata WilU. : flowers discoid ; outer involucre thrice as
long as the flower ; cauline leaves ternate ; lateral ones connate ; flo-
ral oblong-lanceolate. .

HAB. .Fields. Can. to Car. July— Sept. ©, — Stem 2 feet "high.
Peduncles opposite, 1 -flowered.

5. B. bipinnato Linn. : flowers somewhat rayed ; outer involudre as
long as the inner ; leaves bipinnate ; leafets lanceolate-pinnatifid.

HAB. Near cultivated grounds. Penn: to Car. July — Sept. %. —
Stem 2 — 4 feet high. Flow£rs on long, mostly terminal pedun-
cles. Rays 3, or none,, obovate, yellow.

6. 'B. beckii Torr. : stem subsimple ; submerged leaves capillaceous-
multifid ; emersed ones lanceolate, connate, acutely serrate or laciruV
ate j flowers rayed ; the rays longer than the involucre.-

208 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.'

HAB. In water. Can, and N. Y. July, Aug. If.— Stem V—. £
feet long, simple or with very small and slender branches arising
from the axils of.thte upper leaves. Lower leaves very multifid.
capillary, as in Rartunculus aquatilis ; upper ones about an inch
and a" half long, broadly lanceolate, attenuated at each exlrewi-
ty, deeply serrated. Flowers solitary, at the extremity^of the
stem, rather large, yellow. Rays much longer tjian'the involu-
cre.— This^peciea was first discovered in a pond1 near Schenec-
tady, N. Y. It has since been found in Canada, by Mr. Goldie.
and. more recently in the western part of N. Y. by Drs: Asa
Gray and William Aikin. WaJUgr Mary gold..

44. POLYMNIA. Linn.

Involucre- double ; the outer one 4 — 5-leaved ; the inner 10-
leaved ; leafets concave. Receptacle chaffy. Pappus none.

Syngencsia. Necessaria.

1. P. caiiadcnsls Linn. : viscid and yilloua ; leaves denticulate, acu-
minate ; lower ones pinnatifid, upper 3-lobed or entire.

HAB. Shady hills. Can. to Car. June, 5uly. 'If.— Stem N2— 4
feet high. Leaves thin, slightly scabrous. Flowers in a loose
terminal panicle, yellow.

2. P. uecdalia, Linn. : leaves opposite, "3-lobed, acute, decurrdnt into
a petiole ; lobes angled and sinuate ; rays elongated.

HAB. Mountains. Penn. to Car. July — Sept. If. — Stem 3 — 5
. feet high, terete. Leaves opposite or alternate. Flowers in a
loose terminal panicle ; rays about 10, 3-toothed, yellow.

45. SILPHIUM. Linn.

Involucre leafy, squarrose. Rcccptach\\\aSy. Seeds com-
pressed, obcordate-marginate, 2-toothed.

'Syngen esia . • Necessaria .

1. S. perfoliatum Linn.: stem 4-angled, smooth; leaves opposite,
connate, ovate, serrate.

HAB. Mountains. Penn. to Car. Aug. 11. — StemQ feet high,
angled, smooth. Peduncles terminal and from the axils of the
highest leaves ; rays 24, yellow.

a. & trtfoliatum Linn, .-'stem 6-angled, smooth; leaves verticillate
by threes, ovate-lanceolate, une^hally toothed and serrate, scabrous on
the upper surface ;\ipper orie.s sessile, panicle trichotomous. — & terni-
folium Mich. .•*.».' •

HAB. Mountains. N. S. Torr. S. to Car. Sttyt.. Oct. If.—
. Stem 4—6 fe.et high, mostly purple. Floors in a terminal' co-
rymb ; rays about 14, long, bright yellow.

3. S. tenvatum Reiz: stem terete, smooth; leaves. vertLcillate by
thr«es, petiolate, lanceolate," slightly toothed, ciliate at base, somewhat
scabrous; upper ones scattered, sessile ; panicle dichotomous; in
volucre ciliate*.

COMPOSITE. 209

HAB. Penn. to Car. July. U.—Stem 4—6 feet high. Flowers
in a loose terminal corymb ; rays 14, long, yellow.— Mr. Elliott
doubts whether the two last species are sufficiently distinct.

SUBORDER VII, AMBROSIACE^.
46. IVA. Unn.

Involucre about 5-leaved or 5-parted. Florets of the ray 5,
naked. Receptacle bristly. Pappus none. Acines obovate.
{Anthers approximate, not united.) Syngenesia. Necessaria.

I. frutesccns Linn. : shrubby ; leaves opposite, lanceolate, deeply ser-
rate, slightly scabrous ; heads globular-depressed.

HAB. Sea coast. N. Y. to Flor. Aug. !£.— Shrub 3—8 feet
,£. . high, with numerous opposite branches and leaves. Flowers
small, in axillary leafy raceme, forming a large terminal pani-
cle.

47. AMBROSIA. Linn.

Monoecious. STERILE FL. Involucre 1-leaved, hemisphe-
rical, many-flowered. Anthers approximate but not 'united.
Receptacle naked. FERTILE FL. Involucre 1-leavcd, entire
or 5-toothed, 1-flowered. Carol none. Styles 2. Nut
formed from the indurated calyx, 1-seeded.

Monoecia. Pentandria.

1. A. integrifolia MM. : leaves ovate, sessile, acuminate, serrate,
hispid on both sides, ciliate at base ; racemes terminal and mostly ter-

nate. •***•'«

HAB. Near ponds and ditches. Penn. and Virg. July— Sept.
0. — Pursh.

2. A. bidentata Mich. : very hairy ; leaves closely sessile, simple,
lanceolate. 1 — 2 toothed on each side near the base ; fruit 4-sided, 4-
spined below the summit.

HAB. Allegany mountains. W. to Illinois.— Perhaps not in the
limits assigned to the present work. July— Sept. • 0.

3. Jj. trifida Linn. : hirsute, rough ; leaves 3-lobed, serrate ; the
lobes oval-lanceolate, acuminate ; fruit 6-spined below the summit.

HAB. Banks of streams. N. Y. to Car. W. to Miss. July —
Sept. 0. — Stem 4 — 8 feet high. Leaves very large. Flowers
in large terminal panicles composed of long axillary and termi-
nal spikes.

4. A. elatior Linn. : stem virgate ;f leaves bipinnatifid, nearly smooth;
petioles conspicuously ciliate ; racemes terminal.

HAB. Old fields. Can. to Car. Aug., Sept. ^.—Stem 1—4
(at the south 4—7) feet high. Flowers in paniculate racemes.
Nut with 6 spines. Hog Weed.

n^H ' 18*

210 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.

5. A. artemisi/olia Linn. : leaves bipinnatifid, hoary underneath, the
uppermost pinnatifid ; racemes by threes, terminal ; branches fastigi-
ate. — A. absynthifolia Mich.

HAB. Fields. Penn. to Car. W. to Miss. Aug., Sept. ®.—
Stem 4 — 6 feet high. Leares opposite below, alternate above.
Racemes loosely paniculate. Spines of the fruit very short.

6. A. paniculata Mich. : stem branching, paniculate at the summit,
and with the petioles villous ; leaves green on both sides, bipinnatifid,
the segments lanceolate ; fruit somewhat clustered, small, obovate,
slightly awned. — lea monophylla Walt.

HAB. Old fields. Can. to Flor. July— Sept. ®. Pursh.—
Stem % —4 feet high. Flowers in simple terminal and axillary
racemes.

7. A. hcterophyUa Muhl : stem paniculate ; cauline leaves pinnati-
fid, subdentate, petiolate, those of the branches lanceolate, sessile : pe-
tioles with long cilise ; racemes terminal, solitary. — A.pervciana, Willd.

HAB. Banks of streams. Penn. July — Sept. Q}. Muhl.

48. XANTHIUM. Lmn.

Monoecious. STERILE PL. Involucre imbricate. Anthers
approximate, but not united. Receptacle chaffy. FERTILE
FL. Involucre 2-leaved, 1 -flowered. Carol none. Drupe
dry, muricato, 2-cleft. Nut 2-celled.

Monoecia. Pentandria.

1. X. stmmarium Linn. : stem unarmed, branching ; leaves cordate,
lobed, serrate, scabrous, 3-nerved; fruit elliptic, pubescent, armed
with rigid hooked bristles.

HAB. Road sides. N. Y. to Car. W. to Miss. Aug., Sept.
0. — Stew, 3 — 6 feet high. Flowers in axillary racemes.

Clot-weed.

2. X. macrocarpon De Cand. : stem unarmed, spotted ; leaves cor-
dute, lobed, obscurely sinuate-toothed, scabrous, 3-nerved ; fruit oval,
densely armed with short rigid uncinate bristles ; horns incurved. -—
X. orientate Linn. — X. maculatum Raf.

HAB. Near salt water. N. S. Aug. $.— Stem purple, spotted.
Fruit very large, woolly.

3. X. spinosum Linn. : spines ternate ; leaves 3-lobed.

HAB. Waste ground. Md, to Geor. Q.—Stem 3 feet high.
Flowers small. Prkkly Clot-weed.

SUBORDER VIII. ANTHEM IDE^.
49. SPARGANOPHORUS. Mich.

Involucre somewhat globose, imbricate, with the scales re-
curved at the point. Receptacle naked. Acines crowned
with a small cartilaginous cup. Syngenesia. JEqualis*

COMPOSITE. 211

S. vertidUatus Mich. : leaves linear, verticillate ; heads few, termi-
nal ; pappus campanulate, 5-toothed.
. HAB. In shallow water. N. J. to Flor. Aug., Sept. It.— Stem

a foot high, simple. Leaves linear, an inch long, 6—8 in a whorl.

Flowers purple.

50. TANACETUM. Linn.

Involucre imbricate, hemispherical, scales acuminate. Rays
of the corol obsolete, trifid. Receptacle naked. Pappus sub-
emarginate. Syngenesia. Superflua.

T. vulgare Linn.: leaves doubly pinnate, incisely serrate; corymb
terminal.

HAB. Road sides, &c. Aug., Sept. .Zf.— Stem 2— 4 feet high.
Flowers in a dense terminal corymb, yellow. — Whole plant
odorous. Naturalized. Tansey.

51. ARTEMISIA. Linn.

Involucre imbricate ; scales round, connivent. Florets of
the ray none. Pappus none. Receptacle naked, or slightly
villous. Syngenesia, Superjlua.

1. A. vulgaris Linn. : leaves tomentose beneath; cauline ones pin-
natifid ; segments lanceolate, subdentate, acute ; floral ones undivided,
linear, lanceolate ; flowers nearly sessile, oblong, erect ; involucre to-
mentose.

HAB. Banks of streams. Can. and N. S. N. to Arc. Amer.
Sept.— Nov. 2j..-;Stem%— 3 feet high. Flowers few, purplish.

Mugwort.

2. A. canadensis Mich.: stem herbaceous and paniculate, mostly erect;
radical leaves subpinnate, somewhat tomentose ; cauline subpinnate ;
segments subsetaceous, incised, flat, nearly smooth ; flowers partly
glomerate and sessile ; involucre subglobose ; scales oval, scarious. —
A. campestris Pursh.

HAB. Sandy shores of Lake Erie, &c. . W. to Miss. N. to Hud-
son's Bay. July, Aug. 2$..— Stem sometimes decumbent at base,
mostly erect, 3 — 4 feet high. Leaves of linear segments, singly or
doubly pinnatifid or subpinnate. Flowers small, very numerous,
in terminal panicles resembling spikes. Wild Wormwood.

3. A. caudata Mich. : stem herbaceous, simple, densely and pyra-
midally paniculate; radical and lower cauline leaves sub-bipinnate,
pubescent ; upper subpinnate ; segments subsetaceous, alternate, di-
varicate, somewhat convex ; flowers pedicillate, erect, globose ovate.

HAB. Sea shores. N. J. to N. Car. 24!. — Stem 2 — 6 feet high.

52. CHRYSANTHEMUM. Linn.

Involucre hemispherical, imbricate ; innermost scales scari-
ous. Receptacle naked. Pappus none.

Syngenesia. Superjlua.

212 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.

C. Icucanthemum Linn. : stem erecl, brandling ; leaves clasping,
.anceolate, deeply notched and toothed at the base.

HAB. Fields, 6cc. Can. to Car. June— Aug. If.— Stem 1—2
feet high, sparingly branched. Flowers solitary on the branches,
large ; rays white ; disk yellow. Introduced. Ox-eye Dai*[t.

53. ANTHEMIS. Linn.

Involucre hemispherical, subequal. Rays more than 5.
Receptacle chaffy ; chaff flat, with rigid acuminate points.
Pappus none or a membranous margin.

Syngenesia. Supcrflua.

1. A. arvcnsis Linn. : leaves bipinnate ; segments lanceolate-linear;
receptacle conic ; chaft' lanceolate ; acines crowned with a margin.
HAB. Waste grounds. Penn. to Virg. Aug., Sept. ©. — Stem
branched and with the leaves hoary-pubescent. Flowers at the
end of each branch, large ; disk yellow ; rays broad, white. In-
troduced. Common Chamomilc.

9. A. cotnla Linn. : leaves bipinnatifid ; segments subulate, 3-part-
ed ; receptacle conic ; chaff setaceous ; pappus none.

HAB. Road sides. N. Y. to Car. W. to Miss. June— Oct.
©.— Stem a foot high, erect, branched. IVowers solitary, termi-
nal ; disk convex, yellow ; rays white. — An exotic, now almost
every where naturalized. May-weed,

54. ACHILLEA. Linn.

Involucre ovate, imbricate. Rays 5—10, roundish. Re-
ceptacle chaffy. Pappus none. Syngenesia. Superflua.

1 . A. pta.rm.vM Linn. : leaves linear-lanceolate, acuminate, equally
and acutely serrate, smooth.

HAB. Dry swamps. Arc. Amer. Can. and N. Y. Aug., Sept.
If. — Pursh. Stem 1 — 3 feet high, erect, terminating in a large
corymb. Flowers white. Introduced. 1 Sneeze-wort.

2. A. mittcfolium Linn. : stem furrowed ; leaves bipinnate, slightly
hairy ; segments linear, toothed, acute.

HAB. Fields and 'road sides. Can. to Car. N. to Arc. Amer.
W. to Miss. June— Aug. H. — Stem erect, branched at the
top. Flowers in large dense terminal corymbs ; rays 4 or 5,
white or rose coloured. — A powerful astringent. Introduced. ?

Yarrow.

ORDER LXV11I. CAMPANULACE.E. Lind.

Calyx superior, usually 5-lobed, (sometimes 3 — 8,) persis-
tent. Corol monopetalous, inserted into the top of the calyx,
usually 5-lobed, (sometimes 3 — 8,) withering on the fruit,
regular ; aestivation valvate. Stamens inserted into the calyx

CAMPANULACE^E. 213

alternately with the lobes of the corol, to which they are equal
in pumher ; anthers 2-celled, "distinct"; .pollen spherical. Ova-
ry inferior, with 2 or. more polyspermous cells opposite the
stamens or alternate with them ; style simple, covered with
collecting hairs '; -stigma naked, simple, or with as many Jobes
as there are cells. Fruit dry, crowned by the withered calyx
and corol, dehiscing by lateral irregular apertures, or by
valves at the apex, always loculicidaJ. Seeds 'numerous, ..at-
tached to a placenta in the axis ; embryo' straight, in the axis
of .fleshy albumen ; radicle .inferior. .

Herbs or undersJirubs yielding a white. milk. Leaves sim-
ple or deeply divided, without stipules.*

1. CAMPANULA. Linn.

Calyx mostly 5-cleft. Corol campanukite, the base closed
with 5 staminiferous valves. Stigma 3 — 5-tleft. Capsule.
inferior, 3- (rarely 5-) celled, opening by laleral pores.

Pentandria. JMLonogynia*

1. C. rotundifoUa Linn. : glabrous ; stem erect, slender, somewhat
branched at base.; radical leaves reniform-cordate, crenate or cut ; .can-
line ones linear, entire ; panicle lax, few-lowered.

HAB. Rocky banks. N. S. N. tp Subarc. Amef. W. to Rocky
Mountains. -June, July. If. — Stem 8 — 12 inches high. Radi-
cal leaves cordate, (withering early.) Flowers few, large, blue,
in a loose terminal panicle or raceme. ' Flax Bell-floiccr.

2. C. amplexicaulis Mich. : stem simple, erect, angular ; angles his-
pid backwar'ds ; leaves cordate, toothed, clasping ; flowers sessile, 1 — 5
in the axil of each leaf. — C. perfoliata Linn. '

HAB. Fields. Can. to Geor. W. to Miss. May — July. 0. —
Stem 8 — 12 inches high. .- Leaves sessile, closely embracing the
stem, but never perfoliate. Flowers small, sessile, 1 — 4 in the
axil of the leaf, purple. Clasping Bell-Jlo'wer.

3. C- ameiicana Linn. : stem simple, smooth ; leaves, ovate-lanceo-
late, much Acuminate, membranaceoiis, uncinately serrate ; lower ones
somewhat cordate, with the -petioles ciliate ; flowers subsolitary, nearly
sessile, in a terminal leafy raceme ; corol s'ubrotate ; style ex'serted. —
C. acuminata Sfich.

' HAB. Mountains and rocks. Niagara Falls" and S. to Geor.
July, Aug. -If: — Stem 2—3 feet' high. Flowers blue, flat, 1 — 2
in the axils of the leaves.

4. C. aparinoides Pursk : stem slender, much branched, acutely
angled ; .angles with the margin and nerves of the leaves aculeate
backwards ,' leaves linear-lanceolate, sessile, somewhat serrate, smooth

214 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS-

above ; flowers solitary, on terminal filiform flexuous peduncles.— C.
erinoides Muhl. — C.flezuosa Mich. ? '

HAB. Wet meadows. Can. to Geor. June, July. @. — Stem a
foot high, weak. Flowers small, white. Prickly Bell-flower,

ORDER LXIX. LOBELIACE^. ' Lind.

• Calyx superior, 5-lobed, or entire. Carol raonopetalous,
irregular, inserted into the calyx, 5-lobed, or*5-cleft. Stamens
5,*inserted into 'the calyx alternately with the lobes of the
corol ; anthers cohering ; pollen ovaf. Ovary inferior, with
from 1 to 3-cells ; ovules very numerous, attached either to the
axis or the lining ; style simple ; stigma surrounded by a cup-
like fringe. Fruit capsular, 1 or more celled, many seeded,
dehiscing at the apex. Seeds' attached either to the lining or
Jbe axis of the pericarp ; embryo straight, in the axis of
fleshy albumen ; radicle pointing to the hilum. ,.., .

Herbs or shrubs. Leaves alternate, without stipules. Flow-
ers axillary -or terminal.

1. LOBELIA. Linn.

Calyx 5-cIeft. Corol monopetalous, irregular, cleft on the
upper side nearly to its base. Stamens united into a tube.
Stigma 2-lobed. Capsule' inferior dr semisuperior, 2 or 3-
celled, opening at the summit. Seeds minute, scabrons.

Pentandria. Monogynia.

1. L. dortmanna Linn. : leaves linear, 2-celled, fleshy, obtuse ;
scape nearly naked ; flowers in a terminal raceme, remote, pedicelled,
nodding. — L. paludosa ffutt.

HAB. Ponds and swamps. Mass, to Geor. July. Z£. — Scape
18 inches high. Leaves growing in a single tuft about the root,
obtuse, spreading and recurved. Flowers 3 or 4, very remote,
pendulous, pedicelled, pale blue. Water Gladiolc.

2. L. luil mii. Linn. : whole plant smooth ; stem erect, branched ;
leaves linear, remotely toothed ; . radicle ones spathulate ; .racemes ter-
minal, lax, few-flowered, leafy ; peduncles longer than the fruit, with
2 minute bracts near the'flo'wer; capsule tapering at base.

HAB. Fields. N. S. .July, Aug. U.^Stem 12—20 inches
high, slender: Flowers blue, on long peduncles.

3. L. nuttallii R. # &. : stem erect, minutely scabrous, simple, or
with filiform branches ; leaves oblong-linear, denticulate ; flowers in
•lender racemes, distinct ; peduncles coloured, shorte/r. than the flower,
with minute bracts near the base ; capsule obtuse below. — L gracili^
Xutt.—L. kalmii Bart. Ell.

ERICE^E. 215

HAB. Margins of swamps. N. J. to Car. Aug. $ .<*-~Stem
filiform, erect, 2 feet high, often flexuous. Peduncles 1-4 inch
long. Flowers pale blue, smaller than in the preceding ; seg-
ments of the calyx nearly double the length of the capsule.

4. L. claytoniana Mick. : stem erect, simple, pubescent ; leaves ob-
long, pubescent, obtuse, nearly entire ; radical ones spatulate ; raceme
virgate, naked ; segments of the calyx subulate, nearly as long as the
tube of the corol. — L. claytoniana and L. pallida Muhl.

HAB. Fields. Can. to Car. July, .Aug. If.— Stem 1 1-2— 2
feet high, generally simple. Flowers pale blue, as large as those
of L. kalmii, from 6— .30 in a raceme. — I follow Dr. Torrey in
uniting L. pallida of Muhl. with this species. They are, how •
ever, considered distinct by Mr. Elliott.

5. L puberula Mich. : covered with silky down ; stem erect, simple,
slightly angled ; leaves oblong-oval, obtuse, repand-serrulate ; flowers
nearly sessile, in a 1-sided spike; segments of the calyx longer than the
tube of the corol, ciliate ; margins reflexed. ' . .

HAB. Mountains. Penn. to Geor. Sept. '21. — Stem 2 feet high.
Lower leaves obovate ; upper lanceolate. Floicers large, in a sc-
cund-spike or raceme, nearly sessile, bright. blue. — Allied to .the
nextj but smaller in all its parts.

6. L. syphilitlca Linn. : stem erect, somewhat hairy ; leaves closely
sessile, ovate-lanceolate, unequally serrate, with scattered hairs on the
upper surface ; raceme leafy, with the flowers on short pedicels ; calyx
hairy, with the margins reflexed. ,-/•" '

HAB. Bogs, ' &c.- Can. to Car. Sept. If. — Stem 2 — 3 feet
high, simple, hairy on the margin. Flowers on short pedicels,
in a long leafy raceme, large, blue.

71. L. inflata Linn. .• stem erect, hairy, branched ; leaves ovate-lanceo-
late, sessile, serrate; hairy ; racemes leafy, somewhat paniculate-: cap*
sules inflated. '' iv. !

HAB. Fields and woods. Can. to Car. W. to Miss. Aug.

• > '• 0- — Stem a foot high. Floicers numerous, small, pale blue, in

leafy spike's or racemes. — Plant acrid and powerfully medicinal.

Big. Med. Sot. i.' 177. . • Indian Tobacco.

8. L. cardinalis Linn. : stem erect, simple, smooth ; leaves oblong-
lanceolate, serrate ; lower ones tapering at base ?. spike 1-sided, some-
what leafy, with the flowers on pubescent pedicels ; stamens longer
than the corol.

HAB. Low wet grounds. Can. -to Car. July, Aug. If. — Stem
1 1-2 — 2 feet high. Flowers very large, bright scarlet, in a termi-
nal raceme which is from 8 — 10 inches long. — One of the most
splendid plants in the Northern Section. Cardinal Flower.

ORDER. LXX. ERICEJE. Linn.

Calyx 4 or 5-cleft, nearly equal, inferior, persistent.' Corol
nyp°gynous> monopetalous, 4 or 5-cleft, occasionlly separable
into 4 or 5 pieces, regular or irregular. Stamens definite,

216 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.

equalln number to the segments of the corol, or twice as many,
hypogynous, or inserted into the base of the corol. Anthers 2-
celled, the cells hard and dry*. Ovary surrounded at the base
by a disk or secreting scales, many-celled, many-seeded ; style
1, straight ; stigma 1, undivided or toothed. Fruit capsular,
many-celled; with central placenta?. Seeds indefinite, minute ;
vmbryo cylindrical, in the axis of fleshy albumen ; radicle op-
posite, the hilum.

Shrubs or untkrshrubs. Leaves evergreen, rigid, entire,
whorled or opposite, without stipules.

lY ARBUTUS. Linn.

Calyx minute, 5-parted. Corol ovate,, diaphanous at the
base; border small, 5-cleft, revolute. Stamens 10. Berry
superior, *5-celled ; ctlls 1, or many-seeded.

Dccdndria. Monogynia.

,0. ucaursi Linn. : stem woody, procumbent ; leaves petioled, cune-
ale-obovate, very entire, coriaceous ; margin convex ; flowers .in a ter-
minal clustered raceme ; berries red, persistent, 5-seeded. — Arctostaphy-
los uva ursi Adans. Spreng. /

HAB. On mountains. N. S. N. to Subarc. Amer. April, May.

"f?. — A trailing evergreen. Flowers Dale red.. Berries scarlet.

. — The leaves are astringent and medicinal. Biff. Mcd. Bot. i. 66.

""? Y"1 Bear 'berry.

2. GAULTHERIA." Lmn.

Calyx 5-cleft or 5-toothed, bibracteate at base. Corol ovate ;
border partly 5-cleft, revolute. Stamens 10, with the fila-
ments hirsute. Anthers two horned at the summit. Capsule.
superior, 5-celled, invested by the calyx which. becomes a ber-
ry. .. Dccandria. Monogynia.

1. G. procumbens Linn. : stem procumbent, with the branches erect ',
leaves obovate, wedgeform at the base, ciliate-denticulate ; flowers "few,
terminal, nodding.

HAB. Dry woods. N. S. . May— July. li.'—Stem creeping ;
branches ascending, 4 — 6 inches . high. Leaves evergreen and
shining. Flowers axillary, white. Fruit having the appearance
of a- bright scarlet berry. . Spicy Uintcrgrccn.

2.- G. hispidula Muhl. :' stem filiform, creeping, hispid ; leaves ovate,
acute, with scattered hairs ; flower solitary, axillary, subsessile, oc-
tandrous ; corol'sinall, bell-shaped. — G. serpyllifolia Pursh. — I'accinium
hespidulum Linn. — Arbutus JUtformis Lam. — Oxycoctus hispidulus Pers.

• Hxk. Alpine swamps. N. S. April, May. *?. — Stejns creep-
ing. Leaves evergreen, small, ovate or roundish oval. Flowers

ERICE^E. 217

solitary, on recurved peduncles. Calyx in 4 acute segments.
Corol small, white, with as many segments as the calyx. Berry
white. Taste of the leaves resembling that of G. procumbens. —
• There is some doubt with regard to the generic character of this
plant. Dr. Torrey thinks it will constitute the type of a new
genus.

3. ANDROMEDA. Linn.

Calyx 5-parted, minute, inferior. Corol ovate or subcy-
Sindrical, smooth ; border 5-cleft, reflexed. Stamens 10.
Capsule 5-c»Iled, 5-valved ; valves producing dissepiments
from the middle ; margins naked. Decandria. Monogynia,

1. A. kypnoides Linn. : leaves imbricate, subulate, smooth ; pedun-
cles solitary, terminal, 1-flowered ; corol nodding, globose-campanu-
late.

HAB. White Hills, N. H. and N. W. Coast. June. T?.— Shrub
creeping, resembling a moss ; flowering branches erect. Flow-
ers white, tinged with red.

2. A. polyfolia Linn. : leaves linear-lanceolate, convex, revolute,
whitish- glaucous beneath ; flowers in short terminal racemes.

HAB. Sphagnous swamps. N. S. N. to Arc. Amer. June. *>.
— Stem a foot high. Leaves varying from linear to oblong.
Flowers white, tinged with red.

3. A. calyculata Linn. : leaves lanceolate-oblong, rather obtuse, ob-
soletely serrulate, subrevolute, ferruginous beneath ; racemes terminal,
leafy, subsecund ; pedicels short, solitary, axillary ; calyx bibracteate ;
corol oblong-cylindrical.

HAB. Swamps. Can. to Car. W. to Miss. April, May. 1?.
— -A shrub 3 — 4 feet high. Leaves coriaceous, covered with
white dots above, pale beneath. Flowers white, in terminal
leafy racemes.

** Leaves deciduous.

4. A. marianO' Linn. : leaves oval, somewhat acute, verj? entire,
smooth, subcoriaceous, paler beneath ; flowering branches nearly nak-
ed ; pedicels fasciculate ; calyx leafy ; corol ovate- cylindric ; anthers
simple at the summit.

HAB. Sandy soils. N. J. to Flor. June, July. 1?.— Shrub 2— 3
feet high. Flowers white and pale red, large. . Anthers with two
minute awns at the base.

. 5. A. racemosa Mich. : leaves oval-lanceolate, acute, serrulate, mem-
branaceous, smooth above, somewhat pubescent beneath ; racemes
terminal, secund, simple or branched ; corol oblong-cylindrical, an-
thers 4-awned at the summit. — A. paniculata Walt.

19

218 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.

HAB. Swamps and \vet woods. Can. to Flor. June, July. ^>»
— Shrub 4—6 feet high. Flutn ra -white, in racemes which are *>
or 4 inches long. Curol contracted at the raouth. Anthers cleft,
4-awned. .

6. A. arborea Linn, .-branches terete ; leaves oblong-oval, acumi-
nate, sharply serrate, smooth ; panicles terminal, many-spiked ; corol
ovate- oblong, pubescent ; anthers unawned, linear.

HAB. Mountains. Penn. to Flor. June, July. *>. — A beauti-
ful tree 40 — 50 feet high. Leaves large, shining above, paler be-
neath. Floiccrs white, in large terminal panicles consisting of
numerous secund racemes or spikes. 0 Sorrel Tree.

7. «i ligustrina Mulil. : pubescent ; leaves obovate-lanceolate, acu-
minate, minutely serrulate ; flower-bearing brandies terminal, panicu-
late, naked ; corol nearly globose, pubescent ; anthers unawned. — A.
paniculate Pursh. — Vaccinhun ligit.*tri/nim Linn, not of Mich. — Lyoniu
paniculate Aid/.

HAB. Swamps, &c. N. Y. to Car. June, July. >>.— Shrub
4 — 6 feet high. Flutters white, in compound nearly naked and
erect panicles. Corol small, white, pubescent.

4. CLETHRA. Linn.

Calyx 5-parted, persistent. Petals 5. Stamens 10. Style
persistent. Stigma short and trifid. Capsule 3-celled, 3-
valved, enclosed by the calyx. Dccandria. Monogynia.

C. alntfolia Linn. : leaves cuneate-obovate, acute, serrate, smooth,
of the same colour on both sides; racemes spiked, simple, bracteate.
hoary tomentose.

HAB. Swamps. N. Y. to Car. July, Aug. f>. Shrub 3—6
feet high. Flojper* white, in long terminal racemes or spikes,
with downy pedicels. Siccct Pepper-bush.

5. MENZIESIA. Smith.

Calyx deeply 5-cleft. Corol ovate, 4 — 5-cleft. Stamens
S — 10, inserted into the receptacle. Capsule 4 — 5-.celled,
dissepiments produced by the inflected margins of the valves.
Seeds numerous, oblong. Octandria. Monogynia.

1. M. catrulca Sicartz : stem branched, woody below ; leaves scatter-
ed, crowded, linear- toothed ; peduncles terminal, aggregate, 1 -flower-
ed ; flowers bell-shaped, 5-cleft, decandrous ; calyx very acute.— An-
dromeda cctrulea Unn. — Erica cantl«i 11 i/fd.

HAB. White Hills, N. H. N. W. Coast and Labrador. July. ^.
— An evergreen shrub resembling a heath in its foliage and flow-
ers. Leaves one third of an inch long. Flowers large, purple,
on long red peduncles.

2. M. globularis Salisb. : leaves lanceolate, glaucous beneath, except
the nerves, pubescent ; calyx 4-clefl ; flowers globose, octandrous. —
M. smWiii Mich.

ERICE.E. 219

HAB. Mountains. Penn. to Car. June. *?. — Shrub 4 feet
high. Leaves very hairy when young. Flowers yellowish-brown.

6. KALMIA. Linn.

Calyx 5-parted. Corol salver-form ; border on the under
side producing 10 cornute protuberances and as many cavi-
ties in which the anthers are concealed. Capsule 5-celled,
many-seeded ; dissepiments marginal.

Decandria, Monogynia.

1. K. glauca Ait. : branches ancipitous ; leaves opposite, subsessile,
oblong, smooth, glaucous beneath, revolute on the margin ; corymbs
terminal and axillary, bracteate ; peduncles and calyx very smooth.
b* rosmarini/olia Pursh: leaves linear, conspicuously revolute,

nearly green beneath.

HAB. Sphagnous swamps. N. S. N. to Arc. Amer. June, July.
1? . — Shrub 12 — 18 inches high, with opposite, lanceolate leaves.
Flowers pale rose coloured, in terminal corymbs or umbels, Var.
b. is found in a swamp two miles east of this city.

Glaucous Kalmia.

12. K. angustifolia Linn. : leaves scattered or ternate, petiolate, ob-
long, obtuse, slightly ferruginous beneath ; corymbs lateral-linear ; pe-
duncles and calyx glandular-pubescent.

HAB. Sandy woods. Can. to Car. June, July. T?. — Shrub
12 — 18 inches high. Leaves entire, somewhat glaucous beneath.
Flowers deep rose colour, in lateral corymbs, forming a kind of
whorl around the stem. Sheep 'Laurel.

3. K. latifolia Linn. : leaves on long petioles, scattered and ternate,
oval,, coriaceous, green on both sides ; corymbs terminal, viscidly pu-
bescent.

HAB. Hills and mountains. N. Y. to Car. June, July. *?. —
Shrub 4 — 10 feet high, with large leaves and Jlowers, which are
arranged in terminal corymbs. Corol rose coloured. Medici-
nal. Big. Med. Bot. i. 133. Mountain Laurel. Calico Bush.

7. EPIG^A. Linn.

Calyx large, 5-parted, with 3 bracts at the base. Corol
salver-form ; border 5-parted, spreading ; tube villous within.
Slamens 10. Capsule 5-celled. Receptacle 5-parted.

Decandria. Monogynia.

E. repens Linn. : branches, nerves of the leaves and petioles very
hairy. ; leaves on long petioles, cordate-ovate, very entire ; corol sub-
cylindrical.

HAB. Side hills, roots of pines. Can. and" N. S. April. ^>.
— A small trailing and creeping evergreen. Flowers white, ting-
ed with red, very fragrant. Ground Laurel.

220 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.

8. RHODORA. Linn.

Calyx 5-toothed. Corol 3-petalled ; petals unequal, slight
\y united at the base ; the upper one thrice broader and 3-
lobed, (or corol bilabiate ; upper lip 2— 3-cleft ; lower one
2-toothed.) Stamens and style declinate. Capsule 5-ceHed,
5-valved, opening at the top ; dissepiments formed of the in-
flexed margins of the valves. Decandria. Monogynia.

R. canadensis Linn.

HAB. Mountain bogs. Can. and N. S. May. *> .— Shrub 2 feel
high. Leaves alternate, oval, very entire, pubescent and glau-
; cous beneath. Flowers purple, in terminal clusters or umbels,

appearing before the leaves.

9. RHODODENDRON. Linn.

Calyx 5-parted. Corol somewhat funnel-form, 5-cIeft
Stamens 5 — 10, declinate; anthers opening by .2 terminal
pores. Capsule 5-celled, 5-valved, opening at the summit.

Decandria. Monogynia.

OBS« It was suggested by Pursh, that all the species of Azalea which
he described, except A. procumbens, should be united with Rhododen-
dron. This view has been adopted by Mr. Don and Dr. Torrey. These
genera do not appear to differ at all, except in the number of stamens,,
which even in the true Azalea is liable to great variations.-?- See Don's-
remarks on Azalea, Rhododendron, Ledttm and Leiophyllum in Edin. Phil.
Jovr. vi. 47.

* Stamens 5—10.

1. R.lapponicum IVahl. : leaves elliptical, roughened with excavated
punctures ; flowers in terminal leafy cluster/, campanuhxte ; stamens
mostly 8.— Azalea lajtponica. Linn.

HA*. White Hills, N. H. Big. N. to Arc. Amer. July. >.
— Shrub 8—10 inches high, with coriaceous evergreen leaves.
Flowers deep purple, in terminal clusters or umbels.

2. R. maximum Linn. : arborescent ; leaves oblong, acute, paler be-
neath ; umbels terminal ; segments of the calyx oval, obtuse ; corol
campanulate.

HAB. Swamps and bogs. N. Y. to Car. June, July. *> . —
Shrub 10—15 feet high. Leaves large, coriaceous. Flowers rose
coloured, in a large compact cone-like raceme, covered when
young with large acuminate ferruginous bracts. — Several varie-
ties occur in various parts of the U. S. Medicinal. Big. Med.
Bot. in. 101. American Rose Bay.

* * Stamen* 5»

3. R. nudifiomm Torr. : flowers rather naked ; leaves lanceolate-ob-
long, nearly smooth and green on both sides ; the midrib beneath brut-

ERICE^E.

ly ; margin ciliate ; flowers not viscous ; tube longer than the divisions ;

teeth of the calyx short, somewhat rounded ; stamens much exserted.

. — Azalea nudiflora Linn. — A. periclymenoides Mich.

HAB. Woods. Can. to Geor. April, May. f^.— Shrub 2—6
feet high. Flowers reddish, in terminal clustered racemes, ap-
pearing before the leaves. — Of this species there are a number
of varieties. Among others mentioned by Pursh, is one which
has from 10—20 stamens. Upright Honeysuckle. Pinxter Blom.

4. R. viscosum Torr. : flowers leafy ; branches hispid ; leaves oblong-
oboyate, acute, smooth and green on both sides, ciliate on the mar-
gin ; midrib bristly ; flowers glutinous, hairy ; tube as long again as
the segments ; teeth of the calyx short, rounded ; stamens scarcely
longer than the corol. — Azalea viscosa Linn, and A. glauca Pursh.

HAB. Woods. Can. to Geor. June. 1?. —Shrub 6—8 feet
high. Flowers white, in terminal clusters, sweet scented. Corol
viscous and pubescent, d. glauca of Pursh appears to be only a
variety, with the leaves glaucous beneath.

5. R. calendulaceum Torr. : flowers rather naked ; leaves oblong,
pubescent on both sides, at length hirsute ; flowers large, not viscous ;
te eth of the calyx oblong ; tube of the corol hairy, shorter than the
segments. — JJzalea calendulacea Mich. — A. nudiflora var. coceinea Mt.

HAB. Penn. to Car. May. *?. — Shrub 2— 6 feet high. Flowers
yellow or flame colour. — Said to be the handsomest shrub in N.
America.

6. R. arborescens Torr. : flowers leafy ; leaves obovate ; somewhat
obtuse, smooth on both sides, glaucous beneath, ciliate on the margin ;
nerve almost smooth j flowers not viscous; tube longer than the seg-
ments ; calyx leafy, with the segments oblong, acute j filaments ex-
serted.— Azalea arborescens Pursh.

HAB. Blue Mountains, Penn. May — July. ^>. Pursh. — Shrub
10—20 feet high. Flowers large, reddish ; scales of the flower-
buds large, yellowish-brown, surrounded with a fringed white
border. Pursh.

7. R. nitidum*Torr. : flowers leafy ; branches somewhat smooth;
leaves qbjanceolate, submucronate, coriaceous, smooth on both sides,
shining above ; nerve bristly beneath ; margins revolute-ciliate ; flow-
ers viscous ; tube a little longer than the segments ; calyx "very short.
— Azalea nitida Pursh.

HAB. Mountain swamps. N. Y. to Vir. June, July. T>. —
Leaves dark green and shining, smaller than in any other species.
Flowers white, with a reddish tinge. Pursh.

S. R. hispidum Torr. : flowers leafy ; branches straight, very hispid;
leaves long-lanceolate, hispid above, smooth beneath, glaucous on both
sides ; nerve bristly beneath ; margin ciliate ; flowers very viscous ;
tube scarcely longer than the segments ; teeth of the calyx oblong,
rounded ; filaments exserted. — Azalea hispida Pursh.

HAB. Margins of lakes. Blue Mountains, Penn. July, Aug. 1>.
— Shrub 10—15 feet high. Flowers white, with a red border.

19*

222 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.

Stamais often 10.— This shrub is said by Pursh to have a blue-
ish appearance,. by which it may be distinguished from all other*
at a great distance.

10. AZALEA. Linn. Don.

Calyx 5-parted. Corol short, campanulate, 5-cleft. Sta-
mens 5, equal, shorter than the corol ; anthers opening longi-
tudinally. Style straight, included. Capsule 5-celled, 5-
valved, opening at the top. Pentandria. Monogynia.

A. procumbcns Linn. : stems diffusely procumbent ; leaves opposite,
elliptical, glabrous, revolute on the margin, included. — Loiselcuria pro-
cumbens R. $ S.

HAB. High mountains. N. S. N. to Arc. Amer. July. f?.
— Shrub 3 — 4 inches long, branched, leafless below. Flmcer»
smallj reddish, in small terminal umbels or corymbs.

11. LEDUM. Linn.

Calyx minute, 4-toothed. Corol 5-petalled, spreading.
Stamens 5 — 10, exserted ; anthers opening by two terminal
pores. Capsule subovate, 5-celled, 5-valved, opening at the
base, pedicellate. Seeds numerous, flat, linear, scabrous,
with a membranaceous wing at each extremity.

Decandria. Monogynia.

1 . L. latifolium Ait. : leaves oblong, replicate on the margin, ferru-
ginous tomentose beneath; stamens 5, as long as the corol. — L. palus-
trt var. latifolium Mich.

HAB. Sphagnous swamps. N. S. N. to* Arc. Amer. June. ^>.
— An evergreen shrub, with the stem irregularly branched ; the

• branches woolly. Lcarts alternate, broad-oblong, obtuse. Flow-
ers large, in terminal corymb*, white. Labrador Tea.

2. L. palustrc Linn. : leaves linear, revolute on the margin, ferrugi-
nous tomentose beneath ; stamens 10, longer than th« corol.

HAB. Swamps. N. S. N. to Arc. Amer. June. If.-— A shrub
smaller than the last and with narrower leaves. — I have found
both species in a sphagnous swamp near Fairhaven, Vt.

ORDER LXXI. VACCINES. De Cand. Lind.

Calyx superior, entire, or with from 4 to 6 lobes. Corol
monopetalous, lobed as often as the calyx. Stamens distinct,
double the number of the lobes of the corol, inserted into an
epigynous disk ; anthers with 2 horns and 2 cells. Ovary
inferior, 4 or 5-celled, many-seeded ; style simple ; stigma
simple. Berry crowned by the persistent limb of the calyx,
succulent, 4 or 5-celled, many-seeded, Seeds minute ; em-

VACCINES. 223

bryo straight, in the axis of a fleshy albumen ; cotyledons
very short ; radicle long, inferior.

Shrubs, with alternate coriaceous leaves.

1. VACCINIUM. Linn.

Calyx - adherent, 4 — 5-toothed. Corol urceolate or cam-
panulate, 4 — 5-cleft. Stamens 8 — 10. Filaments inserted
on the germ. Berry globose, 4 — 5-celled, many-seeded.

Decandria. Monogynia.

* Leases deciduous.
t Corol campanulate.

1. V. stamineum Linn. : much branched ; the younger branches
pubescent ; leaves oval, acute, very entire, glaucous beneath ; pedi-
cels solitary, axillary, filiform, nodding ; corol campanulate, spread-
ing ; segments oblong, acute ; anthers exserted, awned, somewhat
pyriform. — V. stamineum and V. album, Pursh.

HAB. Dry woods. Can. to Flor. May, June. T?.— Shrub 2 — 3
feet high. Flowers white, on the lateral branches of the stem,
which appear like leafy racemes. Berries large, greenish-white.

Deer-berry,

2. V. dumosum Curt. : younger branches, leaves and racemes sprink-
led with resinous dots ; leaves obovate, wedgeform at the base, mucro-
nate, entire, (or finely serrulate,) green on both sides ; racemes bracte^
ate; pedicels short, axillary, subsolitary ;" corol campanulate; seg-
ments rounded ; anthers included, -r-V. frondosum, Mich.

HAB. Pine woods. N. J. to Flor. June. *?. — Shrub 12 — 18
inches high. Flowers large, white, nodding, in leafy racemes.
Berries large, globular, black and shining.

3. V.frondosum Linn. : leaves obovate- oblong, obtuse, very entire,
sprinkled with resinous dots, glaucous beneath ; racemes lateral, few-
flowered) loose, bracteate ; pedicels long, filiform ; corol ovate-cam-
panulate ; anthers included. — V. glaucum Mich,

HAB. Sandy woods. Can. to Car. June. 1? . — Shrub 3 — 5 feet
high. Raceme lateral, few-flowered. Flowers small, white.
Berries large, bluish, "sweet, ripening later than the other species.

Whortle -berry. Blue-tangles.

tt Corol urceolate.
a. Flowers racemose or fasciculate.

4. V. resinosum Ait. : leaves petiolate, oblong-oval, mostly obtuse,
very entire, sprinkled with resinous dots beneath ; racemes lateral, se-
cund, bracteate ; corol ovate, conic, pentangular, contracted at the
mouth.

HAB. Woods and hills. Can. to Car. May, June. *>. — Shrub
2—4 feet high. Flowers reddish-green, in short lateral racemes
or fascicles. Berries globular, black, sweet. Black Whortle-berry.

224 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.

5. V. corymbosum Linn. : flower bearing branches almost leafless ;
leaves oblong-oval, acute at each extremity, nearly entire ; the young
ones pubescent ; racemes short, sessile, bracteate ; corol cylindrical-
ovate — and Vifuscatum Ait. and V. anucnum Pursh. — V. disomorphum.
Mich.

HAB. Swamps and wet woods. Can. to Virg. June. ^>. —
Siirtib 4 — 8 feet high, with a few straggling branches. Flowers
purplish- white, in racemes which are crowded near the summit
of the naked branches. Berries large, black, subacid.

High Jfliortle-berry.

6. f.pennsylvanicum^Lam.: branches angular, (green;) leaves ses-
sile, ovate-lanceolate, mucronate, serrulate, shining on both surfaces ;
fascicles of flowers, subterminal ; corol ovate. — V. virgatum Ait.? — V.
tenellum Pursh.

HAB. Drv hills. N. Y. to Geor. May, June. £.— Shrub
12 — 18 inches high, much branched. Floicers pale red, 6—8 in
a, fascicle. Calyx green. 'Berries large, blue and somewhat
glaucous. Low Blue-berry.

7. V. tenellum Ait : racemes bracteate, sessile ; oorol ovate cylindri-
cal ; leaves oblong-elliptic, subcuniform, serrulate, nearly smooth.

HAB. N. J. andPenn. April. T?.—Muhl.

8. V. ligustrinum Mich. : branches angular and erect ; leaves subses-
sile, erect, lanceolate, mucronate, serrulate ; fascicles gemmaceous,
sessile ; flowers nearly sessile ; corol oblorrg- ovate.

HAB. Dry woods. Penn. and Virg. May, June. f> .—A small
shrub with straight and slender branches. Flowers purplish-red.
Berries black. — It is said to vary very much in the shape and
size of its leaves.

b. Flmcers solitary. ^

9. V. vliginosum Linn. : procumbent ; branches rigid ; leaves obo-
vate, very obtuse, entire, smooth above, veined and glaucous beneath ;
flowers subsolitary, octandrous ; corol short, ovate, 4-cleft j anthers
awned at the base. — V. uliginosum var. alpinum Big.

HAB. White Hills, N. H. N. to Arc. Amer. April, May. J? .
— A low procumbent shrub. Flowers single or in pairs, nearly
sessile. Berries oblong, deep blue, crowned with the style.

** Leaves evergreen.

10. V. T)itis idea Linn. : stem creeping ; branches erect ; leaves obo-
vate, evergreen, dotted beneath, subentire and revolute at the margin ;
flowers in terminal drooping racemes ; corol oblong, campanulate.

HAB. High mountains. N. S. N. to Arc. Amer. May, June.
T>. — A low shrub, with a creeping stem and angular branches.
Leaves small, coriaceous. Flowers few, in a raceme, pale red.
Oorol mostly 4-cleft, with 4 stamens. Berries red, acid.

Cow-berry.

PYROLACE^E, 225

2. OXYCOCCUS. Pers.

Calyx superior, 4-cleft. Carol 4-parted, with the segments
somewhat linear and revolute. Stamens 8. Filaments con-
nivent ; anthers tubular, 2-parted. Berry many-seeded.

Octandria. Monogynia.

1. O. macrocarpus Pursh : stem prostrate, filiform, creeping ; leaves
oblong, nearly flat, obtuse, with distant obsolete serratures, glaucous
beneath ; pedicels elongated, 1-flowered ; segments of the corol linear-
lanceolate. — O. vulgaris var. macrocarpus Pers. — Vacciniitm oxycoccus
var. oblongifolius Mich.

HAB. Sphagnous swamps. Can. and N. S. June. T?. — Shrub
creeping and throwing up short erect branches. Leaves alter-
nate, small. Flowers white or pale red, on slender axillary pe-
dicels. Berry large, bright scarlet. Common Cranberry.

2. O. palustris Pers. : stem filiform, creeping '; leaves ovate, ever-
green, entire, with revolute margins ; peduncles i-flowered, terminal ;
corol 4-parted ; segments ovate. — O. vulgaris Pursh. — Vaccinium oxy-
coccus Linn.

HAB. Alpine bogs. Can. and N. S. June. T?. — A small ever-
green creeping plant. Ifowers red. Berries bright purple,
smaller than the former.

ORDER LXXII. PYROLACEjE. 'Lind.

Calyx 5-partecl, persistent, inferior. Corol monopetalous^
hypogynous, regular, deciduous, 4 or 5-toothed, with an im-
bricated aestivation. % Stamens hypogynous, twice as nu-
merous as the divisions of the corol ; anthers 2-celled, open-
ing longitudinally, and furnished with appendages at the base.
Ovary superior, 4 or 5-celled, many-seeded, with a hypogyn-
ous disk ; style 1, straight or declinate ; stigma simple.
Fruit capsular, 4 or 5-celled, dehiscent, with central placen-
tae. Seeds indefinite, minute, winged ; embryo minute, in-
serted at the extremity of a fleshy albumen.

Herbs, rarely undershrubs, sometimes parasitical and leaf-
less. Leaves either wanting or simple. Flowers solitary, or
in terminal racemes.

1. PYROLA. Linn.

Calyx minute, 5-cleft or 5-parted. Petals 5. Stamens
10, slightly united at base. Anthers opening by 2 pores, at
base. Stigma 5-lobed. Capsule 5-celled. Placenta lunate.
Seeds invested with a long aril. Decandria. Monogynia.

226 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.

OBS. In the arrangement and description of our species of Pijrola,
I have mainly adopted the views expressed by Mr. Don in his valu-
able monograph of this genus.— Wernerian Transactions, v. 220.

* Valves of the capsules with their margins connected by an intricate finr

tomentum, dehiscent at the base. Leaves alternate. Flmcers in racemes.

t Stamens ascending. Style dedinatc, Idngcr than the petals. Stigma

annulate.

1. P. rotund if olio, Linn. : leaves roundish, very entire or crenulate,
coriaceous, shorter than the dilated petiole ; scape triquetrous ; seg-
ments of the calyx lanceolate, acute ; stigma clavate, obtusely 5-tooth-
ed.

HAB. Woods. Can. to Car. July. 1£. — Leaves all radical,
evergreen, sometimes scarcely half the length of the petioles.
Scape a foot or more high. Flowers cernuous, white, in an erect
elongated raceme, emitting a fragrant smell. — The largest of
the whole genus. Round-leaved Winter green.

2. P. asarijol'ni ftfich. : leaves reniform, coriaceous, repandly ere-
nate, half as long as the dilated petiole ; scape acutely triquetrous ;
raceme many-flowe'red ; segments t>f the calyx ovate, acuminate, ap-
pressed ; stigma clavate, with the disk elongate'd and 5-lobed.

HAB. Dry woods. Can. and N. S. If. — Mr. Don considers
this to be entirely distinct from the next, with which it is con-
founded by IVfr. Nuttall. — " The leaves," he observes, " appear
to be subject to some slight variations ,• but in the true state
they are of a reniform shape, nearly about the size and form of
those of Jlsarum europeum ': this remarkable character, if con-
stant, would alone have been sufficient to- distinguish it from
every other species. The plant itself, is about the size of 1'.
rotund if oliti, which it greatly resembles in the figure and dispo-
sition of its flowers, which are of a greenish-white colour."

3. P. chlorantha Sir<irl~: leaves orbicular, retuse, obsoletely crenu-
late^ half as long as the narrow petiole ; raceme few-flowered ; seg-
ments of the calyx very short, obtuse ; petals oblong ; pores1' of tlie
anthers tubular ; stigma clavate, with the disk elongated and 5-lobed.
— P. rotundifolia vaf. mummularia Muni. Cat.

HAB, Woods. Can. and N. S. 2/.

4. P. elliptica Nutt. : leaves elliptic or ovate, membranaceous, serru-
late, longer than the dilated petiole ; raceme few-flowered ; bracts
lanceolate-subulate, recurved at the summit ; segments of the calyx
very short, with recurved points ; petals oval : stigma clavate. with
the disk elongated and 5-lobed.

HAB. Dry woods. Can. and N. S. July, Aug. If. — Leaves
membranaceous, finely serrate, oblong-oval, sometimes ovate,
with an attenuated base, much longer than the petiole. Raceme
few-flowered. Flowers white, odorous. — Allied to P. rotundifo-
lia, but is smaller.

tt Stamens erect. Style straight. Stigma not annulate.

5. P. minor Linn. : leaves roundish or oval, coriaceous, repandly-

PYROLACE^E. 227

crenate, longer than the dilated petiole ; racemes spiked, with bracts
much longer than the pedicels ; segments of the calyx very short ;
style included ; stigma nearly flat, 5-lobed.

HAB. N. Y. and Penn. Pursh # Muhl. N. to Arc. Amer.
June. If. —Resembles P. media, from which, however, it is dis-
tinguished by its straight style, equal to the length of the stamens,
and shorter than the petals ; by its spiked and closer raceme, by
the pedicels being shorter than the bracts, and the petioles shorter
than the leaves, &c. Don credits this species only to. Northern
Europe and Asia, and Sprengel unites the P. minor of Pursh
with P. c/ilorantha of Swartz.— But it cannot be mistaken for
the latter species.

6. P. seeunda Linn. : leaves ovate, acute, membranaceous, sharply
serrate, longer than the narrow petiole ; raceme secund ; segments of
the calyx rounded ; petals oblong } style exserted;. stigma nearly fla't,
5-lobed.

HAB. Sandy woods. Can. and N. S. l?.-^Stcm 2— 3 inches
high. Flowers greenish- white, in a one-sided raceme.

** Valves of the capsules with their margins unconnected by tomentum,
opening from the top. Leaves in threes or verticillate. Flowers soli-
tary, in corymbs or umbels.

7. P. uni flora Linn. : flower, solitary ; leaves orbicular, serrate ; pores
of the anthers elongated-tubular ; stigma acute ; style straight, 5-tooth-
ed. '

HAB. Can. and N. S. rare. July. If. — A small and very deli-
cate species. Flower terminal, large, white, fragrant, nodding.

6. P. umbellata Linn. : leaves cuneate-lanceolate, serrate, in fours or
sixes ; peduncle pubescent, corymbed ; bracts linear-subulate ; appen-
dages of the filaments ciliate ; style immersed in the germ. — Chima-
phila corymbosa Pursh. '

HAB. Woods. Can. and N. S. July. 11. — Root woody and
Creeping. Stem ascending, somewhat woody. Leaves ever-
green, smooth and coriaceous, lower surface somewhat paler.
Scape or peduncle 4 — 6 inches higji. Flowers large, greenish-
white tinged with purple, in a terminal corymb or imperfect
umbel, on nodding pedicels. — It is known by the Indians by the
name of Pipsissawa or Sipsisewa. Medicinal. Sec Bis:. Med.
Bot. ii. 15.

9. P. maculata Linn. : leaves lanceolate, acuminate, incisely serrate,
discoloured, opposite or in threes ; peduncles pubescent, corymbed ;
'bracts linear ; appendages of the filaments woolly ; style very short. —
Chimaphila maculata Pursh.

HAB. Sandy woods. Can. to Car. July. If.— This species
may be distinguished by its varigated leaves. Stem 3 — 4 inches
high. Flowers large, reddish-white, nodding, fragrant, 2 or 3 in
a corymb or umbel. Spotted Winterg'reen.

2. MONOTROPA. Linn.
Calyx 4— 5-parted, or none. Carol 5-petalled, cucullate

228 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.

at base. Anthers 2-celled, with two obtuse horns at their
base. (Don.) Capsule 5-celled, 5-valved. Seeds numerous,
surrounded by a membrane. Decandria. Monogynia.

* Scapt many-Jhicered. HTPOPITHTS. Nutt.

1. M. lanuginosa Mick. : scape bearing the flowers in a spike ; bracts
and flowers woolly. — Hypopitliys lanuginosa Nutt.

HAB. Roots of trees. Can. to Car. Aug. It-— Scape 4—6
inches long. Leaves merely scales, lanceolate, obtuse, crowded
at base and a little hairy. Flowers white, in a terminal spike, on
short peduncles. — Whole plant of a clear white, turning black by
decay or by drying. Tobacco-pipe.

2. M. hypopithys Linn. : scape bearing the flowers in a spike ; scales
and flowers smooth externally ; lateral flowers with 8 stamens. — Hy-
popithys europea Nutt.

HAB. Roots of trees. Can. Penn. andN. Car. June, July. If.
— The whole plant is of a brownish-yellow colour. There is
still some doubt whether this is a plant of the Northern States ;
what has been called by that name here being merely a smooth
variety of the preceding. According to Sprengel, the Monotropsis
odorata of Elliott is identical with this species.

** Scope 1'jlowcred. MONOTROPA. Nutt.

3. M. uniflora Linn : scape straight, elongated, 1-flowered ; flowers
with 10 stamens, erect, or cernuous.

HAB, Shady woods. June. U.— Scape 5—8 inches. Flowers
large, mostly nodding, but sometimes erect. Whole plant white.

3. PTEROSPORA. Nutt.

Calyx 5-parted. Corol monopetalous, ovate; margin 5-
toothed, reflexed. Anthers excentrically peltate, 2-celled, ad-
nate to the filaments by the margin, bisetose. Capsule 5-cell-
ed, imperfectly 5-valved ; dissepiments from the middle of the
valves ; septa and valve* uniting towards the base, and coa-
lescing with the receptacular axis ; receptacle 5-lobed. Seeds
very numerous and minute, each furnished with a terminal
wing. Decandria. Monogynia.

P. andromeda Nutt.

HAB. Clay soils. Can. Banks of the Seneca Lake. Gray; and
near Albany, N.Y. July. 0. — Plant covered with brownish viscid
hairs. Stem 1 1-2—2 feet high, simple, brownish-red or purple,
clothed at base with lanceolate bracts. Flowers very numerous,
irregularly disposed in a long terminal raceme, red and white.
Peduncles filiform, nodding, longer than the flowers.

SUBCLASS III. COROLLIFLOILE.

Petals united in the form of a hypogyrious corol, which is
not attached to the calyx. Stamens inserted into the corol.

ILICINE^E. 229

ORDER LXXIII. EBENACE^E. Vent. Lind.

Flowers polygamous or dioecious, rarely perfect. Catyx
3— 6-divided, nearly equal, persistent. Carol monopetalous,
regular, deciduous, somewhat coriaceous, 3 — 6-divided ; aesti-
vation imbricated. Stamens inserted on the corol, or hypogy-
nous, definite ; filaments usually in two rows ; anthers erect,
linear-lanceolate, 2-celled, bursting longitudinally. Ovary
free, sessile, many-celled ; ovules I or 2 in each cell, pendu-
lous ; style divided, rarely simple ; stigmas simple or bifid.
Fruit fleshy, round or oval, the pericarp sometimes opening
regularly. Seeds few, with a membranous coat ; embryo
straight ; albumen cartilaginous ; radicle next the hilum ; co-
tyledons foliaceous.

Trees or shrubs, without milky juice. Leaves coriaceous,
alternate, without stipules.

1. DIOSPYROS. Linn.

Dioecious. Calyx 4 — 6-cleft. Corol urceolate, 4 — 6-cleft,
STERILE FL. Stamens 8 — 16, often producing 2 anthers.
FERTILE FL. Style I. Stigmas 4—5. Berry 8— 12-cell-
ed. Dioecia. Octandria.

D. virginiana Linn. : leaves ovate-oblong, acuminate, reticulatelj
veined, nearly smooth ; petioles pubescent ; buds smooth.

HAB. Woods. Penn. to Geor. and throughout the Western States.
May. T>. — A small tree, seldom more than 30 — 40 feet high.
Leaves alternate. Flowers solitary, axillary, on short peduncles,
greenish-yellow. Fruit as large as a common plum, golden-yel-
low, well flavored when fully ripe, but very astringent before
that time. Persimmon.

ORDER LXXIV. ILICINE^E. Lind.

Sepals 4 — 6 ; estivation imbricated. Corol monopetalous,
4 — 5-parted, hypogynous ; aestivation imbricated. Stamens
inserted into the corol, alternate with its segments ; filaments
erect ; anthers adnate. Disk none. Ovary fleshy, superior,
somewhat truncate, 2 — 6-celled ; ovules solitary, pendulous
from a cup-shaped funiculus ; stigma subsessile, lobed. Fruit
fleshy, indehiscent, with from 2 to 6 stones. Seed suspended,
nearly sessile ; albumen large, fleshy ; embryo small, 2-lobed,
lying next the hilum, with minute cotyledons and a superior re-
dicle.

20

230 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.

Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate or opposite, coriaceous.

1. ILEX. Linn.

Calyx 4 — 5-toothed, persistent. Corel 4 — 5-parted. Sta-
mens 4 — 5, alternating with the petals. Ovary sessile, 4-
celled. Stigmas subsessile, 4 — 5, sometimes distinct, some-
times united. Berry 4 — 5-seeded.

Tetrandria. Tetragynia.

1. opaca Ail. : leaves ovate, flat, coriaceous, acute, smooth, their
margins with sharp spines ; flowers scattered at the base of the young-
er branches ; teeth of the calyx acute. — /. aquifolium Walt.

HAB. Sandy woods. Can. to Car. W. to Arkansas. June ^> .
— An evergreen tree 10 — 15 feet high. Leaves tough, smooth
and shining, with rigid spines at the edges. Flowers growing

by cabinet makers and turners. American Ho

2. NEMOPANTHES. Kof.

Flowers by abortion dioecious or polygamous. Calyx
small, scarcely conspicuous. Petals 5, distinct, oblong-linear,
deciduous. Stamens 5, alternating with the petals. Ovary
hemispheric. Style none. Stigmas 3 — 4, sessile. Berry
eubglobose, 3-— 4-celled, 3— -4-seeded.

Fcntandria. Tetragynia.

N. canadcnsis Dt Cand. : leaves deciduous, ovate-oblong, very entire,
smooth, mucronate ; peduncles subsolitary (or fasciculate) very long,
1-flowered ; fruit obtusely quadrangular. — N. fascieularis Rqf. — Hex
canadcnsis Mich.

HAB. Mountains. Can. to Car. May, June. J?.— A shrub 3 — C
feet high. Leaves smooth, oval, entire or slightly toothed. Flow-
ers email, green, on long slender peduncles. Berries deep red.

Canadian HoUy.

3. PRINOS. Linn.

Characters same as Ilex, but the flowers are often by abor-
tion dioecious or polygamous, 6-cleft, 6-stamened, and the
berry 6-seeded. Hexandna. Monogynia.

1. P. rerticillatus Linn. : stem much branched ; leaves deciduous,
oval, serrate, acuminate, pubescent beneath ; flowers dioecious, 6-clefl ;
sterile ones axillary, subumbeliate ; fertile ones aggregated j berries
globose. — P. gronovii Mich.

b. dubius De Cand. : flowers 4 — 5-clefl, — P. ambiguus Pursh. — P.
verticillatus var. tenuifolius Torr. ?

OLEACE^E. 231

HAB. Swamps. Can. to Car. June, July. T>. — Shrub 6 — 8
feet high. Flowers small, white. Berries bright scarlet.

Winter Berry.

2. P. ambiguus Mich. : leaves deciduous, oval, entire, acuminate at
each end ; flowers 4-clefl ; sterile ones crowded on the lower branch-
lets ; fertile ones solitary, on long peduncles.

HAB. Wet woods. Penn. to Geor. ? July. 1?. — A small tree,
with whitish bark. Leaves 11-2 inch long, and 1 inch wide,
petiolate.

3. P. IcEvigatus Pursh : leaves deciduous, lanceolate, with appressed
serratures, smooth] on both sides, shining above ; nerves beneath
scarcely pubescent ; flowers 6-cleft ; fertile ones axillary, subsessile ;
sterile scattered, pedunculate^

HAB. In swamps. N. S. / W. to Miss. July. T>. — A shrub
6—8 feet high. Leaves 2 1-2 inches long. Berries large, red.

4. P. glaber Linn. : leaves evergreen, wedge-form, lanceolate, coria-
ceous, smooth and shining, somewhat toothed at the extremity ; pedi-
cels axillary, subsolitary, mostly 3-flowered.

HAB. Swamps. N. Y. to Car. July. ^>. — Shrub 3 — 4 feet high.
Flowers white. Berries globose, black and shining. Ink Berry.

OHDER LXXV. OLEACEJ:. LM.

Flowers monoclinous, sometimes dioecious. Calyx mono-
phyllous, divided, persistent. Carol hypogynous, monopeta-
lous, 4-cleft, sometimes of 4 petals, connected in pairs by the
intervention of the filaments, rarely wanting ; aestivation some-
what valvate. Stamens 2, alternate with the segments of the
corol ; anthers 2-celled, bursting longitudinally. Ovary free,
2-celled ; ovules in pairs, collateral, pendulous ; style 1, or
none ; stigma entire or bifid. Fruit drupaceous, baccate or
capsular. Seeds often by abortion solitary ; albumen dense,
fleshy, abundant ; embryo straight, about half the length of
the albumen ; radicle superior ; cotyledons foliaceous.

Trees or shrubs. Leaves opposite, simple, sometimes pin-
natifid.

1. LIGUSTRUM. Linn.

Calyx minute, 4-toothed. Corol with the tube short ; the
limb 4-cleft, spreading. Stamens 2, Berry 1-celled, 2 — 4-
seeded. Diandria. Monogynia.

L. vulgare Linn. : leaves elliptical-lanceolate, somewhat acute,
smooth ; panicle terminal, compact.

232 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.

HAB. Woods. N. Y. toVirg. W. to Miss. May, June. *?.
— Shrub 4 — 6 feet high. Leaves dark green, opposite, entire,
with a small point. Flowers white, in dense terminal panicles.
Berries purplish-black. Privet or Prim .

2. CHIONANTHUS. Linn.

Calyx 4-parted. Carol deeply 4-parted ; segments long
and linear. Stamens 2 ; anthers nearly sessile, on the tube.
Drupe 1-seeded. Nut striate. Diandria. Monogyjiia.

C. mrginica Linn. : panicle terminal ; peduncles 3-flowered ; leaves
acute.

a. montana Pursh : leaves oval-lanceolate, coriaceous, smooth ;
panicles dense ; drupe oval.

b. maritima Pursh: leaves obovate-lanceolate, membranaceous, pu-
bescent ; panicles very loose ; drupe elliptical.

HAB. a. on mountains; b. on the sea coast. Penn. to Car. May,
June. *?. — A small tree, 6—10 feet high, with opposite branch-
es. Flowers white,ifcin pendulous panicles.^ Drupe purple. The
corol is sometimes 5 or 6 -cleft. Fringe Tree.

3. FRAXINUS. Linn.

Calyx none, or 3— 4-cleft. Corol none or deeply 4-parted,
Stamens 2. Capsule 2-celled, 2-seeded, compressed and foli-
accous at the extremity. Seed solitary, pendulous. — Polyga-
mous. Dioecia. Diandria.

* Flowers naked, never perfect. Anthers snssile.

1. F. sambuctfolia Willd. : leaves pinnate ; leafets sessile, ovate-
lanceolate, rugose and shining, rounded and unequal at base ; axils of
the veins villous beneath ; flowers naked.

HAB. River banks. Can. and N. S. April. *?. — A large tree,
with the buds deep blue ; young shoots dotted, green. Leafets
in 5 pairs. Black Ash. Water Ash.

** Flowers calyculate, apetalous.

2. F. acuminata Lam. : leaves pinnate ; leafets petiolate. oblong,
shining, acuminate, very entire or slightly toothed, glaucous beneath;
flowers calyculate. — F. amtricana Willd. — F. concolor Mich. j.

HAB. Woods. Can. to Car. May. 1?.— A large tree 50—60
feet high. Leaves at first downy, at length green above and
white beneath. Leafets in 3 — 4 pairs. — The wood is valuable
in many of the arts. White, Ash.

3. F. pubescens Walt. : leaves pinnate ; leafets petiolate, elliptical-
ovate, serrate ; the under surface, petioles and young branches tomen-
tose ; flowers calyculate. — F. tomentosa Mich. f.

HAB. Woods. Can. to Car. April, May. ^>. — A large tree.
Leafets in 3—4 pairs, acuminate, with a long summit, often near-
ly entire, very long. Red Ash.

APOCYNE^E. 233

4. F. juglandifolia Lam.: leaves pinnate; leafets petiolate, ovate,
opake, serrate, glaucous beneath ; axils of the veins pubescent ; branch-
es smooth ; flowers calyculate.

HAB. Wet woods. Can., to Car. May. 1>. — A small tree.
Leafets in 3 pairs. Swamp Ash.

'* Flowers calyculate, 4-pntalled. Anthers pedicellate. ORNUS. Pers.

5. F. ornus Linn. : ? leaves pinnate ; leafets broad-ovate, serrate, the
terminal one obcordate. — Ornus curopea var. ameiicana Pers. — O. ame~
ricana Pursh.

HAB. Shady woods. Md. and Virg. ; rare*. May. 1?. Pursh.
— A tree with opposite and unequally pinnate leaves. Flowers
4., ; in panicles resembling those of Chionanthus. Fruit small and
winged. — <A very obscure plant, concerning which so little is
known, that it is impossible to determine whether it is distinct
from the foreign F. ornus, or a mere variety. It is certain, how-
ever, that the genus Ornus of Persoon is not sufficiently distinct
from Fraxinus. Flowering Ash,

ORDER LXXVI. APOCYNE^E. Juss. Lind.

Calyx divided in 5, persistent. Corol monopetalous, hypo-
gynous, regular, 5-lobed, deciduous ; aestivation contorted-
imbricate. Stamens 5, inserted on the corol, alternate with
its lobes ; filaments distinct ;' anthers 2-celled, bursting lon-
gitudinally ; pollen granular, globose, or 3-lobed, immediately
applied to the stigma. Ovaries /3, or 1 — 2-celled, many-
seeded ; styles 2 or 1 ; stigma 1. Fruit a follicle, capsule, or
drupe or berry, double or single. Seeds indefinite or rarely
definite ; albumen fleshy, cartilaginous, or horny, rarely want-
ing ; embryo foliaceous ; radicle turned. to the hiJum.

Plants with usually a milky juice. Leaves entire, general*
ly opposite.

1. APOCYNUM. Unn.

Calyx very small, 5-cleft, persistent. Corol campanulate ;
border with 5 short spreading or revolute lobes ; the base fur-
nished with 5 glandular teeth alternating with the stamens.
Stamens 5, included. Anthers sagittate, connivent, cohering
to the stigma by the middle. Ovaries 2 ; style obsolete; stig-
mas dilated, conic at the apex. Follicles long, distinct.

Pentandria. Digynia.

1. A. androsccmifoUum. Linn. : leaves ovate, smooth onboth sides ;
cymes lateral and terminal, smooth; tube of the corol longer than the
calyx. ' >

20*

234 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.

HAB. Fields, &.c. Subarc. Amer. to Car. June, July. 2£.—
Stem 3 — 5 feet high, erect, with spreading branches. Flowers
pale red, with the border spreading. Medicinal. Big. Med Bot.
ii. 148. Dog's Bane.

2. A. cannabinum Linn. .• leaves on short petioles, lanceolate, acute
at each end, smooth on both sides ; cymes paniculate ; calyx as long
as the tube of the coroL

HAB. Fields and woods. Can. to Car. W. to Miss. June.
July. 2j..—Stem erect, branched. Flmcers small, greenish-
white, in terminal cymes. — Has the leaves narrower and the
flowers smaller than in the preceding. Indian Hemp.

3. A. hypericifolium Ait. : leaves oblong, smooth, on very short pe-
tioles, mucronate, obtuse and subcordate at base ; cymes shorter than
the leaves ; calyx nearly as long as the tube of the corol.

HAB. Gravelly banks of streams. N. S. June, July. it. — Stem
2 feet high, erect. Flowers small, greenish- white.— Plant small-
er than the former.

4. A.pubtsccns Brmcn: leaves on short petioles, ovate-oblong, mu-
cronate, hoary-pubescent beneath ; cymes short, pubescent; corol long-
er than the calyx. — A. cannabinum Mich. Pvrsh.

HAB. Fields. N. S. June, July. It. — Stem 2—3 feet high.
Flowers small, greenish-white. — Can be distinguished by the
pubescence of its leaves and cymes.

ORDER LXXVII. ASCLEPIADEJE. Brown. Lind.

Calyx 5-divided, persistent. Corol hypogynous, monopo-
talous, 5-lobed, regular deciduous; activation contorted-
imbricate, rarely valvate. Stamens 5, inserted into the
base of the corol, and alternate with its segments ; filaments
usually connate ; anthers 2-celled, each. cell sometimes divid-
ed by incomplete septa ; pollen^ when the anther bursts, coa-
lescing into masses which are as numerous as the cells, or
sometimes confluent by pairs, and sticking to the 5 processes
of the stigma, either by twos, by fours, or singly. Ovaries
2 ; ovules indefinite ; styles 2, close to each other, often very
short ; stigma 1, common to both styles, dilated, with 5 cor-
pusculiferous angles. Placenta attached to the suture, at
length separating. Follicles 2, 1 of which is sometimes abor-
tive. Seeds indefinite, imbricate, pendulous, usually with a
coma at the hilum ; albumen thin ; embryo straight ; radicle
superior ; cotyledons foliaceous.

Plants^ with usually a milky juice, often twining. Leaves
entire, usually opposite, with interpetielar cilice, instead of sti-
pules.

ASCLEPIADE^E. 235

1. ASCLEPIAS. Linn.

Calyx small, 5-par ted. C0ro?5-parted, reflexed. Stamineal
crown (nectary) 5-leaved ; leafets opposite the anthers, each
producing from its base a subulate averted process. Stigma
with 5-angles, opening by longitudinal chinks, depressed.
PolUnia 5 distinct pairs. Follicles 2, ventricose, smooth or
muricate. Seeds comose. Pentandria. Digynia.

* Leaves opposite. Nectaries with horns.

1. A. syriaca Linn. : stem simple1; leaves oblong-lanceolate, petio-
late, tomentose beneath ; umbel subterminal, many-flowered, nodding ;
flowers large ; nectary 2- toothed ; follicles muricate.

HAB. Fields and road sides. N. S. W. to Miss. July, Aug.
24. — Stem 2—4 feet high. Umbels lateral and terminal, 15—20
flowered. Floicers large, pale purple. Nectaries red.

Common Milk-weed.

2. A. phytolaccoides Pursh : stem erect, simple ; leaves broad-lance-
olate, acuminate, smooth, pale beneath j umbels many-flowered, late-
ral and terminal, solitary, on long peduncles, nodding ; nectary 2-
toothed. — A. exaltata and acuminata Muhl.

HAB. Wet rocky grounds. Can. to Car. W. to Miss. June,
July. 2_f. — Stem 3—4 feet high. Leaves large. Umbels few-
flowered, on long peduncles. Flowers large, greenish^purple.
— A more delicate species than the preceding.

3. A. debilis Mich. : smooth ; stem erect, weak, simple ; leaves peti-
oled,' oval-lanceolate, acute at each end, membranaceous ; umbels ter-
minal, loose ; pedicels capillary. — A. parviflora Linn. ?

HAB. Rocks near streams. N. Y. to Car. July, Aug. If.—
Leaves large. Flowers white. Pursh.

4. A. incarnata Linn. : stem erect, tomentose, branched above ;
leaves lanceolate, subsessile, somewhat tomentose ; umbels erect,
mostly in pairs ; nectary entire ; horns subulate, exserted.

b. pulchra Pers. : stem and leaves very hairy. — A. pulchra Wttld.
HAB. Banks of streams. Can. to Car. W. to Miss. July, Aug.

H,-~~Stem 2 — 4 feet high. Umbels numerous, generally in pairs.

Flowers pale purple. Var. b. differs only-in its pubescence.

5. A. amotna Linn. : stem erect, branched above, with 2 longitudi-
nal pubescent lines ; leaves subsessile, oblong-oval, acute, pubescent
beneath ; umbels terminal, erect, many-flowered ; nectary entire ;
horn subulate, exserted.

HAB. Swamps and wet grounds. N. S. July, Aug. 21. — Stem
3 feet high. Umbels many-flowered. Flowers purple.

6. A. purpurascens Linn. : stem erect, nearly simple ; leaves ovate,
subsessile, nearly smooth above, white, downy beneath, with the mid-
rib broad and purple ; umbels erect ; 'horns of the nectary resupinate.

HAB. Near Boston. Big. July. y. — Stem 3—4 feet high.

236 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.

Umbels terminal, on short peduncles. Flowers dark purple, about
the size of A. syriaca. — Well defined by the peculiar curvature
of the horn.

7. A. obtusifolia Mich. : stem simple, erect ; leaves closely sessile or
clasping, oblong-obtuse, undulate on the margin, very smooth, glauc-
ous beneath ; umbel terminal, long peduncled, generally solitary ; nec-
tary slightly 2-toothed ; horns exserted. — A. purpurascens Walt.

HAB. Sandy fields. N. Y. to Car. June. U.—Stcm 2—3 feet
high, erect, simple, very smooth. Umbels 1 — 3, terminal, on
long peduncles. Leaves much waved on the margin. Flmcers
large, pale purple.

8. A. varicgala Linn. : stem simple, erect ; leaves ovate, petiolate,
smooth, somewhat glaucous beneath ; umbels lateral and terminal, on
short peduncles, crowded ; pedicels tomentose ; horn broad-falcate. —
A. hyltrida Mich.

HAB. Woods. N. Y. to Car. July, Aug. If .— Stem 3—4 feet
high, pubescent above. Leaves slightly acuminate, on pubescent
petioles. Umbels 2 — C, densely flowered. Flowers white.

9. A. acuminata Pursh : stem erect, very smooth, simple ; leaves
ovate, subcordale, acuminate, subsessile ; umbels lateral, solitary,
erect ; nectary acute ; horns scarcely exserted. — A. jjcriflocafulia Nutt.
— A. cordatu Hralt.

HAB. Sandy swamps. N. J. to Car. Aug. It. — Root large
and tuberous; Stem 18 inches high. Leaves smooth on both
sides. Umbels about 2, dense. Flowers purple and green.

10. A. laurtfolia Mich. : stem erect, smooth ; leaves nearly sessile,
oval-lanceolate, tapering at the summit, very acute, smooth, margins
somewhat rough ; umbels on long peduncles, terminal and axillary.

HAB. Penn. MuJd. Aug. U-— Stem 2 feet high, pubescent
near the top. l^eaxes sessile, obtuse at base. Umbels few, near
the summit. Carol 3 or 4 times as the long as calyx, green and
purple.

11. A. quadrifolia Jacq. : stem erect, simple, smooth ; leaves in
fours, ovate, acuminate, membranaceous, petiolate, smooth ; umbels
2, terminal, erect, loose ; pedicels capillary ; nectary 2-toothed ; horn
very short. (< 9

HAB. Stony woods. Can. to Car. W. to Miss. June. If. —
Stem 1 — 2 feet high, slender, pubescent towards the top. Learcs
in fours ; the upper and lower ones often opposite. Umbels few,
on long peduncles. Floicers small, white.

12. A. terticillata Linn. : stem simple, marked with pubescent lines ;
leaves mostly whorled, narrow-linear, revolute ; nectaries short, biden-
tate ; horns falcate, much exserted.

HAB. Dry hills. N. Y. to Car. W. to Miss. June, July. If.
— Stem 3 feet high, very slender. Leaves generally in whorls of
5 or 6, 2 — 3 inches long, very narrow. Umbels numerous. Floic-
crs small, yellowish-white.

ASCLEPIADE^E. 237

** Leaves opposite. Nectary without horns. ACERATES.

13. A. viridiflora Raf. : stem erect, simple, hairy ; leaves oblong, on
short petioles ; tomentose-pubescent on both sides, obtuse ; umbels la-
teral, solitary, subsessile, nodding, dense ; pedicels tomentose ; horns
of the nectary wanting. — A. nutans Muhl.

b. obovata Torr. : leaves obovate. — A. obovata Ett.

HAB. Sandy fields. N. S. W. to Miss. July. 2J..—Stem 2 feet
high, very pubescent. Leaves thick, nearly sessile, varying in
in form. Umbels about 3, on long peduncles. Flowers green.

14. A. lanceolata Ives : stem decumbent, hirsute ; leaves opposite,
lanceolate, acute, subsessile, hirsute ; umbels lateral, solitary, sessile,
nodding, subglobose, dense flowered ; horn of the nectary wanting. —
A. viridiflora var. lanceolata Torr.

HAB. Near New Haven, Conn. Ives. July. If. — Certainly dis-
tinct from the preceding.

*** Leaves alternate.

15. A. tuberosa Linn. : stem erect, hairy, with spreading branches ;
leaves oblong-lanceolate, sessile, alternate, somewhat crowded} um-
bels numerous, forming terminal corymbs.

HAB. Sandy fields. Can. to Car. W. to Miss* July, Aug.
14.. — Root large, tuberous. Stem 2 — 3 feet high, with spreading
branches above. Flowers large, in numerous erect umbels,
bright orange. Medicinal. Big. Med. Bot. ii. 59.

Pleurisy Root.

2. GONOLOBUS. Mich.

Corol rotate, 5-parted. Stamineal crown scutelliform,
lobed. Anthers opening transversely, terminated by a mem-
brane. Pollinia 5 pairs, not separating into grains. Stigma
flattish-depressed. Follicles 2, ventricose. Seeds comose.

Pentandria. Digynia.

1. G. obliquus Brown: stem climbing, hairy; leaves ovate-cordate,
villous, acute ; corymbs axillary ; segments of the corol ovate, acumi-
nate, oblique, revolute; calyx small. — Cynanchum obliquum Muhl.

HAB. Near Philadelphia, Penn. Bart. July. If..— Stem 4—5
feet long. Leaves veined on both sides. Umbels axillary, much
shorter than the leaves. Flowers fetid, dark purple.

2. G. hirsutus Mich. : stem twining ; younger branches very hairy ;
leaves cordate-oval, acuminate, pubescent on both sides ; segments of
the corol linear-oblong ; follicles oblong, muricate. — Gonolobium hir-
sutum Pursh.

HAB. Hedges near streams. Penn. to Car. Pursh. June, July.
If. — Stem trailing and climbing, 3 — 4 feet long, pubescent.
Leaves slightly auriculate at base. Umbels axillary, 3 — 4-flow-
ered. Flowers dark purple.

238 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.

3. PERIPLOCA. Linn.

Calyx 5-clcft. Carol rotate, flat, 5-parted ; orifice surround-
ed with an urceolate 5-cleft crown, terminating in 5 filiform
awns. Filaments distinct. Anthers cohering, bearded on the
back. Pollinia dilated at the apex and united to the corpus-
cules of the stigma, solitary, composed of 4 confluent grains.
Follicles 2, smooth, divaricate. Seeds comose.

Pentandria. Digynia.

P. graxa Linn. : climbing ; leaves opposite, ovate, acuminate ; flow-
ers hairy within, and terminal.

HAB. Western part of N. Y. Aug. J?. — Shrub climbing.
Leaves on short petioles. Corymbs axillary, on long peduncles.
flowers dark purple. — It has been found, and I believe growing
wild, near Rochester, N. Y., by my friend Dr. Samuel B. Brad-
ley.

ORDER LXXVIIJ. SPIGELIACE^E. land.

Calyx inferior, regularly 5-parted. Carol hypogynous, 5-
lobed ; aestivation valvate. Stamtns 5, inserted into the corol ;
pollen triangular, the angles globular. Ovary free, 2-celled ;
ovules few ; style articulated with the ovary ; stigma simple.
Fruit capsular, 2-celled, 2-valved, the valves turned inwards
at the margin, and separating from tho central placenta. Seeds
several, small ; albumen copious, fleshy ; embryo very mi-
nute ; radicle next the hilum.

Leaves entire, opposite, with stipules, or a tendency to pro-
duce them.

1. SPIGELIA. Linn.

Calyx 5-parted. Corol funnel-form ; border 5-cleft, equal.
Stamens 5. Jtnthers convergent. Capsule didymous, 2-
celled, 4-valved, many-seeded. Pentandria. Monogynia.

S. marilandica Linn. : stem simple, square, smooth ; leaves all op-
posite.

HAB. Woods. Penn. to Car. W. to Arkansa. !£.— Slem 6—-18
**'. inches high. Leaves sessile, ovate-lanceolate. Flowers in a sim-
ple secund terminal raceme, large, crimson. Medicinal, nig.
Med. Bot. i. 142. Pink-root. Worm- grass.

ORDER LXXIX. GENTIANE^. Jus*. Lind.

Calyx monophyllous, 5 — 10-divided, inferior, persistent.
Corol hypogynous, monopetalous, usually regular, withering

GENTIANE.E. 239

or deciduous ; limb divided into as many lobes as tbe calyx ;
aestivation imbricate-twisted. Stamens inserted upon the
corol, alternate with the segments and equal to them in num-
ber, some occasionally abortive ; pollen 3-lobed or triple.
Ovary single, 1 — 2-celled, many-seeded ; style 1, continuous ;
stigmas 1 or 2. Fruit capsular or fleshy, 1-celled, usually 2-
valved, the margins of the valves turned inwards, and in the
genera with 1-cell bearing the seeds ; in the 2-celled genera
inserted into a central placenta. Seeds small ; embryo straight,
in the axis of soft fleshy albumen ; radicle opposite the hilum.
Herbs, rarely shrubs. Leaves opposite, without stipules.

1. GENTIANA. Linn.

Calyx 4 — 5-cleft. Corol tubular at base, campanulate,
or funnel-form, 4 — 5-cleft, with the orifice naked. Stamens
4 — 5, included. Stigma 2-lobed. Capsule 1-celled, 2-valved.
Seeds without any margin. Pentandria. Digynia.

* Corol 5 — W-cleft, campanulate, or funnel-form.

1. G. saponaria Linn. : stem terete, smooth ; leaves ovate-lanceo-
late, acute, 3-nerved ; flowers axillary and terminal, sessile, capitate-
verticillate ; corol ventricose, closed, 5-cleft ; inner segments unequal-
ly 2-cleft, as long as the outer ones ; segments of the calyx ovate,
shorter than the tube. — G. cateslcd Walt.

HAB. Woods and meadows. Can. to Car. Sept., Oct. 1£. —
Stem 1 — 2 feet high. Leaves opposite, sessile. Flowers very
large, bright blue. Soap Gentian.

2. G. ochroleuca IVllld. : stem subangular ; leaves ovate-lanceolate,
acute, scabrous on the margin ; flowers in terminal subsessile fascicles ;
segments of the calyx linear-lanceolate ; corol campanulate-ventri-
cose, 5-cleft ; segments acute, slightly connivent ; inner ones short
toothed. — G. saponaria Walt. — G. villosa Linn.

HAB. Sandy fields. N. J. to Flor. Aug., Sept. If.^Stem a
foot high, a little scabrous. Flowers yellowish-white, inside
striped with blue and purple, large.

3. G. pneumonantke Linn. : stem terete, smooth ; leaves linear-lan-
ceolate, obtuse ; terminal flowers fascicled ; lateral ones solitary, pe-
duncled ; corol campanulate, 5-cleft ; segments rounded ; inner folds
1-toothed, short. — G. pseudo pneumonanthe R. fy S.

HAB. Swamps, &c., near Portland, Maine. Big. Aug., Sept.
21. — Stem a foot high. Flowers large, blue. — Allied to G. sapo-
naria, but much more slender in all its parts.

4. G. quinquefiora WUld. : stem square, branched ; leaves ovate-lan-
ceolate, subclasping, acute, 3-nerved ; flowers somewhat in fives, ax-
illary and terminal, pedicellate ; corol tubular-campanulate, 5-cleft ;

240 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.

segments lanceolate, mucronate ; calyx very short. — G. amarelloidet
Mich. Pursh.

HAB. Woods. N. Y. to Car. W. to Miss. July, Aug. <?.—
Stem 12—18 inches high. Floicers small, pale blue, generally
3 — 5 on the summit of the branches.

5. G. angustifolia Mich. : stem terete, smooth, simple, slender, 1-
flowered ; leaves linear, spreading, smooth, the lower ones somewhat
wedge-shaped ; corol funnel-form, 5-cleft; inner segments lacerate. —
A. purpurea Walt.

HAB. Sandy fields. N. J. to Car. Aug., Sept. U.—Stem a
foot high. Flowers large, sky blue, terminal.

6. G. linearis Mild. :- stem simple, somewhat scabrous ; leaves
linear-lanceolate, undulate, and with the segments of the calyx ciliate ;
flowers sessile, in crowded terminal fascicles ; corol campanulate, 5-
clefl ; segments obtuse, with the inner folds toothed. — G. pubenda
Mich.

HAB. Mountains. Penn. Pursh. Aug. 14.. — Flowers blue, mid-
die-sized.

** Corol 4-cleft, funnel-form ; segments ciliate. CROSSOPETALUM.

7. G. crinita WiUd. : stem smooth, terete, below, square above ;
branches elongated, 1-flowered ; leaves lanceolate, acute ; corol 4-cleft;
segments obovate, fringed at the top ; inner folds simple.

HAB. Pastures and Woods. Can. to Car. Oct., Nov. <J . —
Stem 18 inches high. Flowers large, sky blue, fringed on the
edges, tetrandrous. Fringed Gentian.

2. SWERTIA. Linn.

Calyx flat, 4 — 5-parted. Corol rotate ; tube very short ;
border 4 — 5-parted ; segments lanceolate, with 2 nectariferous
ciliate pores at the base of each. Stamens 4 — 5. Style
short, terminated by 2 stigmas. Capsule 1-celled, 2-valved.

Tetrandria. Monogynia.

1. <S. deflexa Smith: stem 4-sided ; branches short ; leaves opposite,
sessile, ovate ; corol campanulate, with deflexed horns at the base. —
S. corniculata Pursh.

HAB. Swamps. Can. and N. Y. Aug. <?. — Stem 18 inches
high. Flowers axillary and terminal, greenish-yellow. — Plant
almost black when dried. It has been found in Canada by Mr.
Goldie, and near Fairfield, N. Y. by Prof. Hadley. Febcort.

2. S. pusilla Pursh: stem simple, 1-flowered; leaves few, small, ob-
long ; corol rotate, twice as long as the calyx ; segments oblong, acu-
minate.

HAB. White Hills, N. H. June. If. Pursh.— Stem on inch
high. Leaves 1 or 2 pairs, small. Flowers large, blue.

GENTIANE^E. 241

3. FRASERA. Walt.

Calyx deeply 4-parted. Carol 4-parted, spreading ; seg-
ments oval, with a bearded orbicular gland in the middle of
each. Stamens 4. Capsule compressed, partly margined,
1-ceiled. Seeds few, imbricate, large, elliptic, with a mem-
branaceous margin. Tetrandria. Monogynia.

F. icalteri Mich. — F. caroliniensis Walt. — F. verticillata Muhl.

HAB. Swamps. N.Y. to Car. July. $ — Stem 3— 6 feet high,
nearly square, branched, furrowed. Leaves smooth, usually
whorled, sometimes opposite, oblong-lanceolate. Flowers on

whorled peduncles, greenish-yellow. Peduncles 1 -flowered

This rare and interesting plant has been found by Prof. Hadley
in the vicinity ofFairfield, N. Y. Medicinal.

American Columbo,

4. SABBATIA. Adans.

Calyx 5 — 12-parted. Corol rotate, 5— 12-parted. Sta-
mens 5. Anthers at length ' revolt! te. Stigmas %, spiral.
Capsule 1-celled, 2-valved. Pentandria. Monogynia.

1. & campanulata Toir. : stem terete ; leaves' linear-lanceolate,
smooth ; calyx as long as the corol. — Chironia campanulata Linn.

HAB. Wet grounds. Penn. to Car. July, Aug. <£•• — Stem a foot
high, terete, with long branches. Flowers terminal, subsolitary.
purple, on long peduncles.

2. & etdlaris Pursh : stem terete, dichotomously branched ; branch-
es elongated, 1-flowered ; leaves sessile, lanceolate, acute ; segments
of calyx subulate, half as long as the corol ; segments of the corol ob-
ovate. — & gracilis Ell.

HAB. Salt marshes. N. Y. to Car. Aug. $ .—Stem 12—18
inches high. Leaves somewhat fleshy, obscurely 3-nerved. Flow-
ers solitary, at the extremity of the branches, forming a small
corymb, rose coloured.

3. *S>. angularis Pursh : stem erect, square, somewhat winged ; leaves
ovate, clasping ; peduncles elongated, corymbed ; segments of the ca-
lyx lanceolate, much shorter than the corol. — Chironia angularis Linn.

HAB. Wet meadows. Can. to Car. Aug. 0 and $. — Stem
1 — 2 feet high, with opposite branches. Leaves obscurely 5-
nerved. Flowers rose coloured. American Centaury.

4. $. calycosa Pursh : stem erect, leafy, few-flowered ; leaves ob-
long, 3-nerved ; flowers solitary, 7 — 9-parted ; calyx leafy, longer
than the corol ; segments oblanceolate. — Chironia calyculosa Mich. —
C. dichotoma Walt.

HAB. Wet meadows. N. Y. to Car. Aug. $ .— Stem & foot
high, slightly angled, with few branches. Leaves sessile, .oval,
thin. Flowers terminal, often solitary.

21

242 DICOTYLEDOiNOUS PLANTS.

5. S. chloroides Pursh : stem weak, somewhat angled; leaves Ian-
ceolate, erect; branches few, 1-flowered ; flowers 7 — 12-parted; seg-
ments of the calyx linear, shorter than the corol. — Ckironia chloroides.
Mich. — C. dodecandra Walt. — Chlora dodecandra Linn.

HAB. Salt bogs. N. Y. to Car. Aug. $ .—Stem 2— 3 feet high.
Leaves closely sessile, acute, without nerves. Flowers solitary,
terminal, bright rose coloured. — This and the preceding are very
variable.

6. S. corymbosa Bald. : stem erect, nearly square; leaves ovate, close-
ly sessile ; flowers corymbed ; segments of the calyx subulate, much
shorter than the corol. —S. paniculata van a. Pursh. — Chironia lanceolata
Walt.

HAB. Swamps. N. J. to Car. Aug., Sept. Z£.— Stem a foot
high, branched near the summit. Leaves somewhat clasping.
Corymb few-flowered. Corol white, 4 — 6-parted.

5. ERYTHR^EA. Rich.

Calyx 5-cleft. Corol funnel-form ; limb short, 5-cleft,
spreading. Stamens 5. Anthers, after flowering, spiral.
Style erect. Stigmas 2, roundish. Capsule 1-celled, linear.

Pentandria. Monogynia*

E. centaurium Pers. : stem erect, nearly simple ; leaves ovate-oblong,
nerved ; flowers subsessile, fasciculate-paniculate ; calyx half as long
as the tube of the corol. — Chironia centaurium Willd.

HAB. Dry grounds. N. S. July, Aug. <£>.— Stem 8— 12 inches
high. Leaves variable ; the lower ones broader than the upper.
Flowers in fascicles, near the top of the steui.— I have specimens
of this plant which were found near Oswego, N. Y. by the Rev.
David Brown of Lockport. It is apparently indigenous.

6. EXACUM. Linn.

Calyx deeply 4-parted. Corol 4-lobed, with the tube glo-
bose. Stame?is 4. Style I . Stigma 2-cleft. Capsule bi-
sulcate, 2-celled, many-seeded. Teirandria. Monogynia.

E. pulchdlum Pursh : calyx 4-partedj corol 4-clefl, segments subu-
late ; panicle corymbed ; peduncle filiform.

HAB. Sea Coast. N. J. rare. Aug. £f>. — Flowers rose co-
loured.

7. HOUSTONIA. Linn.

Calyz 4-cleft. Corol funnel-form, 4-cleft. Stame?is 4.
Stigma simple. Capsule half superior, 2-cdled, 2-valved,
many-seeded, opening transversely.

Tetrandria. Monogynia.

1. If. cotndea Linn. : stem erect, setaceous, dichotomous ; radical
leaves spatulate-oval ; stem leaves lanceolate ; peduncles solitary, ax-

GENTIANE^E. 243

iMary, very long, 1-flowered ; segments of the corol acute. — H. linncn
Mich.

HAB. Fields, N. Y. to Flor. April, May. U:— Stem 4—8
inches high. Flowers blue, sometimes nearly white.

2. H. longifolia Willd. : stem branched, smooth ; leaves narrow-lan-
ceolate, tapering at each extremity, very smooth ; flowers mostly in
threes, terminal, nearly sessile. — H. angustifolia Mich.

HAB. Hills and mountains. N. Y. to Flor. W. to Miss. June.
1£. — Stem 6 — 10 inches high, branched at the top. Leaves about
an inch long. Flowers often by threes, purple.

3. H. purpurea IVilld. : stem erect, branched above, pubescent at the
joints ; leaves sessile, ovate or lanceolate, obtuse at base ; flowers in
terminal corymbs. — H. varians Mich.

HAB. Dry woods. Penn. to Car. Pursh. June — Aug. If. —
Stem erect, with the angles ciliate. Leaves broad, 3-nerved.
Floicers purple, in terminal corymbs.

4. H. ciliolata Torr. : smooth, branched above, with remote joints j
radical leaves ovate, obtuse, tapering at. base ; margin ciliate ; stem
leaves ovate-spathulate, sessile ; flowers in terminal corymbs ; pedi-
celled ; peduncles trichotomous ; segments of the calyx linear-lanceo-
late.

HAB. Wet rocks. Niagara Falls, N. Y. W. to Michigan. July.
U- — Stem 4—6 inches high. Flowers terminal, blue.

5. H. pubescens Raf.: leaves wedge-form, acute, pubescent; the

lower ones somewhat petioled, lanceolate ; upper ones semi-
oval, sessile ; panicle trichotomous, terminal.
HAB. Penn. and Ohio. Raf.

8. CENTAURELLA. Mich.

Calyx 4-parted, oppressed. Corol subcampanulate, 4-part-
ed ; segments somewhat erect. Stamens 4. Stigma thick,
glandulpus and partly bifid. Capsule 1-celled, 2-valved,
many-seeded, surrounded by the persistent calyx and corol.

Tetrandria. Monogynia.

C. paniculata Mich. : stem somewhat branched, smooth ; peduncles
opposite, the lower ones branched ; leaves minute, subulate, alternate
below, nearly opposite above ; flowers in panicles ; corol as long as
the calyx ; style very short. — C. autumnalis Pursh. — Bartonia panicula-
ta Muhl. Torr.—Saginavirginica Willd.

HAB. Damp grounds. Mass, to Car. Aug., Sept. 0. — Stem
4 — 8 inches high, square, often twisted. Flowers small, green-
ish-white, on the ends of the branches.

9. VILLARSIA. Vent.

Cahjjc 5-parted; Corol rotate ; tube short ; limb spread-
ing, 5-lobed, ciliate on the margin. Stamens 5. Style 1.

244 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.

Stigma 2-lobed. Glands 5, alternating with the stamens.
Capsule 1 -celled, 2-valved, many- seeded.

Pcntandria. Monogynia.

V. tacunosa Pursh : leaves reniform, subpeltate, slightly crenate, la-

cunose beneath; petioles bearing the flowers; corol smooth.— V.

aquatica R. 4* & — V. trachysperma Ett. — Menyanthes trachynpenna Midi.

HAB. Ponds and lakes. N. Y. to Car. Aug. 2j..—8lem long,

filiform, floating. Leaves on long petioles. Flowers white.

somewhat umbelled.— Abundant in Sand Lake, N. Y.

10. MENYANTHES. Linn.

Calyx 5-parted. Corol funnel-form; limb spreading, 5-
lobed, equal, hairy within. Stamens 5. Style 1. Stigma
capitate. Capsule 1-celled, with the axis of the valves semi-
niferous. Pentandria. Monogynia.

M. trifoliate, Linn. : leaves ternate, petioled, sheathing, smooth.
HAB. Marshes. Subarc. Amer. to Virg. May. L£.— S!tem8— 12
inches high. Flowers pale red, in a terminal raceme.

. Buck-beav.

11. OBOLARIA. Linn.

Calyx 2-parted, in the form of bracts. Corol campanulate,
4-cleft ; segments entire, sometimes crenulate. Stamens 4,
subdidynamous, proceeding from the clefts of the corol. Stig-
ma emarginate. Capsule ovate, 1-celled, 2-valved, many-
seeded. Tetrandria. Monogynia.

O. rirginica Linn.

HAB. Woods. Penn. to Car. April, May. 2£. I— Stem 4— G
inches high, cespitose, nearly simple, smooth. leaves opposite,
obovate, sessile, glaucous. Flowers in pairs OT threes, towards
the top of the stem, white or pale red.

ORDER LXXX. BIGNONIACE.E. Brown. Lind.

Calyx divided or entire, sometimes spathaceous. Corol
hypogynous, monopetalous, usually irregular, 4 — 5-lobed.
Stamens 5, unequal, always 1, sometimes 3, sterile; anthers
2-celled. Ovary seated in a disk, 2-celled, or spuriously 4-
celled, many-seeded. Style 1 ; stigma of 2 plates. Capsule
1 or 2-celled, sometimes spuriously 2 or 4-celled, 2-valved.
Seeds transverse, compressed, often winged ; albumen none ;
embryo straight, foliaceous ; radicle next the hilum.

Trees or shrubs, often twining or climbing. Leaves
site, or rarely alternate, without stipules.

PEDALINE^E. 245

1. BIGNONIA. Linn.

Calyx 5-toothed, cyathiform, partly coriaceous. Carol 5-
lobed, campanulate, ventricose on the under side. Stamens
didynamous. Pod 2-celled. Seeds membranaceously wing-
ed. Didynamia. Angiosperma.

B. radicans Linn. : stem creeping ; leaves pinnate ; leafets ovate,
toothed, acuminate ; corymb terminal ; tube of the corol three times
as long as the calyx.

HAB. Banks of streams. Penn. to Flor. W. to Mias. July,
Aug. 1?. — Creeping on trees and rocks. Floicers very large,
scarlet. Trumpet Flower.

2. CATALPA. Juss*

Calyx 2-parted. Corol campanulate ; tube ventricose ;
border 4-lobed, unequal. Stamens 2, fertile ; 2 — 3 sterile.
Stigma in 2 plates. Capsule pod-form, long; cylindric, 2-
valved. Dissepiment opposite to the valves. Seed membra-
naceously margined. Diandria. Monogynia.

C. cordifolia, Ell. : leaves simple, cordate, entire ; flowers panicled.
— C. bignonioides Walt. — C. syringafolia Sims. Pursh. — Bignonia Ca*
talpa Linn.

HAB. Fields, about habitations. N. Y. to Flor. and throughout
the Western and Southwestern States. July. ^>. — A large
tree with irregular branches. Leaves round, cordate, whorled in
threes, large. Flowers white, yellow and purple, in large pyra-
midal terminal panicles. Probably introduced, as it is generally
found in the vicinity of habitations, Indian encampments, &c.

ORDER LXXXI. PEDALINE^. Brown. Lind.

Calyx divided into 5 nearly equal "pieces. Corol monopeta-
lous, hypogynous, irregular ; tube ventricose, the limb 5-lob-
ed, bilabiate. Stamens 4, didynamous, (2 sometimes sterile,)
with the rudiment of a fifth. Ovary seated in a glandular
disk, 1 — 2rcelled, of 2 carpels, the introflexed margins of
which by splitting and diverging constitute several cells ;
ovules few in each spurious cell ; style 1 ; stigma divided.
Fruit drupaceous, or rarely capsular and 2-valved, spuriously
many-celled. Seeds few, large, pendulous ; albumen none ;
embryo straight.

Herbs, with opposite leaves and axillary flowers.

1, MARTYNIA. Linn.

Calyx 5-cleft. C0r0Z ringent. Capsule ligneous, corticate,
4-celled, 2-valved ; each of the valves terminating in a long
hooked beak. Didynamia. Angiospermia.

21*

246 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.

M. proboscidca Linn. : stem viscid, pubescent, branched, mostly de-
cumbqnt ; leaves alternate, cordate, nearly round, very entire, villous;
flowers axillary, on long peduncles.

HAB. River banks. Penn. to Car. W. to Miss. Aug., Sept.
®.—Stcm 1 — 2 feet long. Flowers dull yellow, large, spotted.
Whole plant fetid. Unicorn Plant.

ORDER LXXXII. POLEMONIACE^. Lind.

Calyx 5-parted, persistent, sometimes irregular. Carol re-
gular, 5-lobed. Stamens 5, inserted on the middle of the tube
of the corol and alternate with its segments. Ovary superior,
3-celled ; ovules ascending ; style simple ; stigma trifid. Cap-
sule 3-celled, or spuriously so, 3-valved, with a loculicidal de-
hiscence ; the valves separating from the axis. Seeds angular
or oval, often enveloped in mucus, ascending ; embryo straight
in the axis of horny albumen ; radicle inferior, next the hilum ;
cotyledons elliptical, foliaceous.

Herb*) with opposite or alternate, simple or variously divid-
ed leaves.

1. PHLOX. Linn.

Calyx prismatic, deeply 5-cleft ; segments connivent. Corol
salver-form ; border 5-lobcd, flat ; lobes cuneate. Stam&is
inserted above the middle of the tube of the corol, very un-
equal. Capsule roundish, ovate, 3-celled ; cells 1-seeded.

Pentandria. Monogynia.

1. P. panictdata Unn. : stem erect, smooth ; leaves lanceolate, flat,
the margin scabrous ; corymb panicled ; segments of the corol round-
ed ; calyx tapering to an awn.

HAB. Meadows. Penn. to Car. June, July. If. — Stem 2—3
feet high. Leaves opposite. Flowers in opposite corymbs, some-
what paniculate, purple ; tube of the corol pubescent, much long-
er than the calyx.

2. P. pyramidalis Smitfi : erect, smooth ; stem scabrous ; leaves cor-
date-ovate, acute ; panicle fastigiate, pyramidal ; segments of the
corol cuneate, truncate ; teeth of the calyx somewhat erect, lanceo-
late, acute.

HAB. Mountain meadows. Penn. to Car. Aug. Z£. Pursh —
Stem 2 — 3 feet high. Leaves opposite, sessile, very entire.
Corol beautiful purple.

3. P. maculata Linn. : stem erect, scabrous and spotted ; leaves ob-
long-lanceolate, smooth, with the margin scabrous ; panicle oblong,

POLEMONIACEJ3. 247

many-flowered ; segments of the corol rounded ; teeth of the calyx
acute, recurved.

b. suavcolens Nutt. : stem without spots ; corol white. — P. suaveo-

lens AiL — P. maculata var. Candida Mich.

HAB. Moist meadows. N. J. to Car. June. 2J..— Stem 2— 3
feet high, simple. Corymbs few-flowered. Corol pale purple.
Var. b. according to Mr. Nuttall is only a white flowered varie-
ty, raised from seed.

4. P. aristata Mich. : stem erect, weak, viscid-pubescent ; leaves
linear or linear-lanceolate ; panicle lax, fastigiate ; segments of the
corol obovate ; tube curved, pubescent ; teeth of the calyx very long,
subulate.

HAB. Wet wopds. N. J. to Car. W.'to Miss. June. If.—
Stem 18 inches high, simple. Leaves sometimes nearly linear,
with the margins revolute. Teeth of the calyx awned. Corol
pale purple or white. — P.pilosa is not distinct from this species.

5. P. divaricata Linn. : stem low, pubescent, decumbent ; leaves
oval-lanceolate, the upper ones alternate ; branches divaricate, loose,
few-flowered; segments of the corol slightly obcordate ; teeth of the
calyx linear, subulate.

HAB. N. Y. and Penn. June. Lf- — Stems numerous, 9 — 12
inches high. Flmcers in a terminal panicle, blue. — Dr. Gray in-
forms me that this species is very abundant near Utica, N. Y.

6. P. reptans Mich. : pubescent, with creeping suckers ; radical leaves
spatulate-obovate ; stem leaves oval-lanceolate ; corymb few-flowered,
.divaricate ; segments of the corol obovate ; teeth of the calyx subu-
late, reflexed. — P. stolonifera Pursh*

HAB. Mountains. Penn. to Car. June. "U-— Stem 6—8 inches
high. Flowers in a small corymb, blue, with a purple centre.

7. P. subulata Linn. : procumbent, cespitose, pubescent ; leaves
linear-subulate, rigid, ciliate ; corymb few-flowered ; segments of the
corol wedgeform, emarginate ; calyx with subulate teeth shorter than
the tube of the corol.

HAB. Rocky hills. N. J. to Car. April, May. 2[.—Stem 3—4
inches high. Flowers pink, with a purple centre. — Very abun-
dant near New-Brunswick, N. J. Mountain Pink.

8. P. setacea Linn. : procumbent, cespitose, hairy ; leaves fascicu-
late, subulate, ciliate, rigid]; pedicels few-flowered, terminal, somewhat
umbelled ; segments of the corol wedgeform, emarginate ; teeth of the
calyx subulate, much shorter than the tube of the corol.

HAB. Penn. to Car. May. 11. — Floicers large, reddish, with a
purple star in the centre. — Resembles the preceding, but the
leaves are longer and more hairy.

2. POLEMONIUM. Linn.

Calyx campanulate, 5-cleft. Corol rotate; limb 5-lobed,
erect. Stamens 5 ; filaments broader at the base, inserted

248 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.

upon the 5 teeth or valves which close the orifice of the corol.
Anthers incumbent. Pentandria. Monogynia.

P. reptans Linn. : stem erect, branched, smooth ; leaves pinnate,
mostly by sevens ; leafets ovate-lanceolate, acute ; flowers terminal,
nodding.

HAB. Hills. N. Y. to Car. W. to Miss. May. V.—Stem a
foot high. Flowers blue, somewhat corymbose.

Jacob's Ladder.

ORDER LXXXIII. CONVOLVULACEjE. Lind.

Calyx 5-divided, persistent. Corol deciduous, regular, 5-
lobed ; aestivation usually plicate. Stamens 5, inserted into the
base of the corol, alternate with its segments. Torus discoid.
Ovary free, with 2 — 4-cells, seldom with 1 ; ovules erect,
definite, when more than 1 collateral ; style 1, sometimes en-
tire, usually bifid, rarely 2 ; stigmas obtuse or acute. Cap-
sule with from I — 4-cells ; the valves fitting at their edges to
the angles of a loose dissepiment, bearing the seeds at the
base, sometimes valveless or dehiscing transversely. Seeds
at the base of the placentae ; albumen mucilaginous ; embryo
curved ; cotyledons shrivelled ; radicle inferior.

Herbs or shrubs, usually twining and with a milky juice.
Leaves alternate, without stipules.

1. CONVOLVULUS. Linn. Spreng.

Calyx 5-parted, naked or with 2 bracts at base. Corol fun-
nel-form or campanulate, with 5 plaits. Stamens 5, shorter
than the limb. Ovary 2 — 3-celled ; cells 2-seeded. Style
undivided. Stigma capitate, lobed or divided. Capsule
valved, 1 — 4-celled. Pentandria. Monogynia.

OBS. I concur with Sprengel in uniting Jpomota with this genus ;
which can scarcely be distinguished, except perhaps, by its simple
stigma — a character too unimportant for the basis of a generic dis-
tinction.

1. C. arvensis Linn. : stem climbing ; leaves saggitate, with acute
lobes ; peduncles mostly 1 -flowered ; bracts minute, remote from the
flower. — C. sagittifolius Mich, f

HAB. Fields. Maine to Car. rare. June, July. If. — Stem

hairy, often prostrate. Leaves rather hastate. Floicers white,

t an inch long, on axillary peduncles ; which are longer than the

leaves. — This plant has been found on the banks of the canal

near this city.

CONVOLVULACE^E. 249

2. C. sepium Linn. : stem climbing, angular, twisted ; leaves sagi-
tate, very. acute, with the lobes truncate ; peduncles square, 1-flower-
ed ; bracts large, cordate, close to the flower. — Calystegia sepium
Brown.

HAS. Hedges and woods. Can. to Car. June, July. Z£. — Stem
climbing or trailing, pubescent. Flowers, large, white, on pe-
duncles which are longer than the leaves. Great Bind-weed.

3. C. panduratus Linn, : stem climbing, pubescent ; leaves cordate,
entire or lobed and panduriform ; peduncles long ; flowers in fascicles j
calyx smooth ; corol tubular-campanulate.

HAB. Sandy fields. N. Y. to Car. July. It- — Root very large
and thick. Stems numerous, trailing. Peduncles 1 — 4. Flowers
large, purple.— Found in Orange co., N. Y., by Dr. W. Hor-
ton, Jun. Medicinal. Man of the Earth.

4. C. spitham&us Linn. : stem erect or trailing ; leaves oval or ob-
long, subcordate, pubescent, hoary ; peduncles 1-flowered, about as
long as the leaves ; bracts much longer than the calyx. — C. stans Mich,
— Calystegia tomentosa and spitham&a Pursh.

HAB. Sandy woods. Can. and N. S. June. It. — Stem erect
or spreading. Flowers white, on peduncles which are about as
long as the leaves.

5. C. purpureus Linn. : stem twining and climbing ; leaves cordate;
acuminate, undivided, entire ; peduncles 2 — 3-flowered ; pedicels
thickened, nodding ; capsule smooth.— Ipomwa purpurea Pursh. Torr.

HAB. Fields, &c. July, Aug. -0. — Stem hairy, climbing to a
great height. Flowers large, blue, purple or nearly white. In-
troduced. Common Morning 'Glory.

6. C. lacunosus Spreng. : stem smooth ; leaves cordate, acuminate,
angled at base ; peduncles short, generally 1-flowered ; calyx hairy j
corol tubular, short; capsule hairy. — Ipomota lacunosa Linn. Pvrsh.
Torr.

HAB. Penn. Muhl. S. to Flor. Aug., Sept. @. — Flowers
white with a purple rim.

7. C. nil Linn. : stem hairy, twining ; leaves cordate, 3-lobed ; pe-
duncles short, 1 — 3-flowered ; calyx very villous ; segments acuminate,
subulate ; corol funnel-form. — Ipomaa nil PursJi. Torr.

HAB. Penn. Muhl. S. to Car. Aug. ©.— Flowers 1— 2r on
peduncles shorter than the petioles. Corol white at base, blue
near the border. -. :-%jr>! Morning Glory.

2. CUSCUTA. Linn.

Calyx 5- rarely 4-cleft. Corol globose-urceolate ; limb
4 — 5-cleft, marcescent. Stamens 4 — 5, inserted into the
corol. Stigmas 2. Capsule 2-celled, opening all round
transversely ; cells 2-seeded. Pentandria. Digynia.

1. C. americana Linn. ; flowers in umbellate clusters, pedunculate,

250 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.

5-cleft ; stigmas capitate ; corol tubular-bell-shaped, with the border

small and spreading.

HAB. Low grounds. Can. to Car. W. to Miss. June, July.
©. — .Stem hliform, twining around other plants ; parasitic. Flow
ers small, white. American Dodder.

2. C. eitropea Linn. : flowers in sessile clusters ; corol 4— 5-cleft,
without scales at the base of the stamens ; stamens 4 — 5 ; stigmas si in-
pie.

HAB. Parasitic on flax, &c. Sch'y, N. Y. July. ©.— Stem
filiform, long and climbing, leafless. Flowers clustered, pale
yellow or rose coloured. Introduced. Dodder.

ORDER LXXX1V. HYDROLEACE.E. Kunth. Land.

Calyx 5-parted, "persistent; aestivation imbricated. Corol
regular, monopetalous, not always agreeing with the calyx in
the number of its divisions. Stamens 5, inserted on the corol,
equal ; anthers deeply lobed at the base, 2-celIed. Ovary su-
perior, surrounded by an annular disk, 2 — 3-celled ; ovules in-
definite ; styles 2 or 3; stigmas thickened. Fruit capsular,
2 — 3 celled, splitting through the middle of the cells. Seeds
indefinite, very small ; embryo straight in the axis of a fleshy
albumen; radicle next the hilum ; cotyledons fiat.

Herbs, or undcrshrubs. Leaves alternate, entire or lobed,
without stipules.

1. DIAPENSIA. Linn.

Calyx 5-parted, subtended by 3 bracts. Corol salverform ;
border 5-cleft, flat. Stamens 5, from the summit of the tube,
elternating with the segments of the corol. Stigmas 3. Cap-
sule 3-celled, 3-valved, many-seeded.

Pentandria. Monogynia.

1. D. lapponica Linn. : cespitose ; leaves spatulate, smooth ; flowef
terminal, solitary, on short peduncles j anthers simple. — D. oltusifolia
Pitrsh.

HAB. Summits of the White Mountains, N. H. June. If. —
Stems short, diffuse. Leaves crowded, fleshy, evergreen, very
entire. Flmcers white.

2. D. larbulata Ell. : leaves lanceolate-wedgeshaped, pubescent at
base ; flower solitary, terminal, sessile j anthers horizontal, beaked at

. — j), cuneifolia Pursh. — Pyxidunthera barlvlata Mich.

HAB. Pine barrens. N. J. to Car. May, June. If. — Plant small,
creeping, forming dense mats ; branches assurgent, 1-flower-
ed. Upper leaves crowded near the base of the flower which is
email and white. — Very abundant in New- Jersey.

BORAGINE^!/ 251

ORDER LXXXV. BORAGINE.E. Juss. Lind.

Calyx 5-divided, persistent. Carol hypogynous, monopeta-
lous, regular, 5-cleft ; aestivation imbricate. Stamens insert-
ed into the corol, alternate with its segments ; anthers erect.
Ovary 4-lobed, 4-celled ; ovules 4, each suspended from the
inner angle near the summit of the cell ; style simple, arising
from the base of the lobes of the ovary ; stigma simple or
bifid. Nuts 4, distinct. Seed separable from the pericarp,
destitute of albumen ; embryo with a superior radicle ; coty-
ledons plano-convex.

Herbs or shrubs with round stems. Leaves alternate, sca-
brous, without stipules.

1. LITHOSPERMUM. Linn.

Calyx 5-parted. Corol funnel-form, small, 5-Iobed. Sta-
mens included. Nuts imperforate at base, shining, smooth or
rugose. Pentandria. Monogynia.

1. L. arvense Linn. : stem erect, branched ; leaves sessile, linear-
lanceolate, rather acute, veinless, rough, hairy ; calyx a little shorter
than the corol ; segments spreading ; nuts rugose.

HAB. Fields. N. S. April, May. 0.— Plant hispid-pilose.
Flowers solitary, axillary, white. Calyx with the segments
thrice as long as the fruit. Introduced. Corn Gromwell.

2. L. qfficinale Linn. : stem erect, much branched, covered with rigid
hairs ; leaves broad-lanceolate, acute, nerved, rough on the upper sur-
face, hairy on the lower ; tube of the corol as long as the calyx ;
nuts smooth.

HAB. Fields. N. S. May. If — Stem 1—2 feet high. Flowers
axillary, pale yellow. Nuts whitish-brown, highly polished.
Introduced. Common Gromwell.

3. L. dentlculatum Lehrn. : stem erect ; leaves nerved, subglabrous,
acute ; margin scabrous, with minute teeth ; radical ones ovate ; those
on the stem oblong ; segments of the calyx denticulate on the margin.
— Pulmonaria sibirica Pursh. App.

HAB. New- York. June. If. Muhl—Stem 6—10 inches high.
Peduncles many-flowered. Corol purple.

4. L. marit imum Lehm. : very smooth ; stem procumbent, branched;
leaves ovate, obtuse, fleshy, glaucous. — Pulmonaria maritima Linn.

HAB. Sea shore. New-Eng. Pursh. N. to Subarc. Amer. July.
Lf . — Stem diffuse, much branched. Lower leaves on petioles,
and acute ; upper ones sessile. Flowers somewhat racemed,
purplish-blue ; tube short. Seaside GromwtlL

252 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.

2. BATSCHIA. Gmd.

Calyx 5-parted. Carol salver-form, rather large ; tube
straight,- much longer than the calyx, closed at the base by a
bearded ring ; orifice naked or partially closed ; border orbi-
culate, nearly flat, segments rounded. Nuts shining. — Flow-
ers yellow. Pentandria. Monogynia.

1. B. canescens Mick. : stem erect, simple, villous ; leaves oblong,
obtuse, slightly mucronate, silky above, subvillous beneath ; flowers
axillary, crowded near the top of the stem ; tube of the corol as long
again as the calyx. — Anchusa canesccns Mufti. — Litfiospcnnum canescens
Lehm. Tbrr.

HAB. .Hills. N. Y. to Virg. N. to Subarc. Amer. W. to Miss.
June, July. L£. — Stem 8 — 12 inches high. Flowers axillary,
crowded near the top of the stem, bright orange. — Found near
Fairfield, N. Y. by Prof. Hadley. Used by the Indians as a red
dye. Puccoon.

2. B. gmelini Mich. : plant hirsute ; stem simple ; floral leaves
ovate ; those of the stem oblong ; flowers in a terminal raceme ; calyx
with long lanceolate segments. — Batschia carolinlensis Gmel. — Jlnchusa
hirta Muhl.

HAB. Woods. Penn. to Car. June, July. It-— Stem 8—12
inches high. Flowers in a terminal raceme, orange.

3. ONOSMODIUM. Mich.

Calyx deeply 5-parted ; segments linear. Corol somewhat
tubular-campanulate ; border ventricose, half 5-cleft ; segments
connivent, acute. Anthers sessile, included. Style much
exserted. Nuts imperforate, shining.

Pentandria. Monogynia.

1. O. hispidum Mich. : stem hispid, branched ; leaves obovate-lan-
ceolate, hairy, papillose-punctate ; segments of the corol subulate. —
Litfiospermum virginianum Linn. — Purshia hispida Lehm.

HAB. Hills. N. Y. to Car. Aug. U.—Stem 1—2 feet high.
Flowers white, in simple leafy secund racemes which at first are
recurved and afterwards straight.

2. O. moll* Mich. : whole plant white-villous ; leaves oblong-oval,
somewhat 3-nerved; segments of the corol semi-oval. — Lithospermum
molle MuhL— Purshia moUis Lehm.

HAB. N. Y. and Penn. S. W. to Tenn. July, Aug. If.— Dif-
fers from the former in its soft white pubescence, and in the
broader segments of its corol. It has been found by Mr. George
W. Clinton, in the sand plains near Albany.

4. SYMPHYTUM. Linn.

Calyx 5-parted. Corol ventricose, its orifice closed with
connivent subulate scales. Nuts imperforate at base.

Pentandria. Monogynia.

BORAGINE^. 253

S. officinale Linn. : stem hispid; radical leaves on long petioles,
rough ; those of the stem ovate-lanceolate below, lanceolate above.
sessile, very decurrent and winging the upper part of the stem.

HAB. Springy grounds. N. Y. and Penn. June. If. — Stem
1—3 feet high, branched above. Racemes in pairs, secund.
.drooping. Corol large, yellowish- white. — Apparently native
near Fairfield, N. Y. Comfrey.

5. ECHIUM. Linn.

Calyx 5-parted. Corol subcampanulate ; tube very short ;
border broader, unequally and obliquely 5-lobed. Nuts im-
perforate at base, tuberculate. Pentandria. Monogynia.

E. vulgarc Linn. : stem erect, bristly and tuberculate ; leaves lance-
olate, very hispid, radicle ones petiolate, spreading, very long; flow-
ers in lateral spikes ; stamens longer than the corol.

HAB. Hills. N. S. June, July. $ .—Stem 2—3 feet high.
Fioicers large, blue, in lateral spikes, which are at first recurved
but gradually become erect. .Introduced. Viper's Bugloss.

6. LYCOPSIS. Linn.

Calyx 5-cleft. Corol funnel-form, with an incurved tube ;
orifice closed with convex connivent scales. Nuts perforate at
the base. Pentandria. Monogynia.

L. arvensis Linn. : leaves lanceolate, repand-denticulate, very hispid ;
lower ones tapering into a petiole ; upper ones sessile, subclasping ;
racemes leafy ; calyx erect while in flower, shorter than the tube of the
corol. — Anchusa arvensis Lehm.

HAB. Sandy fields. N. S. June, July. ^.—Stem 12— 18 inches
high. Fioicers bright blue, in a leafy raceme. Introduced. ?

Small Bugloss.

7. MYOSOTIS. Linn.

Calyx 5-cleft. Corol salver-form ; tube short ; limb flat,
with 5 emarginute lobes ; orifice closed, with short connivent
scales. Nuts smooth or scabrous. Pentandria. Monogynia.

1. M. palustris Roth. : leaves oblong-lanceolate, rough, with short
mostly appressed hairs ; racemes rather short ; peduncles when in
fruit divergent, twice as long as the 5-cleft spreading calyx ; border
of the corol expanded, longer than the tube. — M. scorpioides JVilld.-~
M. scorpioides var. palustris Linn.

HAB. Ditches and wet grounds. Can. and N. S. May — July.
14 • — Stem 12 — 18 inches high. Flowers very small, bright blue,
in secund racemes. — Our plant differs from the foreign one, in
having the flowers .very small. Marsh Scorpion Grass.

2. M. arvensis Sibth. : leaves oblong-lanceolate, hairy ; racemes verj
long ; pedicels when in fruit spreading, twice as long as the 5-cleft

22

254 ' DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.

and closed calyx ; limb of the corol erect-spreading, about as long a«
the tube. — M. scorpioidcs var. arvtnsis Linn.—M. vcrna Xutt.

HAB. Sandy woods. Can. and N. S. W. to Miss. June. G>.
—Plant gray, pubescent. Stem 4—10 inches high. Ftmcers
very small, white, on long pedicels. Field Scorpion Grass.

8. ECHINOSPERMUM. Lehm.

Calyx 5-parted. Corol salver-form, closed by connivent
scales. Nuts fixed to a central column, echinate, compressed.

Pentandria. Monogynia.

1. E. lappula Lehm. : stem branched above ; leaves lanceolate or li-
near-lanceolate, hairy ; corol longer than the calyx ; border erect,
spreading ; nuts with 2 rows of hooked prickles on the margin. — Myo-
totis lappula Linn. — Rochelia lappula R. $ S. Torr.

HAB. Road sides. Can. and N. S. N. to Subarc. Amer. Juljr.
0 — Stem a foot high, branched above. Flowers minute, blue,
erect when in fruit.

2. E. virginicum Lehm. : leaves oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, sca-
brous above ; racemes divaricate, dichotomous ; nuts densely covered
with hooked prickles. — Myosotis virginiana Linn. — Rochelia virginiana
R. 4- 3. Torr.

HAB. Can. to Car. July. <J. — Stem 2 feet high. Leaves very
large. Flowers minute, pale blue, in dichotomous racemes.

.,**>' '

9. CYNOGLOSSUM. Linn.

Calyx 5-parted. Corol short, funnel-form, 5-Iobed ; ori-
fice closed with convex connivent scales. Nuts depressed,
affixed to the styles by their inner margin.

Pcntartdria. Monogynia.

1. C. officinale Linn. : leaves lanceolate, attenuate at the base, ses-
sile, downy ; lower ones large, petiolate ; upper ones subclasping ;
flowers in terminal racemes ; stamens shorter than the corol.

HAB. Road sides, &c. N. S. June, July. $ .—Plant dull
green, soft and downy, fetid. Flowers purplish-red. Fruit rough.
Introduced. Hound's Tongue.

2. C. virginicum Linn. : leaves oval-oblong, acute, hairy ; lower
ones long, petiolate ; upper ones cordate and clasping at the base ; co-
rymb on a large almost naked panicle. — C. amplezicaulc Mich.

HAB. Shady woods. N. Y. to Car. May. 21-— Stem S— 3 feet
high, very hispid. Leaves less hairy than in the former. Flowers
in a small terminal corymb, blue.

10. PULMONARIA. Lmn.

Calyx prismatic, 5-sided. Corol funnel-form, somewhat
5-lobed ; orifice naked. Ruts imperforate at base.

Tmtandria. Monogynia.

HYDROPHYLLE^E. 255

P. etrg-inica Linn. : smooth ; stem erect ; radical leaves obovate-
oblong, obtuse ; stem leaves narrower ; flowers in terminal racemes
or fascicles ; calyx much shorter than the tube of the corol ; seg-
ments lanceolate, acute. — Lithospermum pulchrum Lehm.

HAB. Wet grounds. N. Y. to Car. W. to Miss. May. U-—
Stem 6 — 12 inches high. Leaves smootli and a little glaucous.
Flowers large, bright blue, in terminal racemes. Plant turning
black by drying. Lungwort.

ORDER LXXXVI. HYDROPHYLLE^. Lind.

Calyx 5 — 10-divided, persistent. Corol monopetalous,
regular, or nearly so, 5-lobed, with 2 lamellae towards the
base of each constituent petal. Stamens alternate with the
lobes of the corol ; anthers ovate, 2-celled, versatile, bursting
longitudinally. Ovary free, simple, 1-celled ; ovules definite
or indefinite, suspended ; style terminal, bifid ; stigmas 2.
Placentae 2, parietal, or on stalks from the base of the cavity.
Fruit capsular, few, or many-seeded, invested with the per-
manent calyx. Seeds definite or indefinite ; embryo taper, ly-
ing at the end of a copious cartilaginous albumen $ radicle su-
perior.

Hispid herbs. Leaves opposite, or alternate and lobed.

1. HYDROPHYLLUM. Linn.

Calyx 5-parted. Corol campanulate, 5-cleft, with 5 longi-
tudinal margined melliferous grooves on the inside. Stamens
5, exserted ; filaments bearded in the middle. Stigma bifid.
Capsule globose, 1-celled, 2-valved, 1-seeded, 3 other seeds
mostly abortive. Pentandria. Monogynia.

1. H. virginicum Linn. : stem nearly smooth ; leaves pinnatifid and
pinnate ; segments oval-lanceolate, with deep serratures ; clusters of
flowers crowded ; peduncles larger than the petioles.

HAB. Woods. Can. to Car. June. It.— Stem 18 inches high.
Flowers white and blue, in compact lateral and axillary clusters.

2. H. canadense Linn. : somewhat hairy ; leaves angularly sub-5-
lobed, cordate at base ; remotely serrate ; flowers in crowded fascicles j
peduncles shorter than the petioles.

HAB. Mountains. Can. and N. S. June. 1£. — Stem 18 inches
high. Leaves large and broad, somewhat palmate, about 5 — 7->
lobed. Floioers blue and white, in clusters.

2. NEMOPHILA. NutL
Calyx 10-parted ; alternate lobes reflexed. Corol subcam

256 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.

panulate, 5-lobed ; the lobes emarginate, with margined nec-
tariferous cavities at base. Stamens 5, shorter than the corol ;
filaments naked. Styh 2-cleft. Capsule fleshy, 1 -celled, 2-
valved, 4-seeded. 1'cntandriti. Mmwgynia.

\. /Hiii/i )it<it<i »S///T/f»-. : very hairy; radical leaves subpinnatifid .
oauline ones angularly lobed ; sinuses of the calyx with minute oval
appendage* . — Hydrophyttum appendiculatum Mir/i .

II \i:. Moist \vpods. Penn. and Virg. W. to Miss. May. $ .
— Stern a foot high. Flowers blue, on short peduncles, some-
what paniculate. — Very properly separated from the preceding
genus. — Sec Nutt. in Jour. Phil. Actul. ii. 179.

3. PHACELIA. .

Calyx 5-partcd. Corol subcampanulate, 5-cleft, with 5
longitudinal margined melliferous grooves on the inside. (Sta-
mens f>, exported. Style filiform. Stigma* :2. CV/y/.sw/c 2-
celled, 2-valved, 4-seedcd, each of the valves septilerous in
the centre. Pcntandria. JMonogi/nia.

1. P.funbriula Mch. : whole plant hairy; stem ascending ; leaves
pinnatifid with undivided lobes ; flowers in a simple terminal raceme ;
• 'iits of the corol fimbriate.

soil. Penn. to Geor. W. to Miss. May, June.
21- ? — -s'' lisjh. Flowers blue, in a terminal raceme, at

first revolutc, afterwards erect.

/'. b'qnnnatifida Mcb. : stem erect, hairy; leaves pinnatifid, seg-
ments incisely lobed ; racemes mostly bifid, oblong, many-ilowered ;
divisions of the corol entire.

HAB. Mountains. Penn. W. to Miss. May, June. 21. ? —
»SV< -in a foot high. Flowers blue, in terminal rac<

/'. jiarvijlora Pursh: stem diffuse, pubescent; leaves subscssile,
pianatifid ; segments oblong, rather obtuse, entire ; racemes solitary :
pedicels short ; segments of the corol round, very entire. — Polemoniiun
dubium mild.

HAB. Penn. May. &. — Stem G — 8 inches high. Flowers pale
blue, much smaller than in the preceding. — May belong lo a dif-
ferent genus.

ORDER LXXXVII. SOLANEJE. Juss. Lind.

Calyx 5- rarely 4-parted, persistent. Corol monopetalous,
hypogynous ; limb 5- rarely 4-cleft, regular or somewhat un-
equal, deciduous ; aestivation plaited, or somewhat imbricate.
Stamens inserted on the corol, alternate with its segments,
sometimes 1 abortive ; anthers bursting longitudinally or by
terminal pores. Ovary 2 or more celled ; style continuous :

SOLANE^i. 257

stigma obtuse, rarely lobed. Fruit either a capsule, which is
2 — 4-celled, 2 — 4-valved, with a double dissepiment, parallel
with the valves, or a berry with the placentae adhering to the
dissepiment. Seeds numerous, sessile ; embryo more or less
curved, often eccentric, lying in fleshy albumen; radicle next
the hilum.

Herbs or shrubs. Leaves alternate.

Div. I. Fruit a berry.

1. SOLANUM. Linn.

Calyx 5-cleft. Carol rotate, 5-cleft, spreading. Anthers
5, erect, connivent, opening with 2 pores at the extremity.
Berry subglobose, 2- rarely 4-celled.

Pentandria. Monogynia.

1. <S>. dulcamara Linn. : stem fruticose, flexuous, without thorns,
smooth or pubescent ; leaves qvate-cordate, smooth ; upper ones has-
tate ; flowers in lateral clusters.

HAB. Low grounds. N. S. July, Aug. T?. — Stem climbing.
Flowers purple, with 2 green tubercles at the base of each seg-
ment. Berries red, oval. Woody Night-shade. Bitter-sweet.

2. S. nigrum var. virginianum Linn. : stem herbaceous, without
thorns, angular, toothed ; leaves ovate, obtusely toothed and waved ;
flowers subumbelled. — S. nigrum Big.

HAB. Old fields. Can. to Car. July, Aug. 0. — Stem erect,
2 — 3 feet high, angles roughened. Floivcrs nodding, white,
3 — 6 in an umbel. Berries spherical, black, 2-celled.

Common Night-shade,

3. 8. carolinense Linn. : stem annual, aculeate ; leaves ovate-oblong,
tomentose, hastate-angled, prickly on both sides ; raceme simple, lax ;
berries globose.

HAB. Road sides, &c. Penn. to Car. W. to Miss. June. 1£.
— Stem erect, branched, a foot high, armed with sharp prickles.
Flowers white, in lateral racemes. Berries yellowish.

Horse Nettle.

2. PHYSALIS. Linn.

Calyx 5-cleft. Corol rotate, 5-cleft. Anthers 5, oblong,
erect, connivent. Berry globose, covered by the inflated ca-
lyx. Pentandria. Monogynia,

1. P. viscosa Linn. : leaves in pairs, subcordate-oval, repand, obtuse,
subtomentose, a little viscous ; stem herbaceous, paniculate above ;
fruit bearing calyx pubescent.

22* •

258 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.

HAB. Roadsides. N. Y. to Car. W. to Miss. July, Aug. I/,
— Stem 2 — 3 feet high. Flowers yellow. Buries viscous.

Ground Cherry

2. P. obscura Mich. : pubescent ; stem prostrate, divaricate ; leaves
broad-cordate, subsolitary, unequally and coarsely toothed ; flower so-
litary, nodding ; calyx very hairy- — P> pniinosa Ell. f

HAB. Hills. Penn. to Car. Pursh. Aug. <£). — Flowers pale
yellow, with 5 purple spots at base. Anthers bluish.

3. P. lanceolate Mich. : stem erect, densely pubescent ; leaves most-
ly in pairs, oval-lanceolate, very entire, narrowed at the base into a
petiole ; flower solitary, nodding ; calyx villous.

UAB. Penn. Muhl. S. to Car. July. U-—Stem 1—2 feet high.
Flowers pale yellow.

4. P. pcnnsylranica Linn. : stem herbaceous, branched ; leaves ovate,
somewhat repand, obtuse, nearly naked j peduncles axillary, solitary,
a little longer than the petioles.

HAB. Road sides. Penn. to Car. July— Sept. U.— &//.//» a
foot high. Flotctrs yellow. Berries red.

3. NICANDRA. Adans.

Calyx 5-parted, 5-angled, the angles compressed, segments
sagittate. Corol campanulate. Stamens incurved. Berry
3 — 5-celled, covered" by tho calyx. Pentandria. Monogynia.

N. physaloidcs Pers. : stem herbaceous ; leaves sinuate, angled, gla-
brous ; flowers solitary, axillary, on short peduncles ; calyx closed,
with the angles very acute..— Atroj>a physaloidcs Linn.

HAB. Cultivated grounds. N. Y. to Car. July, Aug. ©.—
Stem 2 — 3 feet high, much branched. Leares alternate. Floircr»
solitary, axillary, on short peduncle*, pale blue. Introduced.

Div. II. Fruit a capsule.

4. NICOTIANA. Linn.

Calyx urccolate, 5-cleft. Corol funnel-form, 5-cleft, regu-
lar. Stamens 5. Stigma emtirginate, Capsule 2-valved.

Pentandria. Monogynia.

N. rnstica Linn. : plant viscid- pubescent ; stem terete ; leaves peti-
oled, ovate, very entire ; tube of the corol cylindrical, longer than the
calyx ; segments round.

HAS. Western part of New-York. Nvtt. &.—Stem 12—18
inches high. Flowers greenish-yellow, in a terminal panicle or
raceme. — According to Mr. Nuttall it has been introduced by
the Indians. Tobacco.

5. DATURA. Linn.
Calyx large, tubular, ventricose, 5-angled, deciduous ; the

SOLANE.E. 259

base orbicular, peltate and persistent. Carol funnel-form,
with the tube long; the limb 5-angled and plaited. Stamens
5. Stigma bilamellate. Capsule smooth or echinate, 2-
celled ; cells 2— 3-parted. Pentandria. Monogynia.

D. stramonium Linn. : stem dichotomously branched ; leaves ovate,
smooth, angular-dentate, somewhat cordate ; capsule spiny, erect.
b. tatula Torr. : stem and flowers purple.— D. tatula Linn.
HAB. Waste grounds, &c. Throughout the U. S. July— Sept.
0. — Stem 2 — 6 feet high. Flowers solitary, large, blue and
white, on peduncles. Very fetid. Medicinal and poisonous.
Big. Mcd. Bot. i. 16. Jamestown Weed, Thorn-apple.

6. HYOSCYAMUS. Linn.

Calyx tubular, 5-cleft. Carol funnel- form, irregular, lobes
obtuse. Stamens 5. Stigma capitate. Capsule ovate, oper-
culate at the extremity. Pentandria. Monogynia.

H. niger Linn. : hispidly pilose and fetid ; stem erect, very leafy ;
leaves sinuate, clasping ; flowers sessile, arranged in terminal re-
curved leafy spikes ; corol reticulate.

HAB. Waste places. N. Y. and Penn. June. 0 or $. — Stem
12 — 18 inches high. • Flowers large, dull yellow, with purple
veins. — Introduced. 1 Fetid, poisonous and medicinal.

Henbane.

7. VERB A SCUM. Linn.

Calyx 5-parted. Corol rotate, 5-Iobed, unequal. Stamens
5, declined, often hairy. Capsule 2 vnlved, ovate or globose.

Pentandria. Monogynia.

1. V. thapsus Linn. : stem simple, erect, tomentose ; leaves ovate-
oblong, decurrent, very woolly on both sides ; flowers in a long dense
terminal spike ; stamens unequal, two smooth.

HAB. Road sides, &c. Throughout the U. S. June, $. —
Stem 3— 6 feet high, angular, winged. Flowers yellow, in along
dense cylindrical spike. Introduced. 1 Mullein.

2. V. llattaria Linn. : stem angled, smooth ; leaves clasping, ob-
long, serrate ; flowers in a terminal raceme ; peduncles 1-flowered,
solitary.

HAB. Road sides. N. Y. to Car. June, July. $. — Stem 2
feet high. Floicers white and yellow. — Considered by some as
distinct varieties.

3. V. lychnitis Linn. : leaves oblong-cuneiform, naked above, white-
lornentose beneath ; stem angular, panicled ; spikes lax, lateral and
terminal.

HAB. Penn. Pursh. S. to Car. June, July. <£.— Stem straight

260 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.

and angled. Leaves very wliite beneath. Flowers pale yellow,
. clustered, on short peduncles.

ORDER LXXXV1II. OROBANCHE^E. Juss. 'Lind.

Calyx divided, persistent. Carol irregular, usually bilabi-
ate, persistent ; aestivation imbricated. Stamens 4, didynamous.
Ovary superior, seated in a fleshy disk, with 2 — 4-parietal
many-seeded placentae ; style 1 ; stigma 2-lobed. Fruit
capsular, inclosed within the withered corol, 1-celled, 2-valv-
ed, each valve bearing 1 or 2 placentas in the middle. Seeds
indefinite, minute ; embryo very minute, inverted at the apex
of a fleshy albumen.

Herbs growing parasitically upon the roots of other species.
Stems covered with brown or colourless scales.

1. OROBANCHE. Linn.

Calyx 4— 5-cleft ; segments often unequal. Corol ringent.
Capsule ovate, acute, 1-celled, 2-valved. Seeds numerous.
A gland beneath the base of the germ.

Didynamia. Angiospermia.

1. O. americana Linn. : stem very simple, covered with ovate-lance-
olate imbricate scales ; spike terminal, smooth ; corol recurved ; sta-
mens exserted.

HAB. Woods. Car. to Geor. July. U.—Stem 6—8 inches
. high, thick, leafless, scaly. Flmctrs in a terminal spike covered
by the scales of the stem, brownish-yellow. Parasitic.

Cancer-root.

2. O. uniflora Linn. : stem very short ; peduncles elongated,
gcapifonn, 1 -flowered, naked ; scales smooth, concave ; lobes of the
corol oblong-oval, with a pubescent coloured margin.

HAB. Woods. Can. to Car. W. to Miss. May— July. If —
Peduncles 4 — 6 inches long, subpubescent. Flowers recurved,
bluish- white. — Parasitic.

2, EPIPHAGUS. Nutt.

Polygamous. Calyx abbreviated, £>toothed. Corol of the
sterile flower ringent, compressed, 4-cleft, lower lip flat ; of
the fertile flower minute 4-toothed, deciduous. Capsule trun-
cate, oblique, 1-celled, imperfectly 2-valved, opening only on
one side. Didynamia. Jingiospermia.

E. americanus Nutt. — Orobanche virginiana Linn.

HAB. Woods. Can. to Car. July— Sept. H.—Stem a foot
high, branched, leafless, with small ovate scales. Flowers alter-

SCROPHULARINE^E. 261

nate, distinct, small ; fertile ones deciduous ; sterile ones larg-
er, white striped with purple. — Parasitic. Beech-drops.

ORDER LXXXIX. SCROPHULARINE^E. Juss. Lind.

Calyx divided, unequal, persistent. Carol usually irregu-
lar and bilabiate, or personate, deciduous ; aestivation imbri-
cate. Stamens usually 4, didynamous, rarely equal, some-
times 2. Ovary free, 2-celled ; ovules definite or indefinite ;
style simple ; stigma 2-lobed, rarely entire. Fruit capsular,
rarely fleshy, 2- rarely 1-celled, 2 — 4-valved ; the valves en-
tire or bifid, with a dissepiment either double from the inflexed
margin of the valves, or simple parallel and entire, or opposite
and bipartible. Placenta central, either adhering to the dis-
sepiment or separating from it. Seeds indefinite ; embryo
straight, included within a fleshy albumen.

Herbs, seldom shrubs. Leaves usually opposite.

Div. I. VERONICE.E. „
1. VERONICA. Linn.

Calyx 4- rarely 5-p*arted. Carol subrotate, 4-lobed, un-
equal, the lower segments narrower. Stamens 2, antherifer-
ous, sterile ones none. Capsule 2-celled, obcordate. Seeds
few. Diandiia. Monogynia.

* Spikes or racemes terminal.

1. V. serpyWfolia Linn. : racemes spiked, many-flowered ; leaves
ovate, slightly crenate ; capsule broadly obcordate.

HAB. Meadows, &c. Throughout the U. S. May to Aug. If.
— Stems procumbent, 3 — 5 inches long, sometimes creeping.
Flowers small, pale blue, in a long spike or raceme. Introduced.

Thyme-leaved Speedwell.

** Spikes or racemes axillary.

2. V. scutellata Linn. : racemes alternate ; pedicels divaricate ; leaves
linear, dentate-serrate.

HAB. Moist places. N. S. W. to Miss. May. If. — Stem erect,
weak, 6 — 12 inches high. Flowers flesh-coloured, in simple
rarely compound racemes. Introduced. Scull-cap Speedicell.

3. V. anagallis Linn. : racemes opposite ; leaves lanceolate, serrate ;
atem erect.

HAB. Ditches and moist places. Can. to Car. June— Aug.
11. — Stem 1 — 2 feet high, succulent. Leaves varying in width.
Flowers blue, in long racemef. Pedicels shorter than in the pre-
ceding, but never deflexed. Water Speedwell.

262 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.

4. V. bcccalitnga Linn. : racemes opposite ; leaves elliptical, ob-
tuse, subserrate, glabrous, on short petioles ; stem procumbent, root-
ing at base.

HAB. Ditches, &c. N. S. June. If.— Whole plant smooth
and shining. Racemes many-flowered, longer than the leave?.
Flowers bright blue. Brooktime.

5. V. officinaKs Linn. : flowers in spikes ; leaves ovate or obovate,
•errate, shortly petiolate, rough, pubescent.; stem procumbent, rough.

HAB. Pastures and dry woods. Can. to Car. June. H-— Stems
6 — 12 inches long, rooting below. Flowers pale blue, in erect
pedunculate spikes. Common SpeediceU.

*** Flowers axillary, solitary.

6. V. ngrestis Linn. : flowers peduncled ; leaves on short petioles,
cordate-ovate, deeply serrate ; segments of the calyx ovate-lanceolate ;
•tern procumbent.

HAB. Sandy fields. Can. to Car. May. ©.— Stems 3 — 9 inches
long, hairy. Peduncles rather longer than the leaves and recurved
when in fruit. Flowers small, pale blue or whitish. Introduced.

7. V. peregrlna Linn. : flowers solitary, sessile ; leaves oblong, ser-
rate, rather obtuse ; stem erect. — V. caroliniana Walt. — V. marilandica
Mich.

HAB. Clay grounds. Arctic Amer. to Car. W. to Miss. May,
July. ©.—Whole plant smooth. Stem simple, or branched
only at base. Flowers very small, wliite or pale blue, nearly or
quite sessile.

8. V. arvensis Linn. : flowers subsessile ; leaves cordate-ovate, deep-
ly serrate, floral ones lanceolate ; segments of the calyx lanceolate ;
stem nearly erect.

HAB. Fields, &c. Penn. to Car. April— July. Q.—Stcm
somewhat branched at base. Flowers nearly sessile, very small,
pale blue. Capsule compressed and ciliate. Introduced.

Small Speedwell.

9. V. hcdcrifolia Linn. : leaves cordate-ovate, mostly 5-lobed, peti-
oled ; segments of the calyx cordate, ciliate, acute ; stem procum-
bent.

HAB. Shady rocks. N. S. April. ®.— Stems weak and un-
branched. Corol pale blue, smaller than the calyx. Capsule 2-
lobed, turgid.

10. V. rcniformis Raf. : stem procumbent, hispid ; leaves sessile,
reniform, entire, hairy, villous ; flowers axillary, solitary, subsessile.

HAB. Sandy soils. N. J. Raf. May — July. Q.— Stems few,
terete, procumbent. Flowers white or pale blue. — It should not
be confounded with V. reniformis of Pursh. It may be only a
variety of V. arvensis.

2. LEPTANDRA. Nutt.
Calyx 5-parted ; segments acuminate. Corol tubular-

SCROPHULARINE^E. 263

campanulate ; border 4-lobed, a little ringent, the lower seg-
ment narrower. Stamens 2, and with the pistil at length much
exserted. Capsule ovate, acuminate, 2-celled, many-seeded,
opening at the summit. Diandria. Monogynia.

L. virginica Nutt. : leaves whorled in fours or fives, lanceolate, ser-
rate, petiolate. — Veronica virginica Linn. — Callistachya virginica Raf.
HAB. Woods. Can. to Car. W. to Miss. July, Aug. 11. —
Stem angular, 2 — 4 feet high, smooth, simple. Leaves in whorls,
slightly pubescent beneath. Flowers white, in long dense ter-
minal spikes.

Div. II. ERINACEJE.
3. BUCHNERA. Linn.

Calyx 5-toothed. Carol with the tube slender ; border
5-cleft and nearly equal ; lobes cordate. Capsule 2-celled.

Didynamia. Angiospermia.

B. americana Linn. : stem simple ; leaves lanceolate, subdentate,
rough, 3-nerved ; spikes with the flowers remote.

HAB. Sandy places. N. Y. to Car. W. to Miss. July, y .—
Stem 12 — 18 inches high. Leaves opposite, sessile. Flowers
blue. — Plant blackens by drying. Blue Hearts.

DlV. III. SCROPHULARIE^E.

4. SCROPHULARIA. Linn.

Calyx 5-cleft. Carol subglobose ; limb contracted, short-
ly 2-lipped ; upper lip 2-lobed (with a scale or abortive sta-
men frequently within) ; lower 3-lobed. Capsule 2-celled.

Didynamia. Angiospermia.

1. S. marylandica Linn. : leaves cordate, serrate, acute, rounded at
the base ; petioles fringed near the base ; branches of the panicle com-
posed of loosely flowered clusters. — S. nodosa var. americana Mich.

HAB. Low grounds. Can. to Car. W. to Miss. June, July.
21. — Stem 3 — 4 feet high, much branched. Leaves opposite.
Flowers greenish-brown, small, in an erect compound terminal
panicle. Capsule globular. Figwort.

2. &. lanceolata Pursh: leaves lanceolate, unequally and incisely
serrate, acute at the base ; petioles naked ; fascicles of the panicle -co-
rymbed.

HAB. Wet meadows. N. S. Aug. l{.—Stem 2—3 feet high.
Flowers greenish-yellow.

5. ANTIRRHINUM. Linn.
Calyx 5-parted. Carol personate, with a deflexed promi-

264 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.

nence or spur at the base. Capsule 2-celled, opening at the
extremity with minute valves. Didynamia. Angiospermia.

1. A. elatine Linn. : procumbent, hairy ; leaves alternate, hastate,
very entire ; peduncles solitary, axillary, very long.

HAB. Sandy fields. N. Y. to Virg. July. ®.— Stem 1—2 feet
long. Flowers small, bluish- white. Introduced. ? .

2. A. linaria Linn. : stem erect ; leaves linear-lanceolate, scattered,
crowded ; spikes terminal ; flowers imbricate ; calyx smooth, shorter
than the spur.

HAB. Road sides. N. S. June— Oct. 21.— Stems 1—2 feet
high. Flowers large, yellow, in long spikes. Introduced. ?

Snap-dragon. Toad Flax.

3. A. canadense Linn. : assurgent, smooth, mostly simple ; leaves
scattered, erect, linear, obtuse j flowers in racemes ; suckers (or sterile
branches) procumbent.

HAB. Low grounds. Can. to Car. June — Aug. 0. — Stem G — 12
inches high, slender. Flowers very small, blue, in a terminal
raceme. Flax Snap-dragon.

6. MIMULUS. Linn.

Calyx prismatic, 5-toothed. Corol ringent ; upper lip re-
flexed at the sides ; palate of the lower lip prominent. Stigma
thick, bifid. Capsule 2-celled, many-seeded. Seeds minute.

Didynamia. Angiospermia.

1. M. r in gens Linn. : erect, smooth ; leaves sessile, lanceolate, acu-
minate, serrate ; peduncles axillary, opposite, longer than the flower ;
teeth of the calyx oblong, acuminate.

HAB. Wet grounds. Can. to Car. W. to Miss. Aug. U-—
Stem 2 feet high, angular. Flowers large, pale purple.

Monkey Flower.

2. M. alatus Linn. : erect, smooth ; leaves petioled, ovate, acuminate,
serrate ; peduncles axillary, opposite, shorter than the flower ; teeth
of the calyx round, mucronate ; stem square, winged.

HAB. Wet meadows. N. Y. to Car. Aug. It.— Stem 2 feet
high, winged. Flowers pale blue. — Abundant in the western
part of New- York.' Distinguished from the former by its larger
and petiolate leaves and winged stem.

7. GRATIOLA. Linn.

Calyx 5-parted, often with 2 bracts at the base. Corol tu-
bular, sub-bilabiate ; upper lip emarginate ; lower 3-lobed.
Stamens 4, 2 sterile. Stigma 2-lobed. Capsule ovate, 2-
celled, 2-valved. Diandria. Monogynia.

1. G. aurea Muhl. : smooth ; leaves linear-oblong, subclisping, ob-
scurely toothed ; segments of the calyx equal ; sterile filaments mi
nute. — G. ojidnaUs Mich. — G. carolinicnsis Pers.

SCROPHULARINEjE. 265

HAB. Sandy swamps, N. Y, to Car. .Aug. 2j..--Stem l*-2
feet long, rooting at base. Flowers bright yellow, on axillary
peduncles. Hedge Hyssop.

2. G. mrginica Linn. : stem pubescent, assurgent, terete ; leaves
smooth, lanceolate, sparingly dentate-serrate, attenuate and connate at
the base ; segments of .the calyx equal.

. HAB. Inundated meadows. Can. to Car. W. to Miss. July,
Aug. If. — Stem 6 inches high, branched at base. "Peduncles
shorter or longer than the leaves ; upper ones opposite. 'Flow-
ers yellowish- white.

3. G. megalocarpa Ell. : leaves lanceolate, serrate, pubescent ; pe-
duncles opposite, longer than the leaves ; segments of the calyx linear,
as long as the globose capsule. — G. acuminata Pursh. (excl. syn.)

HAB. Ditches and pools. Penn. to Car. July — Aug. L£. — Floio-
ers pale-yellow, 'large. Capsule larger than in any other species.

8. LINDERNIA. Linn.

Calyx 5-parted. Corol tubular; ringent ; upper lip short,
emarginate ; lower one trifid, unequal. Filaments 4 ; 2 longer,
forked and sterile. Stigma emarginate. Capsule. 2-celled,
2-valved ; .dissepiment parallel with the valves.

Diandria. Monogynia.

1. L. dilatata Muhl. : leaves dilated at the base, clasping, remotely
toothed ; peduncles longer than the leaves. — L. pyxidaria Pursh. — Gra-
tiola anagalloidea Mich.

HAB. Inundated banks. N. Y. to Car. July, Aug. 0. — Stem
6 inches high, 4-sided-, smooth. Flowers pale purple, on alter-
nate and opposite peduncles. \

2. L. attenuata Muhl. : leaves lanceolate and obovate, narrowed at
the base ; peduncles shorter than the leaves, erect. — L. pyxidaria var.
major Pursh. 9

HAB. Inundated banks. N. Y. to Car. July — Sept. 0. — Stem
, erect or procumbent. Peduncles shorter or nearly as long as the
leaves. -,-".. u

3. L. monticola Muhl. : stem slender, dichotomous ; radical leaves
spathulate ; cauline ones linear, small- and remote ; peduncles very
long, at length deflected.

HAB. White Hills, N. H. June. U-—Stem erect, 4—6 inches
high. Radical leaves obscurely toothed, punctate ; cauline ones
very few. Flowers pale blue.

9. SCHWALBEA. Linn.

Calyx ventricose, tubular, obliquely 4-cleft ; upper seg-
ment shortest; the lower large, emarginate or-bidentate. Co-
rol bilabiate ; upper lip entire, arched ; the lower 3-lobed.
Capsule ovate-roundish, 2-celled, 2-valved ; dissepiment pro-
duced by the inflected margin of the valves, and parallel with

23

266 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.

the longitudinal receptacle. Seeds numerous, imbricated, li-
near and winged. a<v-i Didynamia. Angiospermia.

S. americana Linn.

HAB. Pine barrens. N. J. to Car. Aug., Sept. U.—Stem
12 — 18 inches iiigh,' simple, pubescent. Leaves alternate, lan-
ceolate, entire, somewhat 3-nerved. Flowers in a terminal ra-
ceme, alternate, subsessile, dark purple.

10. CHELONE. Linn.

Calyx 5-parted, with-S bracts. Carol ringent, ventricose.
Sterile filaments shorter than the rest ; anthers woolly. Cap-
sule 2-celled, 2-valved. Seeds membranaceously margined.

Dldynamia. Angiospermia.

C. glabra Linn. : smooth; leaves opposite, oblong, lanceolate, acu-
minate,, serrate ; flowers in dense spikes.

HAB. Wet grounds. Can. to Car. Aug.— Oct. If..— Stem 2
feet high, simple. Floiccrs large, white or reddish, in a com-
pact terminal spike. * . Snake-head.

11. PENTSTEMON. Linn.

Calyx 5-leaved. Corol bilabiate, ventricose. The fifth
sterile filament longer than the rest and bearded on the upper
side. Anthers smooth. Capsule ovate, 2-celled, 2-vnlved.
Seeds numerous, angular. Didynamia. Angiospermia.

1. P. laxigatum Linn. : smooth ; leaves ovate-oblong, clasping at
base, slightly toothed, the lower ones entire ; flowers paniculate ; ste-
rile filament bearded near the top. — Chelone pcntstemon Walt.

HAB. Low grounds. Penn. to Car. June. H. — Stem 1— 2 feet
high. Flowers in terminal panicles.

2. P. pubcscens Linn. : stem, pubescent ; leaves serrulate, lanceolate -
oblong, sessile, clasping ; flowers in panicles ; sterile filament beard-
ed from the top below the middle.

HAB. Hill sides. Can. to Geor. W. to Miss. June. U-—
Stem 18 inches high. Flowers pale purple, in terminal panicles.

12. HERPESTIS. Gaert.

Calyx 5-cleft, unequal, bibractate at base. Corol tubular,
sub-bilabiate. Stajnens included, all fertile. Capsule 2-cell-
ed, 2-valved ; dissepiment parallel to the valves.

, ,.' Didynamia. Angiospermia.

H. cuneifolia Pursh : very smooth. ; leaves cuneate-obovate, obscure-
ly crenate near the summit ; peduncles as long as the leaves ; corol 5-
cleft — Monniera cuneifolia Mich.

HAB. Inundated- banks. Penn. to Car. Aug. It' — Stein pros*

SCROPHULARINE^E. 267

trate, creeping. Leaves opposite, thick, somewhat clasping.
Flowers very small, pale purple, solitary, axillary.

.^ 13. HEMIANTHUS. 'Nutt.

Calyx tubular, cleft on the under side ; border 4-toothed.
Corol with the upper lip obsolete ; the lower 3-parted ; inter-
mediate segment ligularte and truncate, much longer, closely
incurved. Stamens 2; filaments bifid, lateral fork .antherifV
erous. Style bifid. Capsule 1-celled, 2-valved, many-seeded.
*4 ; ijS&v+ix* v Diandria. Monogynia.

H. micranlhemoides Nutt. — Herpestis micrantfui Pursh. (excl. syn.)
HAB. Inundated banks. Del. Aug.* Sept. '@.—Stem creep-
ing, dichotomous. Leaves oppos-ite, crowded, sessile, obscurely
• 3-nerved. Flowers axillary, solitary, minute. '*.->

14. COLLINSIA. Nutt.

. Calyx 5-cleft. Corol bilabiate, orifice closed ; upper lip
bifid; the lower trifid ; intermediate segment carinately sac-
cate .and closed over the declinate style and stamens. Capsule
globose, partly 1-celled and imperfectly 4-valved. Seeds 2 — -3,
umbilicate. Didyn&mia. Angiospermia.

C. verna Nutt. : leaves ovate-oblong, sessile, obtuse, the lower ones
attenuated into a long petiole ; peduncles axillary, long.

HAB. Banks of streams. N.'Y. W. to Miss. July. 0. — Stem
a foot high. 'Leaves opposite. Peduncles axillary, 1 -flowered.
Flowers particoloured. — Very abundant about Utica, N. Y. Gray.

15. LIMOSELLA. Linn. ,.^,v«,

Calyx 5-cleft. Corol shortly campanulate, 5-cleft, equal.
Stamens approximating by pairs.. Capsule 2-valved, sub-bilo-
cular, many seeded. Dydynamia. Angiospermia.

. L. subulata Ives : leaves linear, very narrow, scarcely dilated at the
apex ; scape 1-flowered, as long as the leaves.

HAB. Muddy shores. N. S. Aug. H. — Stem an inch high. Flow-
' ers very small, bluish- white. Mudwort.

16. GERARDIA. Linn.

Calyx half 5-cleft or 5-toothed. Corol subcampanulate,
unequally 5-lobed ; segments mostly rounded. Capsule 2-
celled, opening at the .summit. Didynamia. Angiospermia.

* Flowers purple.

1. G.pvrpurea Linn. : stem angular, much branched"; leaves linear,
long, acute at each end, very scabrous ; flowers nearly sessile ; teeth
of the calyx subulate, shert, acute.

268 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.

HAB. Fields and woods. N". Y; to Car. Aug.— Oct. Q.—Stem
1—2 feet high, slender, much branched. Flowers large, axilla-
ry, purple.

2. G. tenuifolia Linn. : stem much branched, smooth ; leaves linear,
acute at each end, smooth, rough ; peduncles axillary, opposite, long-
er than the flowers ; teeth of the calyx, small, acute. — G. erccta Walt.

HAB. Fields and woods. N. Y. to Car. W. to Miss. July-
Sept. 0. — Stem 6—10 inches high, much branched. FUnrcr*
small, purple.'— Differs from the former in its corol and pedun-
cle.

3. G. maritima Rqf. : stem angular ; leaves linear, fleshy, short,
rather obtuse ; flowers pedunculate ; upper segments of the corol cili-
ate ; calyx truncate, with* minute teeth. — G. purpurea var. crassifolia
Pwsh.

HAB. Salt marshes. N. S. July — Sept. ©. — Stem 6— 12 inches*
• high. Flowers middle-sized, purple, axillary and terminal. —
Easily distinguished by its truncate calyx. -,

3. G. auricvlatfl Mich. : subsimple, scabrous ; leaves ovate, lanceo-
late, auhculate at the base, very entire, sessile ; flowers sessile, axil-
lary.

HAB. Rocky fields. Penn. W, to 111. Aug.. ©>-Stem B— 12
inches high. Ftowers middle-sized.

** FUncers yellow.

5. G. flava Linn» : pubescent; stem mostly simple"; leaves lanceo-
late-, entire or toothed, the lower opes -notched and pinnatlfid ; flowers
axillary, opposite, nearly sessile.

HAB. Rocky woods. N. Y. to Flor. W. to Miss! Aug.— Sept.
"il.-Stcm H — 3 feet high. Flowers large, yellow. False Foxglove.

6. G. glauca Eddy : smooth ; stem panicled ; leaves petioled, pm-
natifid, paler • beneath ; the- upper ones lanceolate; flowers axillary,
opposite, on pedicels. — G. querc\folia Pursh.

HAB. Woods. N. Y. to Car. W. to Miss. Aug., Sept. ZT.
~ Stem 3 — 5 feet high. Flowers large, yellow. — Resembles the
preceding, but has the stem smooth and more branched, the
leaves. petiqjed and pinnatifid, and the flowers on pedicels.

7. G. pedicularia Linn. : stem much branched, villous ; leaves ob-
long, smoothish, pinnatifid ; segments uncinate, serrate ; flowers axil-
lary, opposite, on pedicels ;• segments of the calyx leafy, notched and
toothed.

HAB. Woods. "Can. to Car. July, Aug. If.— Stem 2— 3 feet
hjgh, much branched. Flowers large, villous on the outside.—
Liable to much variation.

Div. IV. RHINANTHEJE.

17. RHINANTHUS.* Lmn.
Calyx inflated, 4-toothed. Corol riqgent ; upper lip com-

SCROPHULARINE.E. 269

pressed ; lower one flat, 3-Iobed. Capsule 2-celled; obtuse,
compressed. Didynamias Jingiospermia.

R. crista gatti Linn. : upper lip of the corol arched ; calyx smooth ;
leaves lanceolate, serrate.

HAB. Meadows. Arc. Amer. 'Can. N. Y. and Mass. June,
July. 0. — Stem a foot high, branching.. Leaves opposite, cor-
date, lanceolate. Flowers axillary, but somewhat spiked, yel-
low. Calyx becoming .very large after flowering. Yellow Rattle,

18. " PEDICULARIS. Linn. ^.r ,

Calyx ventricose, half 5-cleft. Corol with the upper lip
emargirmte and compressed. Capsule 2-celled, mucronate,
oblique. Seeds angular, coated.

Didynamia. Angiospermia.

1. P. pallida Pursh : stem smooth, branched, with pubescent lines ;
leaves subopposite, lanceolate, pinnatifid, toothed and crenate, sca-
brous on the margin ; helmet of the corol truncated at the apex ; calyx
bifid with round segments — and P, lanceolata Mich.

HAB. Low grounds. N. Y. to Virg. W. to Miss. Sept. 2{.
-~Stem 1 — 2 feet high. Flowers large, straw yellow. Capsule
short and broad-ovate.

2. P.jcanadensis Linn. : stem simple ; leaves pinnatifid, notched and
toothed ; spike leafy at the base*, hairy ; helmet of the eorol with 2
setaceous teeth ; calyx obliquely truncate. <•;>-'«;

.HAB. Meadows. Can. to Car. W. to Miss. May — July. If.
— Stem 8 — 10 inches high. Flowers yellow and purple, in a
short terminal spike.. . -„ ** Louse-wort.

3. P. gladiata Mich. : stem simple ; leaves lanceolate, • pinnatifid,
toothed ; spikes leafy, hairy, with the flowers alternate ; capsule ter- .
minating in a long flat Roint.

HAB. Wet meadows. N. Y. to Virg. May, June. It' — Stem
a foot high. • Floicers yellow and purple. ' V 'v'l

19. EUPHRASIA-. Linn, -i

Calyx tubular, 4-cleft. Corol bilabiate; upper lip bifid;
lower one of 3 notched lobes. Anthers with their lobes mu-
cronate at base. Capsule ovate-oblong, 2-celled. Seeds stri-
3te. "> ''^ Didynamia. Angiospermia.

E. offidnalis Linn. : leaves ovate, deeply toothed, furrowed ; flowers
axillary towards the summit ; calyx 4-toothed, hairy ; segments of the
lower lip of the corol emarginate.' • .

Can" 'Mich. Arctic Amer. Rich. July — Sept. 0.—
Flowers white, with purple veins. Eye-bright.

23*

270 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.

. 20. BARTSIA. Linn.

Calyx 4-cleft, mostly coloured. Corol ringent, with a con-
tracted orifice ; upper lip concave, longest, entire; lower
one in 3 equal reflexed lobes. Capsule ovate, compressed,
2-celled, many-seeded. Seeds angukir.

Didynamia. Angiospermia,

B. pallida Mich. : leaves alternate, linear, undivided, 3-nerved ; up-
per ones lanceolate ; floral ones sulcate, toothed at the end ; teeth of
the calyx entire, acute.

HAB. Mountains. N. H. Can. and Labrador. Aug. H. — Stem
; . 12 inches high. Flowers yellow, pubescent ; floral ones purple.
— Sprengel has removed this species to the genus Casteileja of
Mutis.

21. EUCHROMA. Nutt.

Calyx ventricose, 2 — 4-cleft. Corol bilabiate ; upper lip
very long and linear, embracing the style and stamens ; lower
lip short and trifid, without glands. Anthers linear, with un-
equal lobes, all cohering in the form of an oblong disk. Cap-
sule compressed, ovate, oblique, 2-celled, 2-valved. 'Seeds
numerous, small, surrounded by a mcmbranaceous inflated
vesicle, • Didynamia. Angiospcrmia.

E. coccinca Nutt. : leaves and* coloured bracts pinnatifidly 3-cleft :
negments divaricate ; calyx 2-cleft, nearly as long as the corol ; seg-
ments ret use and enmrginate. — Bartsia cotcinea Linn.

.HAB. Wet grounds. Can. to Flor. W. to Miss. May, June.
If.— Stem 8 — 12 inches high. Bracts scarlet. Corol yellew.

Painted -cup.

22. MELAMPYRUM. Linn.

' Calyx 4-cleft. Upper lip. of the corol compressed, margin
folded back ; lower lip grooved, trifid, subequal. Capsule 2-
celled, oblique, opening on one side ; cells 2-seeded. Seeds
cartilaginous, cylindric-oblong. Didynamia. Angiospermia.

M. americanum Mich. : lower leaves lanceolate or linear-lanceolate ;
floral ones lanceolate, toothed at the base ; flowers axillary, distinct.
— M. lineare Lam: and M. latifolium Muhl.

HAB. Woods. Can. to Car. June, July. (&.—Stem 8—12
inches high, branched at the upper part. Flowers yellow. — It
varies considerably in the form of the leaves. Coio Wheat. .

• ORDER XC. LABIATE. Juss. Lind.'

Calyx tubular, regular or bilabiate, persistent. Carol bi-
labiate ; upper lip entire or bifid, the lower 3-cleft ; the upper

LABIATE. 271

in aestivation overlapping the lower. Stamens 4, didynamous,
(2 being sometimes abortive,^ inserted on the corol, alternate
with the lobes, of the lower lip ; anthers 2-celled, sometimes
apparently 1-celled, either by the obliteration of the septum or
by the abortion of a cell. Ovary free, deeply 4-lobed ; ovules
4; style 1, proceeding from the base of the lobes; stigma
bifid, usually acute, sometimes .unequal or dilated. Fruit
I — 4 small nuts, enclosed within the persistent calyx. Seeds
erect, with little or no albumen ; embryo erect; cotyledons.
flat. :'^£\

Herbs or undersJirubs with square stems and • opposite
branches. Reaves opposite, without stipules.

Div. I. MENTHOIDE.E.

1. LYCOPUS. Linn.

Calyx tubular, 5-cleft, mouth naked. Corol tubular, near-
ly equal, 4-lobed ; upper segments - broader and notched.
Stamens 2, distant, simple. Diandria. Monogynia.

1. L. europ&us Linn. : leaves narrow, lanceolate, serrate ; calyx 5-
cleft with the segments acuminate, longer than the seed. — L. america-
nus Muhl.—L. europ&us va,r..angiistifolius Torr.

HAB. Moist places. N. Y. to Car. Aug. I/.— Stem erect,
1—2 feet high, square. Leaves opposite, upper ones slightly,
lower ones deeply toothed. Floicers in dense whorls, white.
Calyx with spines, longer than the seed. Water Horehound',

2. L. virginicus Linn. : leaves broad-lanceolate, serrate, tapering and
entire at the base ; calyx shorter than the seed, spineless.

HAB. Wet places. Can. to Car. W. to Rocky Mountains.
June — Aug. 1[.-*Stem pubescent. Leaves op-posite, sessile,
variously toothed. Flowers in small whorls. Calyx unarmed.'
— Formerly in high reputation as a remedy in haemoptysis.

Bugle Weed.

3. L. uniflorus . Mich. : plant small ; root tuberous ; stem simple ;
leaves oval, obtuse, obsoletely toothed ; axils 1-flowered.

HAB. Perm. Muhl. Augf !£• — Root tuberous ; sudtcrs pro-
cumbent, leafy. Stem about 3 inches high, rather smooth.
Leaves oil petioles, with few teeth. Flowers axillary, solitary.
Mick. — An obscure species, perhaps only a variety of the form-
er.

2. ISANTHUS. Mich.

Calyx subcampanulate. Corol 5-parted ; tube ' straight
and narrow ; segments of the border ovate and equal. Sta-
mens subequal, Stigma linear, recurved.

Didynamia. Gymnospermia.

272 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.

/. cotruleus Mich.

HAB. River banks. N. Y. to Virg. W. to Miss. July, Aug.
©. — Plant viscidly pubescent, a foot high. Leaves oval-lanceo-
• late, acute at both ends, 3-nerved. Flowers jale blue, 1—2 on
axillary peduncles.

3. MEN'THA. Linn.

Carol nearly regular, 5-lobed ; the broadest lobe notched.
Stamens erect, distant. Didynamia. Gymnospermia.

* Flowers in a spike.

1. M. piperita Linn.: spikes .obtuse, interrupted below ; leaves ovate,
subglabrous, petiolate ; calyx very smooth at the base.

HAB. Marshy grounds near Salina, N. Y. ; apparently native.
July. It.— Stem 12—15 inches high, erect, often purplish.
Leaves varying in form from cordate-ovate to ovate-lanceolate.
Flowers purple. . Peppermint.

2. M. viridis Walt. : spikes interrupted ; leaves subsessile, lanceolate-
ovate, smooth ; bracts setaceous, and with the teeth of the calyx some-
what hairy ; stamens not exserted. — M. tennis Mich,

HAB. Wet grounds. N. Y. to Geor. Julyt Aug. It. — Stem
12—18 inches high. Flowers pale purple, in a long spike con-
sisting of remote whorls. Spearmint.

** Flowers whorled.

3. M. canadense Linn. : flowers whorled ; leaves lanceolate,, serrate,
petioled, hairy ; stamens as long as the corol.

HAB. Sandy soils. Can. and N. S. W. to Miss. 'Aug., Sept.
It.— Stem a foot high.« Flowers in axillary whorls, pale purple.

4. M. borcatis Mich. : ascending, pubescent ; leaves petioled, ovate-
lanceolate, acute at both ends ; flowers in whorls ; stamens exsert.

HAB. Moist grounds. Can. and N. S. July, Aug. It-— Stem

I 2 feet high. Flowers white or pale purple. Stamens twice

as long as the corol. — Perhaps not distinct from the preceding.

Div. II. SATUREINE-E.
4. PYCNANTHEMUM, Mich. •

Heads of flowers surrounded by an involucre of jnany bracts.
Calyx tubular, striate, 5-toothed. Corol with the upper lip
nearly entire, the lower one trifid ; middle segment longer.
Stamens distant ; cells of the anthers parallel.

Didynamia. Gymnospermia.

* Stamens exserted.

1. P. incanum Mich. : leaves oblong A>vate, shortly petiolate, acute,
subserrate/hoary-tomentose ; heads of flowers pedunculate, compound,
lateral and terminal ; bracts setaceous. — Clinopodium incanum Linn.

LABIATE. 273 •

•HAS. Low fields. N. Y- to Car. July— Sept. m 1$.— Stem 2— 3
feet high, whitish. Flowers pale red, in dense lateral and termi-
nal heads or whorls. — Whole plant covered with white soft
down. Wild Basil.

2. P.'aristatumMich.: leaves lanceolate-ovate, subserrate, on very
short petioles, whitish ; heads sessile ; bracts awned. — Nepeta virginica
Linn.

HAB. Woods. M4- to Car. W. to Tenn. July, Aug. It. —Stem
I — 2 feet high. Upper leaves hoary. Floicers very small, white, .
in one or two sessile whorls and a terminal head. Bracts and
calyx terminated by long awns.

3. P. linifolium Pursh: stem straight,' much branched, somewhat
scabrous ; leaves linear,' 3-rierved, very entire, smooth ; heads termi-
nal, in a fasciculate corymb.— Brachystemum virginiacm Mich. — B. lini-
folium mild.

HAB. Woods. N. Y. to Car. W. to Miss. July, Aug. It-—
Stem 12 — 18 inches high, with trichotomous fastigiate branches,
Flowers white, minute, spotted internally. Virginian Thyme-

* * Stamens included.

4. P. lanceolatum Pursh: stem straight, branched, somewhat rough ;
leaves linear-lanceolate, subsessile, very entire, veined ; heads termi-
nal, sessile, in fascicled corymbs.— P. mrginicum. — Brachystemum lan-
ceolatum Willd.

HAB. Hills. Penn. to Car. July, Aug. It* — Stem 2 feet high.
Flowers minute, white, in heads which form irregular corymbs.

5. P. muticum Pers. : leaves ovate-lanceolate, subdentate, smoothish;
heads terminal ; bracts lanceolate, somewhat' acute. — Brachystemum
muticum Mich. ^ .

.HAB. Rocky hills. Penn. to Geor. July, Aug. It.— Stem 2
feet high. Leaves large. Flozoers whitish, small, in loosely
flowered heads.

6. P. verticillatum Pers. : leaves ovate-lanceolate, sometimes tooth-
ed : whorls sessile, compact; bracts acuminate.— Brachystemum verti-
cillatum Mich.

• HAB. Mountains. Penn. to Car. July, Aug. It.— Stem 2 feet,
high, very pubescent when young. Flowers small, white.

5. THYMUS. Linn.

Calyx subcaffipanulate, orifice cJosecl with villous hairs.
Carol shortly 2-Jipped ; upper one notched ; the lower one the
largest, submarginate. Didynamia. Gymnospcrmia.

T. serpyllum Linn. : stems branched, decumbent ; leaves flat, ovate,

obtuse, entire, petioled, more or less ciliate at base ; flowers capitate.

HAB. Fields. Penn. ; naturalized. Nutt. July, Aug. II- — Stem

spreading, procumbent, branched. Leaves more or less hairy.

- Flowers purple or white, in heads, on short hairy pedicels.

Wild Thyme. '

274 DICOTYLEDONOUS. PLANTS.

6. ORIGANUM, Linn.

Flowers collected into a 4-sided cone or dense spike. Up-
per lip of the corol erect, flat, emarginate ; lower 3-parted.

Didynamia. Gymnospermia.

0. vulgarc Linn.: spikes roundish, panicled, clustered, smooth;
bracts ovate, longer than the calyx ; leaves ovate, entire. * .,[

HAB. Rocky fields. N. S. July— Sept. U-- Stems 8—12
inches high, hairy. Flowers .purplish, in numerous small spikes,
which are crowded together so as to form a terminal" head.

Marjoram.

7. HYSSOPUS. Linn.

Lower lip of the corol 3-parted ; middle lobe subcrenate.
Stamens straight and distant. Didynamia. Gymnospermia.

1. H. nepetoides Linn. : spike formed of whorls, cylindrical ; leaves
opposite, subcordate, ovate, acuminate, toothed ; stales shorter than
the corpL

HAB. Woods. N. Y. to Virg. W. to Miss. July. Z£.— Stem
3—6 feet high, pubescent. Flowers small, yellowish- white or
pale purple. Calyx smooth, segments linear. Bracts dilated.

. 2. H. scrophularifolius Linn. : spike formed of whorls, cylindrical ;
leaves cordate, ovate, acuminate, obtusely toothed; styles longer than
the corol.

HAB. Wet woods. Penn. to Virg. W. to 111. July, Aug. .If.
— Stem 2 feet high. Flowers plirple. Calyx smooth, segments
subovate. Bracts ovate. — Closely resembles the former, but
most probably distinct.

Div. IH. AJUGOIDEJE.

8. TEUCRIUM. Linn.

.Upper lip of the corol short, 2-parted ; the lower one 3-
lobed, the middle lobe the largest. Stamens projecting through
the cleft in the upper lip. Didynamia. Gymnospermia.

1. T. canadense Linn. : hoary-pubescent ; leaves 'ovate-lanceolate,
serrate, all petiolate ; spike whorled, crowded, long ; bracts longer
than the calyx. ^ l'»

HAB. Low grounds. Can. to Car. W. to Miss. July, Aug. 21.
Stem 12—18 inches high, erect. Flowers purple, in a terminal
whorled spike. Wild Germander.

2. T. virginicum Linn. : pubescent ; leaves ovate-oblong, serrate ;
the upper ones subsessile ; spikes whorled, crowded ; bracts as^long as
the calyx.

HAB. Low grounds. N. Y. to Car. W. to Miss. Aug. H —
Resembles the preceding and is not perhaps specifically distinct.

LABIATE. 275

9. TRICHOSTEMA. Linn.

Calyx resupinale. • Upper lip of the corpl falcate. Stamens
very long and incurved. Didynamia. Gymnospermia.

1. T. dlchotoma-Linu. : leaves rhombic-lanceolate, pubescent; sta-
mens very long.

HAB. Dry hills. N. Y. to Geor. W. to Miss, June— Aug. 0.
Stem 6 — 10 inches high. Floicers blue, in dichotomous panicles.

Blue Curls.

2. T. linearis Walt. : stem viscidly pubescent ; leaves linear-smooth,
sessile, acute at each end ; teeth of the calyx awned ; stamens very
long. — T. dichotoma var. linearis Pursh.

HAB. Sandy fields. N. J. to Car. June— Sept. 0.~Resem-
bles the fortner inhabit, but is smaller. It is considered distinct
by Nuttall and Elliott.

10. COLLINSONIA. Linn.

Calyx bilabiate, 3-toothed above, bifid below. Corol much
longer than- the ealyx, somewhat funnel-form, uneoually 5-
lobed ; lower lobe longer and fimbriate. Stamens 2 — 4.

Diandria. Monogynia.

C. canadensis Linn. : leaves broad-cordate-ovate, glabrous ; teeth
of the calyx s,hort', subulate ; panicle teAninal, compound.

HAB. Woods. Can. to Car. July— Sept. U.-^Stem 2—3 feet
high, smooth, 4-sided. Leaves opposite, large, acuminate, tooth-
ed. Flowers large, yellow. • Horse Weed.
' . :' - "•••. .3 &*&&^s&W**. /'I'- rf

DlV. IV. MONARDE.E.
11 . MONARDA. Linn.

Calyx '5-toothed, cylindric, striate. Corol ringenf, with a
long cylindric tube ; upper lip linear, nearly straight and en-
tire, involving the filaments ; lower lip reflexecr, broader, 3-
lobed, the middle lobe longer. Diandria. Monogynia.

* Calyx with 5 equal teeth. Flowers in heads. MONARDA. Raf.
1. M. didyma Linn.: nearly smooth; stem acute-angled, smooth;
leaves broad-ovate .or oblong, sometimes cordate, acuminate, mucro-
nate, serrate, rugose, on hairy petioles, midrib and veins hairy beneath;
heads of flowers large, often proliferous ; bracts oblgng, acuminate,
nearly entire, coloured ; calyx somewhat pubescent ; corol large, pu-
bescent.— M. purpurea Lam. — M. coccinea Mich. — M- Italmiana Pursk.
HAB. Swamps. Can. to Car. July, . Aug. If. — Stem 2 — 3
feet high, simple or branched at the top. Leaves varying from
lanceolate to broad-ovate, sometimes attenuate at base, some-
times subcordate. Flowers scarlet or crimson, in large heads
which are sometimes proliferous. — This species, like most of

276 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.

the rest, is. very variable. I have specimens from Whitesborough,
^f. Y. , in which the leaves as are much attenuated at base as in
Pursh's figure o£ M. kalmiana ; but this is not a constant cha-
racter, nor do I know of any by which that species can be dis-
tinguished. Ostcego Tea.

.2. M. Jistulosa Linn. : • stem obtuse-angled, nearly smooth, hollow ;

leaves oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, coarsely serrate, thin and nearly

smooth, on slightly pubescent petioles ; heads simple or proliferous ;

outer bracts oblong, smooth ; calyx long, curved, bearded ; corol

•rough, pale.

HAB. Rocky banks. N! Y. to Car. July, Aug. If .—Stem 2
feet high, always simple. Leaves yellowish-green, petioled, 3*- 4
inches long and 1 broad, membranaceous, nearly smooth, coarse-
ly toothed, flowers pale yellow, in heads which are smaller
than in the preceding ; corol pubescent. — When cultivated the
leaves are often smaller, subcordate, ovate, and more hairy than
in the native state. Abundant near Rochester, N. Y.

.3. M. allophyUa Mich.: stem obtuse-angled, branched and hairy
above ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, remotely toothed, smooth above,
somewhat hairy beneath ; heads simple ; outer . bracts ovate, acute,
coloured* calyx short, densely bearded at the throat. — M. longifolia
Lam. — M. mollis Pursh not of Linn. — M. oblongata Ait. Torr.

HAB. Rocky woods. tf. Y. to Car. July. U.—Sicm 3 — 4
feet high, much branched. Leatcs often rounded at base, and
with, a few large teetfi, varying in the degree of pubescence.
Flowers in heads, about the size of the preceding, pale blue. —
The ha"bit is sufficiently characteristic of this species.

4. M. clinopodia Linn. : stem obtuse-angled, smooth ; leaves ovate-
lanceolate, remotely serrate, tapering at base, nearly smooth ; heads
simple ; bracts broad-ovate, acute, entire, nearly smooth ; calyx short,
ciliate ; corol pubescent, slender;— M. glabra Linn. ?

HAB. Woods. Can. to Car. Pursh. July— Sept. 'it.— Stem
3 feet high, obtuse-angled and nearly smooth. Leaves ovate-
lanceolate, tapering at base into a petiole, with a few serratures
near the middle, punctate as in the preceding, whitish beneath,
(closely resembling those of Clinopodium incanum,) though ap-
parently quite smooth. Flowers pale purple. — I -am not sure
that this is the plant described by Pursh under the above name,
but I believe it to be. the Linneean one. ' It it cultivated at Al-
bany, and in many respects much resembles the preceding, with
which it may be hereafter united.

** - Calyx with 5 unequal teeth. Flmcers in whorls. CHEILYCTIS. Raf.

5. M. punctaHa Linn. : nearly smooth ; stem obtuse-angled, branch-
ed, white-downy ; leaves lanceolate-oblong, remotely and obscurely
serrate, smooth ; ffowers whorled ; bracts lanceolate, coloured, longer
than the whorl. — M. lutea Mich.

HAB. Pine barrens. N. J. to Car. W. to Miss. Sept. U and
<J. — Stem 2—3 feet high, branched. Flowers in whorls; calyx
long } corol yellow, dotted with brown. Bracts large, red and

LABIATE. 277

yellow.— It contains an assential oil, which is sometimes em-
ployed medicinally. See Med. Recorder, ii. 294. Raf. Med. Bot.
ii. 38. Horse Mint.

*** Calyx bilabiate; upper lip shorter Udentate; lower tridentate. Flow-
ers in whorls. BLEPHILIA. Raf.

6. M. hirsuta Pursh : whole plant hairy ; leaves on long petioles,
ovate, acuminate serrate, hirsute ; flowers small, in whorls ; bracts
short, oblong, acuminate ; calyx 2-lipped ; upper lip of two short
acuminate teeth ; lower of three almost bristleform awns.— M. ciliata
Mich.

HAB. Low woods. N. Y. to Car. W. to Miss. June, July.
2f. — Stem 2 — 3 feet high, branched. Whorls 4 or 5, on the up-
per part of each branch. Corol small, pale blue, dotted with
purple.

PVw» .-^i;'' •.•-;••' \. •./, -.",••"

12. CUNILA. Linn.

Calyx cylindrical, 10-striate, 5-toothed. Corol ringent,
with the upper lip erect, flat and emarginate. Stamens 2-
sterile ; the 2 fertile ones with the style exseuted nearly twice
the length of the corol. Stigma unequally bifid.

Diandria. Monogynia.

1. C. mariana Linn. : leaves ovate, serrate ; corymb axillary and
terminal, dichotomous. — Ziziphora mariana R. 4* *§>•

HAB. On rocks. N. Y. to Car. W. to Arkansa. July, Aug.
U. — Stem 1—2 feet high, angled, much branched, purple.
Leaves opposite, sessile, nearly cordate. Flowers pale red.

Dittany.

2. C. glabella Mich. : smooth ; stem surculose ; radicle leaves near-
ly oval ; stem leaves oblong-linear, all entire ; flowers axillary, mostly
solitary, on long peduncles. — Hedeoma glabra Pers. — Ziziphora glabella

R. 4. fir.

HAB. Limestone rocks. Niagara Falls. W. to Miss. Aug. II.
— Stem 8 — 10 inches high, branched below. Corol violet, much
longer than the calyx. — Dr. Houghton has found this species at
the Falls of St. Anthony.

Div. V. NEPETEJE.
13. GALEOPSIS. Linn.

Calyx 5-cleft, awned. Upper lip of the corol vaulted,
subcrenate ; lower lip with 3 unequal lobes, having 2 teeth
on its upper side. .. Didynamia. Gymnospermia.

1. G. ladanum Linn. : stem hairy, not swollen below the joints ;
leaves on short petioles, lanceolate, more or less serrate, hairy; flowers
whorled ; upper lip of the corol slightly crenate.

HAB. Waste grounds. N. S. July. ®.—Stem a foot high,
34

278 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.

branched. Flowers variegated with red and white. Calyx hairy.
Smaller than the next. Introduced. Red Hemp Nettle.

2. G. tetrahit Linn. : stem hispid, swollen between the joints ; leaves
ovate, hispid, serrate ; flowers numerous, in whorls ; corol twice as
long as the calyx.

HAB. Waste places. N. S. W. to Mich. July. ©.—Stem
1 — 2 feet high. Flowers rose coloured, with a wliite tube ; lower
lip dotted with purple. Calyx hispid, the teeth pungent. In-
troduced. Hemp Nettle-

14. LEONURUS. Linn.

Calyx 5-angled, 5-toothed. Upper lip of the corol very
hairy above, entire ; lower one reflexed, 3-parted. Anthers
sprinkled with shining dots. Didynamia. Gymnospermia.

L. cardiaca Linn. : leaves petiolate, pubescent, paler beneath ; cau-

line ones lanceolate, 3-lobed ; upper ones entire ; flowers in numerous

whorls ; corol downy on the upper lip ; calyx stiff, becoming spiny.

HAB. Waste grounds. Can. to Car. July, Aug. It- — Stem

2 — 3 feet high, branched, villous. Flowers in crowded whorls.

white with a reddish tinge. Introduced. Mothcncort.

15. LAMIUM. Linn.

Calyx 5-toothed ; the teeth acuminate, spreading. Upper
lip of the corol vaulted, entire ; lower one 2-lobed, toothed
on each side at the base. Anthers hairy.

Didynamia. Gymnospermia.

L. amplexicaide Linn. : floral leaves broadly cordate, sessile, clasp-
ing, crenate or cut ; lower ones petiolate.

HAB. Fields and road sides. N. S. May — Nov. <2>. — Stem
6—8 inches high. Flowers with the tube slender, rose coloured.
Introduced. ? Dead Nettle.

16. DRACOCEPHALUM. Linn.

Calyx subequal, 5-cleft. Orifice of the corol inflated ; up-
per lip concave. Stamens unconnected.

Didynamia. Gymnospermia.

1. D. virginianum Linn. : spikes long, with the flowers crowded ;
bracts small, subulate ; teeth of the calyx short, nearly equal ; leaves
sessile, opposite, linear-lanceolate, acutely serrate.

HAB. Mountain meadows. N. Y. to Car. W. to Michigan.
June. Z£. — Stem 1 — 2 feet high, smooth except at the summit.
Flowers large, bright purple, generally opposite, in terminal
spikes. — Dr. Hough ton has found this species as far west as
Red Cedar River.

2. D. denticulatum Linn. : spikes long, with the flowers distant :

LABIATE. 279

bracts small, subulate ; teeth of the calyx nearly equal ; leaves sessile,
ovate-lanceolate, slightly toothed.— Prasium purpureum Walt.

HAB. Mountains. Penn. to Car. June. 2J. — Stem a foot high,

smooth. Flowers purple, variegated on the lower lip. — Smaller

than the preceding .

17. STACHYS. Linn.

Calyx 5 -cleft, awned. Upper lip of the cowl vaulted ;
lower one3-lobed, with the 2 lateral lobes reflexed. Stamens
when old bent downwards. Didynamia. Gymnospermia.

1. $. hyssopifolia Mich. : scarcely pubescent, slender, erect ; leaves
sessile, linear-lanceolate, remotely subdentate ; whorls about 4-flower-
ed.— S. palustris Walt.

HAB. Meadows. N. Y. to Car. July. 2J..—Stem 6—12 inches
high. Leaves often linear, very finely serrulate. Flowers sessile.
Calyx with the teeth almost spinous. Corol a little hairy, pur-
ple.— This plant has been found a few miles east of this city.

2. S. aspcra Mich. : stem erect, angles hairy backwards ; leaver
subpetiolate, lanceolate, acutely serrate, very smooth ; whorls about
6-flowered ; calyx teeth divaricate, spiny. — S. arcensis Walt.

HAB. Fields. Can. to Car. W. to Miss. July. 24!.— Stem a
foot high, Flowers in whorls, forming a terminal leafy spike,
purple. Hedge Nettle.

3. S. sylvatica Nutt. : leaves shortly petiolate, cordate, ovate, acumi-
nate, serrate, hairy ; floral ones nearly linear ; whorls of 6 flowers ;
calyx hairy, with 5 acute teeth. — 8. hispida Pursh.

HAB. Woods. Can. to Car. W. to Miss. Aug. Zf. — Stem
I — 2 feet high, erect, hairy. Flowers purple ; lower lip of the
corol whitish with dark spots.— Fetid.

18. NEPETA. Linn.

Calyx arid, straight. Upper lip of the corol notched ; low-
er one 3-lobed ; the middle lobe the largest and crenate ; late-
ral ones very short, reflexed. Didynamia. Gymnospermia.

N. cataria Linn. : flowers spiked ; whorls slightly pedunculate ;
leaves petioled, cordate, dentate-serrate, pale underneath, covered with
soft down ; flowers dotted.

HAB. Fields and roads sides. N. S. June— Sept. 14.. — Stem
2—3 feet high, and with the leaves downy and whitish. Flowers
white, with a reddish tinge. Introduced. Cat-mint.

19. GLECHOMA. Linn.

Calyx 5-cleft, subequal. Upper lip of the corol bifid ; the
lower one trifid, with the intermediate lobe emarginate. An-
thers approaching each other in pairs and forming a cross.

Didynamia. Gymnospermia.

280 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.

G. hederacea Linn. : leaves reniform, crenate, hairy, veined.
HAB. Road sides. N. S. W. to Ohio. May, June. 1C.—
a foot high, decumbent. Flowers large, blue, in threes, axillary.

Ground ky.

20. MARRUBIUM. Linn.

Calyx with 10 ribs and 5 or 10 spreading teeth. Upper
lip of the corol bifid, linear, straight ; lower one trifid ; middle
segment the largest, emarginate.

Didynamia. Gymnospermia.

M. vulgare Linn. : stem erect, woolly ; leaves roundish-ovate, tooth-
ed, rugose, very woolly beneath ; whorls villous, many-flowered ; calyx
with 10 setaceous uncinate teeth.

HAB. Road sides. Can. to Car. W. to Miss, July, Aug. If.
—Mem 12—18 inches high. Flowers small, white, in crowded
whorls. Smell aromatic ; flavour bitter. Medicinal.

White Horeliound.

21. BALLOTA. Linn.

Calyx with 10 ribs and 5 teeth. Upper lip of the corol
concave, notched ; lower one trifid ; middle lobe the largest,
emarginate, Didynamia. Gymnospermia,.

B. nigra Linn. : leaves ovate, undivided, serrate ; calyx dilated
above, subtruncate, with spreading teeth.

HAB. Mass. Big. July. U.—Stem 2—3 feet high. Leaves a
little cordate. Flowers purple or white, in axillary whorls.

Black Horcliound.

22. MELISSA. Linn.

Calyx arid, above nearly flat ; upper lip subfastigiate. Up-
per lip of the corol partly vaulted, bifid ; middle lobe of the
lower lip cordate. Didynamia. Gymnospermia.

M. offidnalis Linn. : whorls dimidiate ; bracts oblong, pedicellate ;
leaves ovate-acute, serrate.

HAB. Road sides, &c. N. S. July. If. — Naturalized. Balm.

23. HEDEOMA. Pers.

Calyx bilabiate, gibbous at the base ; upper lip 3-toothed,
lower 2 ; dentures all subulate. Corol ringent. Stamens 2-
sterile ; the 2 fertile ones about the length of the corol.

Diandria. Monogynia.

H. pulegioidts Pers. : leaves oblong, serrate ; peduncles axillary,
many-flowered. — Cunila pulegioides Linn. — Ziziphora pulegioides /?. &
S.

LABIATE. 281

HAB. Dry hills and woods. Can to Car. July, Aug. ^. — Stem
6 — 10 inches high, 4-sided, branched above. Flowers small, pale
purple. Pennyroyal.

24. CLINOPODIUM. Linn.

Involucre of many linear acuminate leafets placed under
the whorls of flowers. Upper lip of the corol erect, emargi-
nate ; lower one the largest, emarginate.

Didynamia. Gymnospermia.

C. vulgare Linn. ; leaves petiolate, ovate, subserrate, hairy ; whorls

hairy, axillary and terminal ; pedicels branched ; bracts setaceous.

HAB. Rocky woods. Can. and N. S. W. to Miss. July, Aug.

24!. — Stem 12 — 18 inches high. Flowers purple or rose coloured,

in crowded whorls ; smell aromatic. Wild Basil.

25. PRUNELLA. Linn.

Upper lip of the calyx with 3 very short teeth. Filaments
forked at the extremity, one point bearing the anther. Stig-
ma bifid. Didynamia. Gymnospermia.

P. vulgaris Linn. : leaves petiolate, oblong-ovate, toothed at base ;
lips of the calyx unequal ; the upper one truncate, 3-awned ; stem as-
cending.

HAB. Meadows, Can. to Car, W, to Miss. June — Aug. 2_(.
— Stem 8 — 12 inches high, hairy. Flowers large, purple, dense*
ly whorled, so as to form an imbricated oblong spike. — P.penn-
sylvanica of Willdeno w is a mere variety. Introduced.

Se]f-heaL.

26. SCUTELLARIA. Linn.

Calyx bilabiate ; upper lip with a lid covering the seeds
like an operculum. Corol bilabiate ; upper lip concave ; low-
er 3-lobed, Didynamia. Gymnospermia 9

* Flowers axillary, solitary.

1. S. galcriculata Linn. : somewhat branched ; leaves cordate-lan-
ceolate, subsessile, crenate ; flowers axillary, solitary or in pairs ; ca-
lyx hairy.

HAB. Near marshes. Can. and N. S. Aug. I[.-^Stem 12—18
inches high. Flowers large, blue, pubescent.

Common Skull-cap.

2. S. gracilis Nutt. : stem mostly simple ; leaves remote, broad-
ovate, toothed, smooth and sessile, scabrous on the margin ; upper
ones smaller, entire ; flowers axillary.

HAB. Shady rocks. Penn. S. to Louisiana. June. 21- — Stem
12 — 18 inches high, slender, erect. Leaves opposite, remote,
sparingly toothed, veined. Flowers pale blue, axillary and op-

24*

282 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.

poiite. — I have specimens collected near New-Orleans by Dr.
T. R. Ingalls.

3. S. ambigua Nutt. : low, subdecumbent and divaricately branched :
leaves sessile, ovate, remotely and rarely serrate, subhirsute above :
flowers small, axillary. — <S. parvula Mich. ?

HAB. Rocky grounds. Can. N. J. Ohio. W. to Miss. July.
2/. — Root long, consisting of a succession of tubers. Stem co-
loured, branched divaricately from near the base, 4—6 inches
high. Leaves small, closely sessile, prominently veined. Flow -
ers small, axillary, blue, hairy. — I have found this plant on the
slate hills near New-Brunswick, N. J. The specimens obtained
from that locality, agree exactly with the Canadian plant re-
ceived from my friend, Dr. A. F. Holmes, of Montreal. It has
also been found by Dr. Houghton on the Upper Mississippi.

** Flowers racemose.

4. fif. later\flora Linn. : much branched, nearly smooth ; leaves on
long petioles, ovate, toothed, those of the stem slightly cordate, mem-
branaceous ; racemes lateral, leafy.

HAB. Wet meadows. Can. to Car. and W. to Miss. July, Aug.
If..— Stem 1—2 feet high, branching. Flowers email, blue, in
long racemes. — At one time in, great repute as a cure for hydro-
phooia. Skull-cap.

5. &'. integrifolia Linn. : stem nearly simple, densely pubescent ;
leaves subsessile, oblong, obtuse, wedge-form at base, obscurely tooth-
ed ; racemes loose, leafy.

HAB. Swamps. N. Y. to Car. W. to Miss. June. H.—Stcm
18—24 inches lu'gh. Flwcen large, blue, opposite, often in
panicles. — A variable species.

6. 8. hyssopifoUa Linn. : minutely and densely pubescent, branched;
leaves lanceolate-linear, very entire.

HAB. Swamps. Penn. Mulil. June. 2^. — Stem a foot high.
Leaves obtuse. Flowers very large. — Perhaps only a variety of
the preceding.

7. &'. pilosa Mich. : nearly simple ; pubescent ; leaves remote, rhom-
bic-ovate, obtuse, attenuated at the base into a petiole, rounded-cre-
nate ; racemes terminal, loose, mostly branched ; bracts lanceolate
entire. — & caroliniana Walt. — & ovalifolia MM. Torr.

HAB. Rocky woods. Penn. to Car. July. U.—Stem 18—20
inches high. Lower leases cordate. Flmcers large, whitish, in
paniculate racemes.

8. 8. canescens Nutt. : branched ; leaves ovate, acute, petiolate,
acutely toothed, under side with the bracts and flowers hoary-villous :
lower leaves subcordate ; racemes pedicelled, subpaniculate, axillary
and terminal ; bracts ovate-lanceolate, longer than the calyx.

HAB. Woods. Penn. W. to Miss. July. If.— Stem 2— 3 feet
high. Leaves large, whitish beneath. Flowers deep blue, in
lateral and terminal racemes.

LABIATE. 283

27. SALVIA. Linn.

Calyx subcampanulate, 2-lipped ; upper lip 3-toothed ;
lower bifid. Corol ringent. Filaments 2, fertile, bifid, one
lobe ascending with a dimidiate anther, the other sterile.

Diandria. Monogynia.

1. & lyrata Linn. .- stem nearly leafless, retrosely pubescent ; radi-
cle leaves lyrate-dentate ; upper lip of the corol very short.

HAB. Woods. Can. to Car. June. 11. — Stem about a foot
high, densely covered with reflected hairs. Leaves mostly radi-
cal, more or less lyrate or pinnatifid, very obtuse. Flowers blue,
about 6 in a whorl.

2. & daytoni Ell. : leaves cordate- ovate, sinuate, toothed, rugose ;
teeth of the upper lip of the calyx connivent. — Salvia verbenacea Muhl.

HAB. Woods. Penn. to Car. June— Oct. U.—Stem erect,
8—12 inches high. Flowers in whorls, violet.

3. S. urticifolia Linn. : viscous and villous ; leaves ovate-oblong,
toothed, base narrowed into a petiole ; calyx 3-cleft, the upper seg-
ment 3-toothed.

HAB. Mountains. N. J. to Car. June. L£. — Leaves ovate, very
pubescent. Flowers blue, viscous, in remote whorls.

ORDER XCL VERBENACEA. Brown. Lind.

Calyx tubular, persistent, inferior. Corol hypogynous, mo-
nopetalous, tubular, deciduous, limb usually irregular. Sta-
mens usually 4, didynamous, seldom equal, sometimes only 2.
Ovary 2 — 4-celled ; ovules erect or pendulous, solitary or
twin ; style 1 ; stigma bifid or undivided. Fruit a drupe or
berry. Seeds erect or pendulous ; albumen none or very thin ;
embryo erect.

Trees, shrubs or herbs. Leaves generally opposite, simple
or compound, without stipules.

1. VERBENA. Linn.

Calyx 5-cleft. Corol funnel-form; limb unequal, 5-cleft.
Stamens 4, dydynamous. Pericarp thin, evanescent. Seeds
4. — Flowers paniculate-spiked. Didynamia* Angiospermia,

* Leaves laciniate.

1. V. hastata Linn. : erect, tall ; leaves lanceolate, acuminate,
sharply serrate ; lower ones lobed or subhastate ; spikes filiform, erect,
panicled, somewhat imbricate ; flowers tetrandrous.

HAB. Low grounds. Can, to Geor. W. to Miss. July, Aug.

284 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.

IS. — Stem 3 — 5 feet high. Leaves rough. Flowers small, pur-
ple, forming numerous spikes. Vervain.

2. V. spuria Linn. : stem decumbent, branched, divaricate ; leaves
laciniate, much divided ; spikes filiform, loose ; bracts longer than the
calyx.

HAB. Sandy fields. Penn. to Car. W. to Miss. Aug.— Oct.
©. — Stem 1 — 2 feet long. Flowers small, blue, in paniculate
spikes, at length scattered.

** Leaves entire.

3. V. urticifolia Linn. : erect, somewhat pubescent ; leaves ovate,
acute, serrate, petiolate ; spikes filiform, axillary and terminal ; flow-
ers distinct, tetrandrous.

HAB. Roadsides. N. Y. to Car. July, Aug. L£.— -Stem 2—3
feet high, somewhat hairy. Flowers small, white, tinged with
purple, in filiform spikes forming panicles.

4. V, angvstifolia Mich. : erect, mostly simple ; leaves linear-lanceo-
late, attenuate at the base, remotely toothed, with elevated veins ;
spikes filiform, solitary, axillary and terminal. — V. rugosa Willd.

HAB. Rocky grounds. N. Y. and Penn. W. to Miss, June—
Aug. If.. — Stem a foot high, hairy. Flowers blue.

2. -ZAPANIA. Link,

Calyx 5-toothed. Carol 5-Iobed. Stamens 4, didynamous.
Stigma peltately capitate, oblique. Seeds 2, at first covered
by an evanescent pericarp. — Flowers in heads.

Didynamia. flngiospcrmia.

1 . Z. nodifiora Lam. : leaves ovate-wedge-form, serrate above ;
spikes solitary, on long filiform peduncles, forming conical heads ; stem
herbaceous, creeping. — Verbena nodiflora Linn. — Lippia nodiflora Mich.

HAB. Low grounds. Penn. to Car. W. to Miss. July. 21. —
Stem 6 — 8 inches long, procumbent. Flowers bluish-white, in
heads which are on peduncles 4 — 6 inches long.

2. Z. lanceolata Pcrs. : leaves linear-lanceolate, acutely serrate ;
spikes solitary, on long peduncles, forming conical heads ; stem her-
baceous, creeping. — Lippia lanceolata Mich.

HAB. Banks of streams. Penn. to Car. July, Aug. 21. — Does
not differ from the former, except in the shape of the leaves ;
and is, perhaps, not a distinct species.

3. PHRYMA. Linn.

Calyx cylindric ; upper lip longer, trifid ; lower 2-toothed.
Corol with the upper lip emarginate, the lower much longer.
Seed one. Didynamia. Angiospermia.

P. leptostachya Linn. : leaves ovate, toothed, petioled ; spikes termi-
nal, slender ; flowers opposite.

ACANTHACE^E. 285

HAB. Shady woods. Can. to Car. July. If.. — Stem%— 3 feet
high. Leaves large. Spikes on long slender peduncles. Flowers
small, opposite, purplish. Calyx reflected downwards when in
fruit. Lopseed.

ORDER XCII. ACANTHACE7E. Juss. Lind.

Calyx 4 or 5-divided, rarely either multifid or entire and
obsolete, persistent. Carol mostly irregular, with the limb
ringent or bilabiate, or occasionally 1-lipped, sometimes near-
ly equal, deciduous. Stamens mostly 2, sometimes with 2 — 3
shorter ones ; anthers 1 — 2-celled, bursting longitudinally.
Ovary seated in the disk, 2-celled ; ovules 2 or many in each
cell ; style 1 ; stigma 2-lobed or entire ; placenta in the axis,
Capsule 2-celled, bursting elasticall'y with 2 valves. Seeds 2
or many in each cell, or by abortion solitary, ascending, usu-
ally subtended by rigid subulate processes from the dissepi-
ment ; albumen none ; embryo curved or straight ; radicle cy-
lindrical, descending, next the hilum ; cotyledons large, folm-
ceous.

Herbs or shrubs. Leaves opposite, without stipules,

1. JUSTICIA. Linn.

Calyx 5-parted, often with 2 bracts at the base. Corol ir-
regular, bilabiate ; upper lip^ emarginate ; the lower 3-cIeft.
Filaments 2, each with a single or double anther. Stigma 1.
Capsule attenuated, 2-celled, 2-valved ; dissepiment growing
from the centre of each valve. Diandria. Monogynia.

J. pedunculosa Mich. : spikes axillary ; peduncles elongated, alter-
nate ; flowers crowded ; leaves lanceolate. — /. americana Valil. — J. li-
nearifolia Lam. — Dianthera americana Linn.

HAB. In water. Can. to Car. W. to Miss. July, Aug. If.—
Root creeping. Stem 2 feet high. Leaves nearly 6 inches long,
narrow-lanceolate. Flowers on axillary peduncles which are
nearly as long as the leaves, pale purple.

2. RUELLIA. Linn.

Calyx 5-parted, often bibracteate. Corol subcampanulate,
border 5-lobed. Stamens approximating by pairs. Capsule
attenuated at either extremity, bursting with elastic teeth.
Seeds few. Didynamia. Angiospermia.

R. strepens Linn. : erect, hairy ; leaves on petioles, opposite, lance-
olate-ovate, entire ; peduncles 1 — 3-flowered ; segments of the calyx
linear-lanceolate, very acute, hispid, shorter than the tube of the corol.

286 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.

HAB. Shady woods. Penn. to Geor. W. to Miss. July. U>
— Stem 8 — 12 inches high. Flowers axillary, blue.

ORDER XCIII. LENTIBULARI^S. Rich. Lind.

Calyx divided, persistent. Corol irregular, bilabiate, with
a spur. Stamens 2, included within the corol and inserted
into its base ; anthers 1-celled, sometimes contracted in the
middle. Ovary 1-celled ; style I ; stigma bilamellate. Cap-
side 1-celled, many-seeded, with a large central placenta.
Seeds minute ; albumen none ; embryo sometimes undivided.

Herbs, growing in water or marshes. Leaves radical, un-
divided ; or compound, resembling roots and bearing little
vescicles.

1. PINGUICULA. Linn.

Calyx 4 — 5-cleft. Corol ringent, spurred at the base be-
neath. Stamens 2, very short. Stigma 2-lipped.

Diandria. Monogynia.

P. vulgaris Linn. : spur cylindrical, acute, as long as the reinless
petal ; upper lip 2-lobed ; lower one in three unequal obtuse segments.
—P. elatior Mch. f

HAB. Wet rocks. Rochester, N. Y. N. to' Arc. Amer. April.
If. — Ledves all radical, spatulate- ovate, fleshy. Scape 4 — C
inches high. Flowers solitary, nodding ; tube of the corol, vil-
lose, purple. — Specimens of this plant, from the vicinity of Ro-
chester, N. Y., appear to me to differ in no respect from the fo-
reign one. Buttencort.

2. UTRICULARIA. Linn.

Calyx 2-parted ; lips undivided, nearly equal. Corol per-
sonate, with the lower lip spurred at the base. Stamens 2,
with the filaments incurved bearing the anthers within the apex.
Stigma 2-lipped. Capsule 1-celled.

Diandria. Monogynia.

OBS. The North American species of this genus have been atten-
tively studied by Capt. Le Conte, whose valuable observations are pub-
lished in the first volume of the Annals of the New- York Lyceum.

1. U. ceratophytta Mich. : floating ; scape many-flowered ; radicle
leaves whorled, inflated, pinnatifid at the extremities ; lower lip of the
corol deeply 3-lobed; spur short, obtuse, deeply emarginate. — U. infata
Walt.

HAB. Ponds. N. Y. to Mexico. July, Aug. U.—Root very
long, branching, with capillary radicles furnished with numer:

LENTIBULARIE^:. 287

ous compressed air vessels. Stem 8 inches high. Flowers large,
yellow, subcorymbed. Bladdcrwort.

2. U. vulgaris Linn. : floating ; stems submerged, dichotomous ;
leaves many-parted, margins bristly ; scape 5 — 9-flowered ; upper lip
of the corol entire, broad-ovate; spur conical, incurved.— U. macro-
rhiza Le Conte.

HAB. Pools and ponds of deep water. Can. to Car. Aug. If.
— Root much branched. Scape 8 — 10 inches high. Flowers
large, racemed, yellow ; spur entire at the apex and rather ob-
tuse.

3. U.fornicata Le Conte: floating ; scape 1 — 2-flowered ; upper lip
3-lobed, the middle lobe arched over the palate ; spur incurved, conoi-
dal, obtuse, very entire, appressed ta the lower lip of the corol — U. mi-
nor Pursh. Torr.— U. gibba Ell.

HAB. Swamps and ditches. N. Y. to Geor. Aug. 21. — Root
furnished with air vessels. Scape naked. Flowers few, small,
yellow. — According to Capt. Le Conte, it bears no resemblance
to U. minor of Europe, except in the smallness of its flowers.

4. U. setacea Mich. : scape filiform, rooting, with 2 or more flowers;
upper lip of the corol ovate ; the lower deeply 3-lobed ; spur subulate,
as long as the lower lip of the corol. — U. subulata Pursh. — U. pumila
Walt.

HAB. Swamps. N. Y. to Flor. June. 1£. — Scape very slender,
4 — 6 inches high, furnished with scales. Floicers many, small,
yellow. Upper lip of the corol half the size of the lower.

5. U. gibba Gron. : floating ; scape mostly 2-flowered ; spur short-
er than the lower lip of the corol, obtuse, gibbous in the middle.

HAB. Ponds. N. S. July. If..— Scape 2—3 inches high, (4—7-
flowered. Le Conte.) Flowers small, yellow. Spur swelling
out in the middle.

6. U. cornuta Mich. :' scape rooting, erect, rigid ; flowers 2 — :3, sub-
sessile ; lower lip of the corol very wide, 3-lobed ; spur very acute,
porrected.

HAB. Wet rocks. Can. and N. S. On Lake Superior. Dr.
Houghton. Aug. U.. — Scape 10 inches high, with minute
bracts. Flowers yellow, approximate, nearly sessile, as large as
those of U. vulgaris.

7. U. striata Le Conte : floating ; scape 2 — 6 flowered ; upper lip of
the corol ovate-round, subemarginate, margin waved; lower lip 3-lobed,
reflected at the sides ; spur straight, obtuse, shorter than the lower lip.
— U.fibrosa Ell. not of Walt.

HAB. Swamps. N. Y. to Flor. June. It. — Root furnished
with air vessels. Scape a foot high. Corol large, yellow, stri-
ated with red ; spur much shorter than the lower lip.

8. U. personata Le Conte: scape rooting, many-flowered; upper lip
of the corol emarginate, reclinate ; lower small, entire ; palate very
large ; spur linear subulate, somewhat acute.

288 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.

HAB. Bogs. N. Eng. to Flor. Le Conte. ©.— Scape 12—18
inches high, 4— 10-flowered, furnished with scales. Flower*
yellow, rather large. Spur more slender and acute than in U.
cornuta. — Resembles an Antirrhinum.

9. U. purpurea Walt. : scapes axillary, generally 1-flowered ; involu-
cre none ; lower lip of the corol 3-lobed ; lateral lobes cucullate on
the underside ; spur compressed, half as long as the corol. — U. sac-
cate, Ell.

HAB. Ponds on mountains. Mass, to Flor. N. W. Territory.
Hougkton. Scapes solitary and in pairs, 2—3 inches long.
Flowers purple.

ORDER XCIV. PRIMULACEjE. Juss. Lind.

Calyx 5- rarely 4-cleft, inferior, regular, persistent. Corol
monopetalous, hypogynous, regular ; the limb 5- rarely 4-
cleft. Stamens inserted upon the corol, equal in number, and
opposite to its segments. Ovary 1-celled ; style 1 ; stigmas
capitate. Capsule opening with valves ; placenta; central,
distinct. Seeds numerous, peltate ; embryo straight, cylindri-
cal, included within fleshy albumen, and lying across the
hilurn.

Herbs, with the leaves usually opposite and either whorled
or scattered.

1. PRIMULA. Linn.

Calyx tubular, 5-toothed. Corol salver-form ; tube cylin-
drical ; orifice naked. Stamens -5, not exserted. Stigma
globose. Capsule opening with 10 teeth. — Flowers in an in-
volucrate umbel. Pcntandria. Monogynia.

P.farinosa var. americana Torr. : leaves obovate-spatulate, repand-
ly crenate-dentate, pulverulent beneath; umbel many- flowered ; pe-
duncles spreading ; border of the corol flat, as long as the tube, with
obtuse obcordate segments. — P. pusilta Goldie.

HAB. Shores of Lake Huron and Superior. 2/. — Scape 6 — 10
inches high. Leaves all radical. Flowers pale purple.

Bird's-eye Primrose.

2. DODECANTHEON. Linn.

Calyx 5-cleft. Corol rotate, reflexed, 5-cleft. Stamens 5,
seated in the tube. Stigma obtuse. Capsule 1-celled, ob-
long, opening at the apex. Pentandria. Monogynia.

1. D. mcadia Linn. : scape erect, simple, smooth ; leaves oblong-
oval, repandly toothed ; umbel many-flowered ; flowers nodding ;
bracts numerous, oval.

PRIMULACE.E. 289

HAB. Rocky places. Penn. to Virg. W. to Miss. May, June.
H. — Scape 8—12 inches high. Flowers large, purple.

2. D. integrifolium Mich. : leaves oblong-oval, subspatulats ; umbel
few-flowered, straight ; bracts linear.

HAB. Mountains. Penn. ? N. to Subarc. Amer. June. If. —
Flowers pale blue, smaller than in the preceding. Pursh.

3. TRIENTALIS. Linn.

Calyx 7-pdrted. Carol rotate, in 7 segments, regular and
flat. Stamens 5 — S. Berry dry, opening at the suture.
Seeds many. Heptandria. Monogynia.

T. americana Pursh : leaves narrow-lanceolate, serrulate, acuminate ;
petals acuminate. — T. europaa Mich. — T. europcea var. angustifolia Nutt,
Torr.

HAB. Low woods. N. S. N. to Subarc. Amer. May, June.
If. — Stern 6 inches high. Leaves 6 or 7 in a terminal whorl.
Floicers white, on terminal filiform peduncles.

4. HOTTONIA. Linn.

Calyx 5-parted. Corel salver-form, 5-lobed. Stamens
seated on the tube of the corol. Stigma globular. Capsule
1-celled, globose, acuminate. Pentandria. Monogynia.

H. inflata Linn. : stem thick, generally submersed ; scape jointed,
with the internodes and lower part inflated ; flowers verticillate, most-
ly in fours, pedunculate. — H. palustris Pursh.

HAB. Stagnant waters. N. Y. to Geor. ; rare. July. If. —
Stem thick, spongy, generally submersed. Leaves long and
pectinate. Flowers whorled, on peduncles, white. — Abundant
near North Salefm, Westchester co., N. Y. Dr. S. B. Mead.

Water Feather.

5. GLAUX. Linn.

Calyx campanulate, 5-lobed, coloured. Corol none. Sta-
mens 5. Capsule globose, 5-valved, 5-seeded, surrounded by
the calyx. Receptacle rounded, marked with favulose punc-
tures. Pentandria. Monogynia.

G maritima Linn.

HAB. Marshes on the sea coast. Can. and N. S. ; rare. July.
21. — Stem suberect or procumbent, 4 — 5 inches high, very leafy.
Leaves opposite, ovate or roundish, smooth, entire, fleshy.
Flowers minute, sessile, solitary, axillary, reddish-white. — For
specimens of this plant from the vicinity of Boston, I am in-
debted to my friend Dr. Charles Pickering of Philadelphia.

Slack Salt-ioort.

25

290 DICOTYLED01VOUS PLANTS.

6. LYSIMACHIA. Linn.

Calyx 5-parted. Carol 5-cleft, rotate. Stamens 5. Stig"
ma 1. Capsule globose, 10-valved.

Pentandria. Monogynia.

1. L. stricta Ait. : stem erect, smooth ; leaves opposite, lanceolate,
sessile, punctate ; raceme terminal, very long, lax ; pedicels long,
slender. — L. raccmosa Mich. Pursh.

HAB. Low grounds. Can. to Vir. July, Aug. 'If..— Stem

inches high. Leaves few, with bulbs in the axils. FUncers yel-
low, on capillary pedicels, arranged in a terminal raceme 6—8
inches long. . Upright Loosestrife.

2. L. quadrifolia Lain. : stem simple, a little hairy ; leaves in whorls
of four or fives, ovate-lanceolate, nearly sessile, acuminate ; peduncle*
in fours, axillar}', 1-flowered ; segments of the corol oval, entire. — L.
hirsutaMich. — L. punctata Wall.

HAB. Low grounds. Can. to Car. June, July. 11. — Stem
12 — 18 inches high. Leaves varying from 3- — 8 in a whorl,
though generally four, flowers yellow.

3. L. longifolia Pursh : very smooth and branched ; leaves opposite,
sessile, linear, very long ; upper ones in fours ; peduncles in fours, 1-
flowered ; segments of the corol ovate, acuminate, serrulate. — L. quad-
rifolia Sims.

HAB. Wet woods. Penn. to Vir. Pursh. June. 2j..—Stcm
2—3 feet high. Leaves narrow, not dotted ; floral ones whorled.
Flowers mostly at the extremity of the branches, at length nod-
ding. — It seems to be distinct from the preceding, although not
so considered by Muhlenberg.

4. L. ciliata Linn. : stem nearly smooth ; leaves opposite, on long
petioles, subcordate-ovate, acuminate; petioles ciliate ; peduncles
mostly in pairs, 1-flowered ; flowers drooping ; segments of the corol
rounded, acuminate, crenate.

HAB. Banks of streams. Can. to Car. July. If. — Stem 2 — 3
feet high. Flowers large, yellow, the corol deeply 5-clefl.

5. L. hybrida Mich. : stem smooth ; leaves petiole*d, opposite, lance-
olate, acute at each end ; petioles ciliate ; flowers nodding ; peduncles
axillary ; corol shorter than the calyx ; divisions crenulate. — JL lietcro-
phylla Nutt.

HAB. Moist grounds. N. Y. to Car. July. If.— Resemble*
the preceding species in every respect except in the form of the
leaves which are narrow and lanceolate, and never cordate at
base.

6. L. capitata Pursh : stem smooth, simple, punctate ; leaves oppo-
site, sessile, broad-lanceolate, punctate ; peduncles axillary, elongated:
flowers in dense roundish heads, 6— 7-parted. — L. thyrstfolia Mich, f

HAB. Swamps. N. S. N. to Arc. Amer. June. U-—Stem a
foot high. Flowers yellow, in roundish or ovate heads which
are on axillary peduncles.

PLUMBAGINE^E. 291

7. L. revoluta Nutt. : stem square, smooth, branched ; leaves oppo-
site, sessile, long linear, margin revolute j peduncles 1- flowered, sub-
terminal, nodding.

HAB. Rocks. N. Y. to Del. Aug. U'—Stem 12—18 inches
high. Flowers yellow, mostly on the summit of the stem, on
slender peduncles. — This species is abundant on the shores of
the great lakes, and Dr. Houghton informs me that he has found
it on the banks of the St. Croix river, in the North Western
Territory.

7. ANAGALLIS. Linn.

Calyx 5-parted. Corol rotate, 5-lobed. Stamens 5 ; fila-
ments hairy. Capsule, globular, opening hemispherically,
many-seeded. Pentandria. Monogynia.

A. arvensi.s Linn. : stem procumbent, . branched j leaves opposite,
ovate, sessile, dotted beneath, very entire ; margin of the corol broad-
ly and very obtSsely crenate, pilose-glandular.

HAB. Fields, &c. N. Y. to Car. July. ®.— Stem 4— 6 inches
high. Floioers scarlet, in solitary axillary peduncles.

Scarlet Pimpernel.

8. SAMOLUS. Linn.

Calyx 5-cleft, semisuperior, persistent. Corol salver-form,
5-lobed. Stamens 5, antheriferous, opposite the segments of
the corol, and 5 (scales) alternate with them, sterile. Cap-
sule half inferior, 1-celled, 5-toothed, many-seeded ; recepta-
cle unconnected. . Pentandria. Monogynia.

8. valerandi Linn. : stem erect ; leaves obtuse ; racemes many-flow-
ered ; pedicels with small bracts.

HAB. Wet grounds. Can. to Car. July— Sept. 24!. — Stem.8— 12
inches high, smooth. Leaves ovate, subpetiolate, entire and
somewhat fleshy. Floicers small, white. Water Pimpernel.

ORDER XCV. PLUMBAGINE^. Juss. Lind.

Calyx tubular, plaited, persistent. Corol monopetalous or
of 5 petals, regular. Stamens 5, hypogynous when the petals
are combined, inserted into the base of the petals when dis-
tinct. Ovary free, 1-celled ; ovule pendulous, from the end
of an umbilical cord, arising from the bottom of the cell ; styles
5, seldom 3 — 4, each bearing a subulate stigma. Fruit a utri-
cle. Seed pendulous ; embryo straight ; radicle superior.

Herbs or under shrubs. Leaves alternate or clustered, un-
divided, somewhat sheathing at base.

292

DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.

1. STATICE. Linn.

Calyx funnel-form, plaited, scarious. Petals 5. Stamen*
5, inserted on the petals. Styles 5. Pericarp indehiscent.
—Flowers in spikes or heads.

Pentandria. Pentagynia.

1. S. limonium Linn. : scape paniculate, terete ; leaves all radical,
oblong, undulate, smooth and nerveless, raucronate below the tip.— fir.
caroliniana Walt.

HAH. Salt marshes. N. T. to Car. Aug.— Oct. U.—Root
large, lignous. Scape longer than the leaves, with several lan-
ceolate bracts. Flowers sessile", secund, in a very large and
much branched panicle, blue — A valuable astringent. J3i". JW.
Bot> «• 51. Marsh Rosemary.

2. S. armerw. Linn. : leaves all radical, linear, flat, smooth ; scape
simple, terete, bearing a round head of flowers.

HAB. Rocks near the sea shore. Penn. to Vir. : /'?//>//. N. la
Arc. Amer. July, Aug. U.—Root large, ligneous. Scope a foot
high. Heads ofjtmcers rose coloured, intermixed with scales and
having also a 3-leaved general involucre. Thrift.

OJIDER XCVI. PLANTAGINE^E. Jus*. Lind.

Flowers usually monoclinous,%etdom diclinous. Calyx 4-
parted, persistent. Carol monopetalous, persistent, with a 4-
parted limb. Stamens 4, inserted into the corol, alternate
with its segments ; filaments long, filiform, doubled inwards
in aestivation; anthers versatile,* 2-celled. Ovary sossili*,
without a disk, 2- very seldom 4-celled ; ovules solitary, in
pairs or indefinite ; style simple, capillary ; stigma hispid,
simple or rarely bifid. Capsule membranous, opening trans-
versely.' Seeds sessile, peltate or erect ; embryo in the axiu
of fleshy albumen ; radicle inferior.

Herbs usually stemless. Leaves flat and ribbed, or taper
and fleshy.

1. PL ANT AGO. Linn.

Flowers perfect. Calyx 4-cleft. Corol 4-cleft ; border re-
flected. Stamens 4, mostly exserted, very long. Caj)su!L
2— 4-celled, opening transversely.

Tetrandria. Monogynia.

* Leaves broad.

1. P. cordaia Lam. : leaves on long petioles, ovate, cordate, very
broad, subdentate, smooth ; spike very long ; flowers subimbricated ;

PLANTAGINE^E. 293

the lower ones scattered ; bracts ovate, obtuse ; cells of the capsule

2-seeded. — P. kentuckiensis Mich.

HAB. Banks of streams. Can. N. Y. and Penn. W. to Tenn.
June — July. I(. — Scape 12 — 18 inches high. Leaves 6 inches
long, smooth, generally cordate at base. Flowers in a slender
elongated spike. — Sprengel considers the P. asiatica of Europe,
and P. glabra of Nuttall, synonymous with it. .

2. P. major Linn. : leaves ovate, smoothish, subdentate, on longish
petioles ; scape terete ; spike cylindrical, very long ; flowers closely
imbricated ; cells of the capsule many seeded.

HAB. Fields, &c. Throughout Can. and the U. S. June— Aug.
24. — Leaves spreading on the ground, coarsely toothed. Scape
8 — 12 inches high, pubescent. Spike 2—6 inches long, close.
Introduced. Common Plantain.

3. P. media Linn. : leaves ovate, pubescent, on very short petioles ;
spike short, cylindrical; scape rounded ; cells of the capsule 1-seeded.

HAB. Fields. N. Y. and Penn. July, Z£.— Leaves 2 inches
long. Scape longer than the leaves. Flowers in a closely im-
bricated spike, which is seldom more than 2 inches long.

4. P. virginica Linn. : hairy-pubescent ; leaves lanceolate-ovate,
sparingly toothed, 3-nerved, tapering at base ; spike cylindrical, with
remote flowers ; scape angular.

HAB. Sandy soils. Throughout the U. S. June. $. — Scape
hairy, almost hispid, longer than the leaves. Spikes 1 — 4 inch-
es long, with the flowers at first crowded, but at length distant.
Corol yellowish.

5. P. lanceolata Linn. : leaves lanceolate, tapering at each end, 3 — 5-
nerved, remotely toothed ; spike short, ovate-cylindrical, compact ;
scape angled ; capsule 2-seeded.

HAB. Pastures. Can. to Car. May— Sept. If. — Scape 6 — 12
inches high, a little hairy. Flowers in a very dense spike. Bracts
ovate, brownish, as long as the calyx. Introduced.

6. P. cucullata Lam. : Kives ovate-cucullate, subdenticulate, 9-nerv-
ed,, pubescent beneath ; spike cylindrical, imbricated ; scape terete. —
P. maxima Jacq. Torr.

HAB. Moist rocky situations. Can. and Maine. Pursh. July,

Aug. 24.

** Leaves linear.

. 7. P. maritima Linn. : leaves linear, grooved, fleshy, hairy near the
base, mostly entire, often remotely toothed ; scape round, terete; spike
cylindrical, dense. — P. pauciflora Pursh.

HAB. Salt marshes. N. S. Aug., Sept. 2^.— Scape 6—10 inches
high. Leaves fleshy. Spike cylindrical, short.

8. P. jjusilla Nutt. : minutely pubescent ; leaves linear-subulate, flat,
entire, acute ; scape terete, slender, longer than the leaves ; spike cy-
lindrical, loose ; lower flowers distant ; bracts ovate, acute, as long as
the calyx.— P. hibrida Bart. ?—P. linearifolia, Muhl. ?

25*

294 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.

HAB. Sandy bills. Penn. to Flor. W. to Miss. June. <£>.—
Scape 2 — 3 inches high. Flowers in an interrupted spike.

SUBCLASS IV. MONOCHLAMYDE^B.

Flowers with a simple perianth or perigonium. (Apeta-
lous.)

ORDER XCVII. AMARANTHACEjE. Just. Lind.

Perianth 3 — 5-parted, hypogynous, scarious, persistent.
Stamens hypogynous, either 5, or some multiple of that num-
ber, distinct or monadelphous ; anthers I — 2-celled. Ovary
single, superior, 1 or few-seeded ; style 1 or none ; stigma
simple or compound. Fruit a membranaceous utricle. Seeds
lentiform, pendulous ; testa crustaceous ; albumen central,
farinaceous ; embryo curved round the circumference ; radi-
cle next the hilum ; plumula inconspicuous.

Herbs or shrubs. Leaves simple opposite or alternate.
Flowers in heads or spikes, occasionally diclinous, generally
monoclinoue.

1 . AMARANTHUS. Linn.

Monoecious. Perianth 2 — 5-leaved. STERILE FL. Sta-
mens 3 — 5. FERTILE FL. Styles 3. Capsule 1 -eel led,
opening transversely all round. Seed J .

Monoecia. Pentandria.

1. A. tividus Linn. .- atem erect ; leaves elliptic, retuse ; flower*
clustered, triandrous, in rounded spikes.

HAB. Cultivated grounds. N. S. Torr. June — Aug. Q. —
Stem 2 — 3 feet high, smooth.

2. A. hybridus Linn. : leaves ovate-lanceolate ; flowers pentandrous :
perianth subulate ; racemes decompound, erect, crowded.

HAB. Near gardens, &c. N. Y. to Car. June— Sept. ©.—
Stem 2—3 feet high. Introduced. ?

3. A. blitum Linn. : stem diffuse ; leaves ovate, retuse ; flowers trt-
androus, three-leaved ; racemes somewhat spiked.

HAB. In and about gardens. N. S. June— Sept. ©.—Intro-
duced.

4. A. spinosits Linn. : axils] spiny ; racemes terminal, compound .
flowers pentandrous.

HAB. Road sides. June — Sept. ©.— Stem diffuse, generally
coloured. Introduced.

CHENOPODE^E. 295

5. A. retroflexus Linn. : branches pubescent ; leaves ovate, undulate;
racemes erect, much compounded ; flowers pentandrous.

HAB. Among rubbish, &c. Penn..to Virg. Aug. ®. Pursh.

6, A. pumilus Nutt. : stem diffuse, smooth ; leaves ovate, obtuse,
smooth and fleshy, often retuse ; flowers pentandrous, in axillary clus-
ters.

HAB. Sandy beach. N. Y. Aug. &.—Stem a foot high, some-
what decumbent. Flowers green.

ORDER XCVI1I. CHENOPODELE. De Cand. Lind.

Perianth deeply divided, sometimes tubular at the base,
persistent. Stamens inserted into the base of the caljx, op-
posite its segments and equal to them in number or fewer.
Ovary single, superior, or occasionally adhering to the tube
of the calyx. Style £ — 4-divided, rarely simple; stigmas
simple. Fruit membranous, not valvular, sometimes berried.
Seed erect; embryo curved round farinaceous albumen, or
spiral, or doubled together without albumen 5 radicle next the
hilum ; plwnula inconspicuous.

Herbs or under shrubs. Leaves alternate, without stipules,
occasionally opposite. Flowers small, sometimes polyga^
mous.

1, CHENOPODIUM. Linn.

Flowers perfect. Perianth 5-cleft, closing upon but not
wholly enveloping the fruit. Stamens 5. Styles 2.

Pentandria. Digynia.

* Leaves ovate or rhomboid, often toothed or lobed.

1. C. bonus henricus Linn. : leaves triangular, sagittate, very entire;
spikes compound, peduncled, crowded, terminal and axillary, erect,
leafless.

HAB. N. Y. Mufil. June. 2£.—Stcm a foot high, striate.
Leaves large, dark green. Flowers green. Good King Henry.

2. C. rhombifolium Muhl. : leaves triangular-rhombic, acute, repand-
ly toothed ; upper ones lanceolate, toothed, cuneate at base ; racemes
axillary, erect, leafless.

HAB. Penn. Muhl. June. 0. — Flowers in short simple racemes.

3. C. rubrum Linn. : leaves rhomboid-triangular, deeply toothed and
sinuate ; racemes erect, compound, leafy.

HAB. Waste places. N. S. Aug. ®.-~Stem 2 feet high, red-
dish. Racemes very compound^ intermixed with small leave**
Introduced.

296 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.

4. C. hybridum Linn. : leaves cordate, angularly toothed, acuminate;
racemes much branched in a somewhat cymose manner, divaricate,
leafless.

HAB. Waste places. N. S. July, Aug. ®.—Slem 2—3 'feet
high, slender, with large and bright green leaves, flowers iu
compound clusters, remote from the leaves. Introduced.

5. C. album Linn. : leaves ovate, inclining to rhomboid, jagged, en-
tire at the base ; upper ones perfectly entire ; racemes branched, some-
what leafy ; seed very smooth.

b. viride Pursh : leaves greener and more entire ; racemes more
branched, a little leafy. — C. viride Linn.

HAB. Waste grounds. N. S. July, Aug. ®.—Stcm 2 feet high.
Leaves covered with a mealy substance. Racemes somewhat
branched, conglomerate. Lamb's-yuarters.

6. C. ambrosioides Linn. : leaves lanceolate, remotely toothed ; ra-
cemes simple, axillary, leafy.

HAB. Road sides. N. S. Aug., Sept. ©.—Stem 18 inches
high, much branched, somewhat pubescent. Leaves on short
petioles. Flowers green, in erect spikes. Sweet Pigweed.

7. C. botrys Linn. : leaves oblong, pinnaliful-sinuate ; racemes naked,
many-cleft, very large ; flowers distinct, on short pedicels.

HAB. Waste places. N. S. July— Sept. ©. — Stem short, branch-
ing, somewhat viscid. Flowers in numerous short axillary ra-
cemes covering the ends of the branches. — Whole plant has a
strong smell. Jerusalem Oak.

8. C. anthelminticum Linn. : leaves oblong-lanceolate, nearly sessile,
coarsely toothed ; spikes long, interrupted, leafless, axillary and termi-
nal ; style 3-cleft.

HAB. Fields. N. S. Aug. 1C.— Stem 1 1-2-2 feet high, much
branched. Racemes long and slender, axillary and terminal.

. Worm-seed.

9. C. glaucum Linn. : leaves oblong, rcpand, smooth, glaucous be-
neath ; spikes simple, naked, glomerate, terminal and axillary,.

HAB. In N. Y. Muhl. ©.—Stem diffuse, thick. Racemes short,
leafless.

** Leaves linear, fleshy.

10. C. maritimum Linn. : leaves linear, subulate, fleshy, semi-cylin-
drical ; flowers in sessile axillary clusters ; stamens shorter than the
petals. — Salsola salsa Mich. Pursh. — S. linearis EU.

HAB. Salt meadows. Can. to Car. Aug., Sept. 0. — Stem
1 1-2 — 2 feet high, branched, very leafy. Flowers in small axil-
lary glomerules.

2. ATRIPLEX. Linn.
Flowers polygamous. • Perianth single, 5-parted. Sta-

CHENOPODE^E. 297

mens 5. Style 2-parted. Fruit depressed, covered by the
calyx. FEMALE FL. Perianth 2-parted. Stamens none.

Pentandria. Digynia.

1. A. halimus Linn. : stem frutescent ; leaves alternate or opposite,
oblong-subrhomboid, entire, decurrent into the petiole.

HAB. New- Jersey. Muhl. 1?.

2. A. ladniata Pursh : stem herbaceous, diffuse, pubescent towards
the summit ; leaves triangular, deeply toothed, white pubescent be-
neath ; lower ones opposite : perfect flowers tetandrous ; perianth of
the fruit rhomboid, acute, entire. — A. ladniata var. americana Torr.

HAB. Salt marshes. N. Y. to Car. June— Aug. 0. — Stem
mostly procumbent. Leaves covered with small grayish scales.
Floicers in axillary clusters. Sea Orachc.

3. A. patula Linn. : stem herbaceous, spreading ; leaves triangular-
hastate, acuminate, smooth above, irregularly toothed ; the upper ones
entire ; perianth of the fruit submuricate on the sides.

HAB. N. Y. to Car. Aug. © — Stem prostrate, 1—2 feet
long. Leaves on petioles nearly an inch long. Flowers clus-
tered on axilla/y and terminal spikes.

4. A. arenaria Nutt. : stem herbaceous, spreading ; leaves oblong-
ovate, subsessile, silvery-mealy beneath, very entire ; upper ones acute
or acuminate ;. perianth of the fruit muricate, dentate, retuse.

HAB. Sea coast. N. J. to Car. Aug., Sept. 0. — Stem a foot
high, angular, much branched. Lower leaves often cuneate.
Flutcers monoecious ; the sterile ones in short glomerate spikes
at the end of the branches ; the fertile ones in axillary clusters.

5. A. kortensis Linn. : stem erect, herbaceous ; leaves triangular,,
dentate, green on both sides; perianth of the fruit ovate, reticulate,
entire ; flowers in terminal interrupted racemes or spikes.

HAB. Cultivated grounds. N. S. ; rare. Torr. July. 0. —
Stem 3 — 4 feet high.' Leaves 2—3 inches long. Floictrs green.
Introduced.

3. ACNIDA. Linn.

Dioecious. STERILE FL. Perianth 5-partcd. Stamens
5. FERTILE FL. Perianth 3-parted. Styles none. Stig-
mas 3 — 5, sessile. Capsule 1-seeded. Dioecia. Pentandria.

1. A. cannabina Linn. : leaves ovate-lanceolate ; capsules smooth,
acutely angled.

HAB. Marshes. Can. to Flor. July, Aug. 0. — Stem 3 — 6
feet high, slightly angled. Leaves alternate, ribbed, 2 — 5 inches
long, petioled. Flowers small, green, in large axillary and ter-
minal panicles. Water Hemp.

2. A. ruscocarpa Mich. : leaves oval-lanceolate ; capsules obtusely?,
angled, rugbse.

298 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.

HAB. Marshes. Can. to Flor. Nutt. July. ©.— Plant C— 3
feet high. Stem angled.

4. SALICORNIA. Linn.

Perianth single, turbinate, fleshy, closed. Stamens 1 — 2.
Style 1, bifid. Utricle included in the enlarged perianth.

Monandria. Monogynia.

1. S. herbacea Linn. : annual ; stem erect or branched ; joints com-
pressed, notched at the summits ; spikes peduncled, cylindrical, slightly
tapering at the extremity ; perianth truncated — and S. virg-inica Linn.
Pursh.

HAB. Sea coast and salt marshes. N. Y. to Car. Sept. <g>. —
Plant destitute of leaves. Stem 6—10 inches high, branched.
Flowers very minute, in threes at each joint.

Herbaceous Samphire.

9. S. ambigua Mich. : perennial, procumbent, branching ; jointg
crescent-shaped, small ; spikes opposite and alternate ; calyx trun-
cate.

HAB. Salt meadows. N. J. to Car. July, Aug. $ or 21.— Stem
procumbent and ascending. Anthers purplish-yellow.— Resem-
bles S.fruticosa of Linnaeus. Shrubby Samphire

5. SALSOLA. Linn.

Flowers perfect. Perianth 5-cloft, persistent, enveloping
the fruit with its base, and crowning it with its enlarged limit.
Stamens 5. Styles 2. Embryo spiral.

Pentandria. Digynia.

1. S. soda Linn. : herbaceous, smooth; branches ascending ; leaves
semi-terete, rather acute ; fructiferous periantli transversely connate
in the middle, somewhat membranaceous.

HAB. In New- York. MM. Saltwort.

2. S. tragus Linn. : herbaceous, spreading, smooth ; leaves subulate,
spinose, fleshy; flowers solitary, axillary, bracteate ; perianth sub-
ovate ; margin flattened, discoloured.

HAB. N. J. and Md. Muhl. July. ©.—Dr. Torrey thinks
Muhlenberg's plant is & kali.

3. <Sf. kali Linn. : herbaceous, decumbent ; leaves subulate, spinose
rough ; flowers axillary, solitary ; fruit-bearing perianth with a scari-
ous margin.

b. caroliniana Nutt. : leaves dilated ; perianth with a broader mar-
gin ; stem smooth.— S. caroliniana WaU. Mich.

HAB. Sea coast. N. Y. to Car. Aug , Sept. j&.—Stem much
branched, diffuse. Flowers succulent, sessile, with 2 or 3 bracts
at the base of each.

PHYTOLACCE^E. 299

6. BLITUM. Linn.

Perianth 3-cleft. Stamens 1. Styles 2. Seed 1, covered
by the calyx, which becomes a berry. Monandria. Digynia.

1. B. capitatum Linn. : procumbent ; leaves triangular-hastate ;
heads of flowers alternate, in a leafless terminal spike.

HAB. Fields and margins of swamps. N. Y. to Virg. N. to
Subarc. Amer. June, July. @.—Stem a foot high, branched.
Heads round, sessile, consisting of numerous minute flowers,
becoming red, resembling a strawberry. — Abundant near Rome,
N. Y. Strawberry Elite.

2. B. mrgatum Linn. : leaves triangular-hastate ; heads scattered,
lateral.

HAB. Fields, &c. N. S. June. 0. — Leaves with large sinu-
ate teeth. Heads of flowers axillary, always lateral, becoming
red. Introduced.

3. B. maritimum Nutt. : perianth membrinaceous ; clusters axillary,
spiked, naked ; leaves lanceolate, attenuated at each extremity, in-
cisely toothed.

HAB. Salt marshes near N. Y. Auf. . ^.—Stem erect, 1—2
feet high, much branched. Leaves with a few large teeth, suc-
culent. Calyx not becoming red. — Resembles an Atriplex.

ORDER XCIX. PHYTOLACCE^. Land.

Perianth 4 — 5-petaloid leaves. Stimens either indefinite,
or, if equal to the number of the divjaons of the calyx, al-
ternate with them. Ovary of 1 or several cells, each con-
taining 1 ascending ovule. Styles tnd stigmas equal in
number to the cells. Fruit berried or d*y, indehiscent. Seeds
ascending, solitary ; embryo cylindrical, curved round mealy
albumen ; radicle next the hilum.

Undershrubs or herbs. Leaves alternate, without stipules,
often with pellucid dots,

1. PHYTOLACCA. linn.

Perianth 5-parted, peialoid. Stands 7 — 20. Styles
5 — 10. Berry superior, 10-celled ; cells 1 -seeded.

Detandria. Decagyttia.

P.'dccandra Linn. •: leaves ovate, acute at eaeh end, alternate, petio-
late ; flowers in simple racemes, with 10 stamens and 10 styles ; glo-
bose-depressed, purple when mature.

HAB. Borders of fields. Can. to Car. June— Oct. If. — Root
very large. Stem 4—8 feet high, succulent, purplish. Flowers
whitish, in long pedunculated racemes. Peduncles red. Berries

300 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.

globose-depressed, purple when mature. — The root is a violent
emetic. Biff. Mod. Bot. i. 39. Poke Weed.

2. RIVINA. Linn.

Perianth 4-parted, persistent. Stamens 4, 8 and 12.
Style 1. Berry 1-seeded. Seed lentiform, scabrous.

Tetrandria. Monogynia.

R. lavis Linn. : leaves alternate, on long petioles, ovate, acuminate,
smooth ; flowers in simple axillary racemes.

HAB. Penn. Muhl. Sept. *?.— A shrub with the habit of Plnj-
tolacca decandra. Leaves alternate, entire. Flowers in axillary
racemes.

• ORDER C. POLYGONE^. Lind.

i .,

Perianth divided, inferior ; aestivation imbricate. Stamens

definite, inserted in the bottom of the perianth ; anthers burst-
ing longitudinally. Ovzry superior, with a single erect ovule.
Styles or stigmas several. Fruit a nut, usually triangular,
naked or covered bj the enlarged perianth. Seed with
farinaceous albumen, 'arely with scarcely any ; embryo invert-
ed, generally on one side ; radicle superior.

Herbs, rarely shruis. Leaves alternate, sheathing at the
base or adhering theie to intrafoliaceous stipules, revolute
when young. Flowets occasionally diclinous.

1. POLYGONUM. Linn.

Perianth 4 — 6-parted, petaloid, persistent. Stamens 5 — 9,
often 8. Styles 2—3. Nut one-seeded, mostly triangular.

Octandria. Trigynia.

* Floiccrs axillarif Stamens 8. Stigmas 3. POLYGONUM.

1. P. aviculare Linn. : stem procumbent, herbaceous ; leaves ellip-
tic-lanceolate, rough 01 the margin ; nerves of the stipules distant.

HAB. Waste places. N. Y. to Car. N. to Subarc. Amer. May
— Sept. 0. — Stem much branched, nearly erect. Leaves vary-
ing much in siz* and shape. — When growing near the sea the
leaves are glajic»us and rather fleshy, and then forms P. glaucum
of Nuttall. This fact is noticed by Dr. Smith, in his Fl. Brit.,
and by Dr. Grwille in his Flora Edinensis. Knot Grass.

2. P. erectum Muhl. • stem mostly erect ; leaves broad, oval, petio-
late, smooth ; flowers pentandrous. — P. aviculare var. laltfolium Mich.
Ton.

HAB. Near cultivated grounds. N. S. N. to Subarc. Amer.
Aug. 2J..—Stzm 1—3 feet high. Flowers greenish.— Dr. Dar-

POLYGONE^E. 301

lington concurs in the opinion expressed by Muhlenberg, that
this is a distinct species. — Fl. Ces.

3. P. tcnue Mich. : stem slender, erect, branched, acutely angled ;
leaves linear, acuminate* straight ; stipules tubular, lacerate, with the
segments finely attenuate at the extremity ; flowers alternate, subsoli-
tary, on very short pedicels. — P. lini/olium Muhl.

HAB. On rocks. N. S. July. &. — Stem 6—10 inches high.
Flowers small, white, solitary .and in pairs. Nut acutely triangu-
lar, shining, black.

** Flowers in terminal solitary spikes. Stamens 9. Stigmas 3. BISTORTA.

4. P. viviparum Linn. : stem simple ; spike linear, solitary ; leaves
linear-lanceolate, revolute on the margin ; the lower ones elliptical,
petiolate. • V.~IJ~

HAB. Can. and White Hills, N. H. N. to Arc. Amer. Aug.
H.- — Stem 6 inches high. Spike often bearing red bulbs instead
of flowers. '

'*** Floicers in axillary or terminal spikes. -Stamens 5 — 8. Stigmas
mostly 2. PERSICARIA.

5. P. punctatum Ell. : stem branched, sometimes decumbent at base ;
leaves lanceolate, with pellucid punctures, scabrous on the margin
and midrib ; stipules slightly hairy, ciliate ; spjkes few-flowered, fili-
form, at first cernuous ; flowers octandrous, glandular-punctate ; styles
3-parted. — P. hydropiper Mich. — P. hydropiperoides Pursh.

HAB. Inundated grounds. Can. to Car. Aug., Sept. ^ — Stem
1 — -2 feet high. Flowers white, in one or two slender simple
spikes. Nut 3-angled. Plant very acrid. Water Pepper.

6. P. mite Pers. : stem hairy at the summit ; leaves narrow-lanceo-
late, acuminate, entire, somewhat hairy ; 'stipules hairy, with long
cilise ; flowers octandrous, in crowded spikes ; styles 3-parted. — P.
hydropiperoides Mich. — P. larbatum Walt.

HAB. Ditches and ponds. Can. to Car. July — Sept. 0. —
. + . Stem 18 inches high. Floicers purple, in somewhat crowded
spikes. Leaves not acrid.

7. P. virginianum Linn. : stem simple, angular, hairy towards the
top ; leaves broad-lanceolate, acuminate, with fringed serratures ;
flowers 4-cleft, unequal, remote, pentandrous ; styles 2 \ spike very
long, slender, naked. — P. bistorta Walt.

HAB. Shady woods. Can. to Flor. W. to Miss. July, Aug.
l^.—Stem 2 — 4 feet high. Leaves large, with hairy stipules.
Flowers white, in a very long and slender spike.

8. P. amphibium Linn. : stem nearly erect ; leaves petiolate, oblong-
lanceolate, sometimes cordate at base ; flowers in dense termkial
spikes, pentandrous ; styles bifid. — P. coccincum var. terrestre Pursh.

b. aquaticum Hook. : stem spreading on the surface of water ;

leaves ovate-lanceolate, cordate ; spike cylindrical-oblong.— P.

natans Eaton.

HAB. Borders of swamps and ponds. N. S. W. to Miss, July,
26

302 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.

1£. — Stem -8—12 inches long. Flowers large, reddish, in
an ovate spike. — Var. b. has the stems long and the leaves
broad cordate and floating ; but it passes into the former variety.

9. P. pennsylvanicum Linn. : stem with tumid joints^ smooth ; leaves
lanceolate, slightly hairy, petioled ; stiptales smooth and naked ; flow-
ers in crowded oblong spikes, octandrous ; style 2-clefl ; peduficles
hispid.

HAB. Margins of ponds and ditches. N. Y. to Car. July— Sept.
® . — Stem 2—4 feet high, 'geniculate. Flowers large, reddish,
in crowded spikes.

10. P. lapathifolium Linn. : stem geniculate, smooth ; leaves ovate-
lanceolate, on short petioles, often hoary beneath ; spikes numerous,
rather crowded, erect ; peduncles scabrous ; flowers hexandrous ;
styles 2.— P. incarnatum Ell.

HAB. Ditches and swamps. N. Y. to Car. Aug., Sept. ®. —
Stem 2 — 3 feet high. Floicers white or pale red, smaller than in
the former.

11. P. persicaria Linn. : stem erect ; leaves on short petioles, lanceo-
late, the upper surface marked with dark coloured spots; stipules
smooth, ciliate ; spikes dense, terminal, ovate-oblong, erect ; flowers
hexandrous ; styles bifid.

HAB. Wet grounds. July, Aug. ®. — Stem 12 — 18 inches high,
branched, smooth, often red. Flowers reddish, in erect oblong
terminal spikes. Ladies' Thumb.

12' P. orientale Linn. : stem erect ; leaves very large, petioled,
ovate, acuminate, minutely pubescent ; stipules hairy, hypocrateri-
form ; flowers in crowded terminal spikes, hexandrous, digynous.

HAB. Old fields and roads sides. July, Aug. ©. — Stem 4 — 5
feet high, branched, pubescent. Flowers large, crimson, in
pendulous spikes. — Naturalized throughout the whole U. States.

**** Floicers in panicled spikes. Perianth 5-parted. POLYGO.MLLA.

13. P. articidatum Linn. : stem erect ; leaves linear, obtuse ; stipules
short, truncate ; spikes paniculate, filiform, erect ; pedicels solitary,
articulate near the base ; flowers perfect, octandrous, trigynous, nod-
ding.

HAB. Sandy plains. N. S. W. to Michigan. Sept. <jj). —
Stem 12 inches high, branched above. Leaves very small, linear.
Flowers reddish-white, in spikes which are jointed by a suc-
cession of imbricate sheathing bracts. — A singular plant which
should perhaps be separated from this genus.

***** Flowers in racemose panicles. Leaves subcordate or sagittate.
FAGOPYRUM.

14. P. sagittatum Linn. : stem prostrate, square ; the angles awned
with reversed prickles ; leaves sagittate, acute, nearly sessile ', flowers
in small peduncled heads, octandrous ; styles 3-cleft.

HAB. Wet grounds. N. Y. to Flor. July, Aug. &.—Stcm

POLYGONE^E. 303

long and slender. Flowers white, axillary and terminal, in small
compact heads which are supported on long peduncles.

15. P. arifolium Linn. : stem prostrate, square, the angles with re-
versed prickles ; leaves, on long petioles, hastate, with the lobes acute ;
spikes few-flowered ; flowers hexandrous, distinct ; styles bifid.

HAB. Wet grounds. Can. to Car. Aug., Sept. 0. — Stem
flexuous, prostrate or climbing. Flowers pale red, in terminal
' and axillary spikes.

16. P. convolvulus Linn. : stein long, climbing, angular, somewhat
rough ; leaves petioled, oblong, hastate-cordate, with the lobes spread-
ing and acute ; flowers in lax spikes, octandrous ; styles 3-cleft ; seg-
ments of the perianth bluntly keeled.

HAB. Cultivated grounds. Can. to Car. July — Sept. ^ —
Stem long, climbing. Floioers whitish or reddish, in terminal
interrupted spikes or racemes.

17. P. cilinode Mich* : stem angular, climbing or prostrate, pubes-
cent ; leaves petioled, cordate" ; stipules somewhat acute, ciliate at the
base ; panicles somewhat leafy ; flowers octandrous ; styles 3-cleft ;
segments of the perianth bluntly keeled.

HAB. Fields. N. S. July, Aug. 0. — A variety of the last. ?

18. P. scandens Linn, : stem climbing, smooth ; leaves broad-cor-
date, with the sinus broad and obtuse ; stipules truncate, naked ; flow-
ers large, in axillary racemes, octandrous, trigynous ; segments of the
perianth winged.

HAB. Shady woods. N. Y. to Car. W. to Miss. July, Aug.
0. — Stem purple. Flowers white or reddish, in axillary racemes.

19. P.fagopyrum Linn. : stem erect, unarmed ; leaves cordate, sag-
ittate ; racemes panicled ; angles of the seed equal.

HAB. Fields ; remaining as a weed where it has been cultivated.
June. {$. Buckwheat.

2. RUMEX. Linn.

Perianth 6-lcaved. Stamens 6. Styles 3. Nut trique-
trous, covered. -by the 3 interior valviform leaves of the peri-
anth. Stigmas many-cleft. Hexandria. Trigynia.

* Flowers all perfect, containing both stamens and pistils. LAPATHUM.
t Inner valves of the perianth entire.

1. R. aquaticus Linn. : valves ovate, entire, all of them granulifer-
ous ; leaves lanceolate, acute, the lower ones on long petioles and cor-
date at base.

HAB. Ponds and ditches. N. S. July, Aug. 2f . — Root large
and very astringent. Stem 3 — 4 feet high. Flowers whorled, in
a terminal leafy panicle. Introduced. 1 Water Dock.

2. R. crispus Linn. : valves very large, cordate, entire, veined, granu-
liferous ; leaves lanceolate, acute, waved at the margin.

304 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.

HAB. Fields. Can. to Car. June, July. 1C. — Stem 2—3 feet
high, furrowed. Flowers in crowded whorls, on pedicels. — Dis-
tinguished from the former by its Jarge membranaceous valvi-s.
Introduced. < 'nrh-d Dock,

3. R. sanguineus Linn. : valves small, oblong, one or more granuli-
ferous; leaves lanceolate, somewhat cordate, petioled, smooth, inosth
'with red veins.

HAB. Fields and road sides. Can. to Car. June, July. "If. —
Stem 3 feet high. Root leaves large, with blood-red veins.
Flowers in small distant whorls. Introduced. Bloody Dock.

»

4. R. britannicus Linn. : valves all entire and granuliferous ; leaves
broad-lanceolate, flat, smooth j sheaths obsolete ; whorls of flowers
leafless.

HAB. Swamps. Can. to Car. June, July. 1C. — Root fusiform,
yellow internally. Stem 3 feet high. Leaves large, on petioles.
flowers in a compound terminal panicle, polygamous.

Yettoic-rooted Water Dock.

5. R. tertic'dlatus Linn. : valves entire, all of them granuliferous ;
flowers whorled, in long nearly simple leafless racemes ; leaves lanceo-
late, acute, flat ; sheaths cylindrical.

HAB. Swampy grounds. N. S. June, July. l[. — Stem 2 feet
high, leaves long, lanceolate, narrow. Whorls few- flowered.
'/eels half an inch or more in length.

ft Inner valves of tfte perianth toothed.

(5. /». acutus Linn. : valves oblong, somewhat toothed, all granulifer-
ous ; leaves cordate-oblong, acuminate; whorls numerous, small , leafy.
HAB. Moist grounds. N. S. June. U.—Stem 2—3 feet high.
Introduced. V; '"

7. R. palUdus Big. : valves ovate, entire, hardly larger than the
grain ; leaves linear-lanceolate, acute ; spikes slender.

HAB. Salt marshes. Mass. June. 21. — Stems numerous, as-
cending, slightly furrowed. Leaves smooth, petioled, more or
less waved on the margin. Spikes slender. Fruit crowded, the
valves acute.

- R. obtusifolius Linn. : valves ovate, toothed, one chiefly granuli-
ferous ; leaves cordate-oblong, obtuse, somewhat crenate and waved ;
upper ones narrower and more acute ; stem roughish.

HAB. Woods and fields. N. S. July. 1C.— Stem 2-3 feet high.
Leaves very large. Floiccrs in long nearly leafless racemes. In-
troduced.

** Floioers dioecious. ACETOSA.

9. R. acetosella Linn.: leaves lanceolate, hastate; lobes acute,
spreading ; racemes paniculate ; valves of the fruit grainless.

HAB. Fields, &c. Throughout the U. S. June, July. H- —
Stem 6—12 inches high.— The plant has a pleasant aeid taste.

Sheep SorrtL

'LAURINE.E. SOS

ORDER CI. LAURINE^E. Juss. Lind.

Perianth 4— 6-cleft. Sfamens definite, perigynous, oppo-
site the segments of the perianth and usually twice as nu-
merous, 3 innermost ones sterile, or wanting ; 6 outer ones
scarcely ever abortive ; anthers adnate, 2— 4-celled, the cells
bursting by a longitudinal persistent valve from the base to
the apex ; the outer anthers valved inwards, the inner out-
wards. Glands usually present at the base of the inner fila-
ments. Ovary superior, single ; style simple ;' stigma obtuse.
Fruit a berry or drupe, naked or covered. Seed without al-
bumen ; .embryo inverted ; cotyledons large, plano-convex,
peltate near the base. Plumula conspicuous, 2-leaved.

Trees, often large. Leaves without stipules, alternate.

1. LAURUS. Linn.

Perianth 4 — 5-cleft, equal. Stamens 8 — 12, arranged in a
double row ; outer ones all fertile ; alternate inner ones fer-
tile and furnished at base with'2 appendices or glands, (nec-
tary.) Drupe flesliy. Enneandria. Monogynia.

* Leaves perennial.

1. L. carolinensis Mich. ; leaves oval-lanceolate, coriaceous, glaucous
beneath ; peduncles simple, terminated with a few-flowered fascicle ;
outer segments of the calyx half as long as the inner.

HAB. In the Great Cypress Swamp, Sussex county, Delaware ;
its most northern boundary. Nutt. S. to Geor. June, ^. —
A large shrub or small tree. Flowers in small clusters, polyga-
mous, pale yellow. Drupe dark blue.

** Leaves deciduous. Flowers dioecious.

2. L. benzoin Linn. : leaves obovate, lanceolate, wedgeform at base,
entire, whitish and subpubescent beneath ; flowers in clustered umbels,
appearing before the leaves ; buds and pedicels smooth.— L. pseudo-
benzoin Mich.

HAB. Banks of streams. Can. to Geor. W. to Miss. April,
May. "!>. — Shrub 6—10 feet high. Flowers pale yellow. Drupe .
roundish, scarlet. Benzoin. Spice-icood.

3. L. sassafras Linn. : leaves entire, lanceolate-ovate, or 2— 3-lobed,
under surface prominently veined ; flowers in clustered umbels, • ap-
pearing before the leaves ; buds, younger branches and under surface
of the leaves, pubescent.

HAB. River banks. Can. to Geor. April. T?. — Varies in size
from that of a large shrub to a large tree. Leaves various,
glabrous or pubescent. Flowers yellow. — This and the foregoing
species possess medicinal powers. See Dr. Brockenbrough s In-

26*

506 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.

augural Thesis, 1804. Barton's Collection for a Mat. Med. of
the U. 8. and Big. Mcd. Bot. ii. 142. Sassafras.

ORDER CIT. EL^EAGNEjE. Juss. Lind.

Flowers dioecious, rarely monoclinous. STERILE FL.
Stamens 3, 4 or 8, sessile ; anthers 2-celled. FERTILE FL.
Perianth tubular, persistent ; the limb entire, or 3 — 4-toothed.
Ovary superior, simple, 1-celled ; ovule solitary, ascending,
stalked ; style short ; stigma simple, subulate, glandular.
Fruit crustaceous, enclosed within the perianth, becomes suc-
culent. Seed erect ; embryo straight, surrounded by very
thin fleshy albumen ; radicle short, inferior ; cotyledons fleshy.

Trees or shrubs, covered with leprous scales. Leaves al-
ternate or opposite, entire, without stipules.

1. SHEPHERDIA. Null.

Dioecious. STERILE FL. Perianth 4-cleft. Stamens 8,
included, alternating with 8 glands. FERTILE FL. Perianth
4-cleft, campanulate, superior. Style I: Stigma oblique.
Berry 1-seeded. Dioecia. Octandria.

S. canadcnsis Nutt. : leaves oblong-ovate, nearly smooth above, slel-
lately hairy and scaly beneath ; the scales ferruginous and deciduous.
— Hippophae canadensis Wittd. Pursh.

HAB. Can. and Western part of N. Y. N. to Arc. Amer. July.
*?. — A shrub 6 — 8 feet high. Hewers minute. Berries scaly,
sweetish.

ORDER CHI. THYMELE^. R. Brown. Lind.

Perianth inferior, tubular, coloured ; the limb 4- seldom 5-
cleft ; aestivation imbricate. Stamens definite, periginous,
usually 8, sometimes 4 or 2 ; anthers 2-celled. Ovary soli-
tary; style 1 ; stigma undivided. Fruit a nut or drupe ; al-
bumen none, or thin and fleshy ; embryo straight, inverted ; co-
tyledons plano-convex.

Shrubs with a tough bark. Leaves alternate or opposite,
entire.

1. DIRCA. Linn.

Perianth coloured, campanulate ; limb obsolete. Stamens
8, inserted into the perianth, unequal. Style 1. Berry 1-
seeded. Octandria. Monogynia.

SANTALACE^E. 307

D.palustris Linn.

HAB. Woods. Can. to Geor. April. If.— Shrub 2—4 feet
high, with tough branches. Leaves alternate, ovate, petioled,
entire, obtuse. Flowers appearing before the leaves, yellow.—
The bark has a sweetish taste, and when chewed excites a burn-
ing sensation in the fauces. . Leather Wood.

ORDER CIV. SANTALACE^. Brown. Lind.

Teriantli superior, 4 or 5-cleft, half coloured, with valvate
aestivation. Stamens 4 or 5, opposite the segments of the pe-
rianth and inserted into their bases. Ovary 1-celled, with
from 1 — 4 ovules ; style 1 ; stigma often lobed. Fruit a nut
or drupe. Seed solitary ; albumen fleshy ; embryo minute ;
radicle superior.

Trees or shrubs sometimes undershrubs or herbs. Leaves
alternate, undivided.

1. NYSSA. Linn.

Dioecious. STERILE FL. Perianth 5-parted. Stamens
5 — 10. FERTILE FL. Perianth 5-parted. Stamens 5.
Style 1. Drupe inferior, Dioecia. Pentandria.

1. N. multiflora Walt. : leaves oval-lanceolate, very entire, acute at
each end ; the petiole margined and Inidrib villous ; fertile peduncles
many-flowered. — N. villosa Mich.

HAB* Low woods. Can. to Car. June. *>. — A tree 30 — 50
feet high. Flowers in somewhat umbellate clusters, small,
green. Drupe nearly spherical, very dark blue.

Sour or Black Gum,

2. N. biflora Walt. : leaves ovate-oblong, very entire, acute at each
end, smooth ; fertile peduncles 2-flowered ; drupe oval-compressed. —
IV. aquatica Linn.

HAB. Swamps. N. S. S. to Car. June. T? .—A tree 30—50
feet high. Fertile flowers almost invariably 2. Drupe dark blue.
— The woody fibres of this tree are remarkably interlocked, so
as to render it difficult to be split ; on this account it is much
used in making naves for carriage wheels, &c.

Tupelo Tree. Swamp Hornbeam.

2. HAMILTONIA. Wittd.

Polygamous. PERFECT FL. Perianth turbinate-campa-
nulate, 5-cleft. Germ immersed in the 5-toothed glandulous
disk. Style 1. Stigmas 2—3, sublenticular. Drupe pyri-
form, 1-seeded, inclosed in the adhering base of the calyx.
STERILE FL. resembling the perfect, except in wanting the
pistil. Pentandria. Monogynia.

308 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.

H. oleifcra MM. — Pyrularia pubcra Mich.

HAB. Mountains. Penn. to Geor. ; rare. May, June. ^>.—
Shrub 4 — 0 feet high with a very deep root. Leaves oblong-ob-
ovate, entire, acuminate, 2 — 3 inches long, petiolate, pubescent
when young. Flmcers in a terminal raeeme, small, greenish-
yellow. — Whole plant more or less oily. Oil Nut.

3. THESIUM. Linn.

Perianth 4 — 5-cleft. Stamens 4—5, opposite the lobes of
the perianth, villous externally. Style simple, 1-seeded,
crowned by the persistent perianth. Pentandria. Monogynia.

T. umldlatum Linn. : stem round and erect ; leaves oblong-ovate,
•obtuse, smooth ; panicles terminal, subcorymbed. — Comandra umbel-
Iota Nutt. — Hamiltonia umbellate Spreng.

HAB. Rocky hills. Subarc. Amer. to Geor. W. to Miss. July,
Aug. 2f. — Stem 8 — 12 inches high. Leares alternate, entire,
sessile, mucronate. Flmrers white, in a terminal corymb. — It
is still doubtful whether this deserves to be separated from Thc-
sium. It appears to agree very well with Hamiltonia.

Bastard Toad-flaj.

ORDER CV. ARISTOLOCHLE. Juss. Lind.

Flowers monoclinous. Perianth superior, tubular, 3-cleft,
regular or very unequal ; aestivation valvate. Stamens 6 — 12,
cpigynous, distinct or adhering to the style and stigmas. Ova-
ry inferior, 3 — 6-celled ; ovules numerous ; style simple ; stig-
mas radiating, as numerous as the cells of the ovary. Fruit
dry or succulent, 3 — 6-celled. Seeds numerous ; embryo mi-
nute, placed in the base of fleshy albumen.

Herbs or shrubs. Leaves alternate, simple, often with leafy
stipules.

1. ARISTOLOCHIA. Linn.

Perianth tubular, ventricose at base, dilated at 'the apex
and ligulate. Anthers 6, subsessile, inserted into the style.
Stigma 6-cleft. Capsule 6-sided, 6-celled.

Gynandria. Hexandria.

1. A. sipho L'Hcrit : stem twining ; leaves cordate, acute ; pedun-
cles 1 -flowered, furnished with an ovate bract ; corol ascending, the
border 3-cleft and equal.

HAB. Mountains. Penn. to Car* June. *>. — A vine climbing
over trees of large size. Leaves very large, alternate, sprinkled
with hairs. Flowers solitary, brown. Dutchman's Pipe.

EMPETRE^. 309

2. A. serpentaria Linn. : stem flexuous ; leaves cordate, oblong,
acuminate ; peduncles radical ; lip of the corol lanceolate.

HAB. Shady woods. Penn. to Car. June. 2J..—Stem 8—12
inches high, pubescent, geniculate and knotty at base. Flowers
few, purplish-brown.— Possesses valuable medicinal properties.
'See Big. Med. But. iiL 82. Virginia Snakeroot.

2. ASARUM. Linn.

Perianth campanulate, 3-cleft. Stamens 12, placed upon
the ovary ; anthers adaate with the middle of the filaments.
Style short. Stigma stellate, 6-lobed. Capsuh 6-celled.

Gynandria. Decandria.

1. A. canadcnse Linn* .- leaves by pairs, broad reniform ; perianth
woolly, cleft to the base; the segments sublanceolate, reflexed. — A. ca*
rolinianum Walt.

HAB. Woods. Can. to Car. W. to Miss. April. If..— Stem
none. Leaves generally 2, with long and hairy petioles. Flow-
er somewhat campanulate, solitary, on a short peduncle, some-
times nearly buried in the ground. — The root has an agreeable
and aromatic flavor. . Wild Ginger.

2. A. virginicum1 Mich. : leaves solitary, cordate, nearly round, gla-
brous, coriaceous ; flower nearly sessile; perianth externally gla-
brous, short, campanulate.

HAB. . Rocky woods. N. J. to Car. April. If.— Leaves spot-
ted or clouded, smooth. Segments of the perianth obtuse. — Ve-
ry similar in habit to the preceding.

ORDER CVI. EMPETRE^E. Mutt. Lind.

Flowers dioecious. Perianth consisting of 2 — 4 imbricat-
ed rows of hypogynous scales. Stamens equal in number to
the scales and alternate with them ; anthers roundish, 2-cell-
ed, the cells distinct, bursting longitudinally. Ovary supe-
rior, seated in a fleshy disk, 3 — 6 or 9-celled ; ovules solitary,
ascending ; style 1 ; stigma radiating, multifid. Fruit fleshy,
seated in the persistent perianth. Seed solitary, ascending ;
embryo taper in the axis of the fleshy albumen ; radicle infe-
rior.

Small acrid shrubs, with heath-like evergreen leaves with-
out stipules, and minute flowers in their axils.

1. EMPETRUM. Linn.

Dioecious. Perianth consisting of 2 rows of scales. STE-
RILE FL. Stamens 3, upon long filaments. FERTILE FL.

310 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.

Style none, or very short. Stigma with 6 — 9 rays. Berry
superior, globose, 6 — 9 seeded. Dioecia. Triandria.

E. nigrum Mich. : procumbent ; leaves oblong-obtuse, revojute on
the margin.

HAB. White Hills. N. H. Big. N. to Arc. Amer. May, June.
*?. — A low shrub with small and dense evergreen foliage, like
that of the heaths. LeatcS imbricate, oblong, obtuse. Flowers
axillary, very small, reddish. Berries roundish, 'black.— Dr.
Houghton has found it on the shores of Lake Superior.

ORDER CVII. EUPHORBIACE^E. Llnd.

Flowers monoecious or dioecious. Perianth lobed, inferior,
with various glandular or scaly appendages ; (sometimes
wanting.) STERILE FL. Stamens 1 — 12 ; anthers 2-celled.
FERTILE FL. Ovary 1, superior, sessile or stalked ; styles
2 — 3 ; stigmas compound, or single with several lobes. Fruit
consisting of 2 — 3 or more dehiscent cells, separating with
elasticity from their commor axis, sometimes indehiscent
Seeds suspended, arillate ; embryo enclosed in fleshy albu-
men ; cotyledons flat ; radicle superior.

Trees, shrubs or herbs, often abounding in acrid milk.
Leaves simple, rarely compound, usually with stipules.

1. CROTONOPSIS. Mich.

Monoecious. STERILE FL. Perianth 5-parted, with 5
petaloid scales. Stamens 5. FERTILE FL. Perianth 5-
parted. Stamens 3, twice bifid. Capsule 1-seeded, not open-
ing. Monoecia. Pentandria.

C. lintaris Midi. : stem erect, dichotomously branched ; leaves stel-
lately pubescent above, hairy and covered with silvery scales beneath.
E. argtntta Pursh. — Friesia argentea Spreng.

JIxB. £>wamps in sands. . N. J. to Car. W. to Miss. June. Q,
— Stem 12 — 18 inches high, covered like the leaves, with solita-
rv scales. Leaves varying from linear-lanceolate to ovate, on
snort petioles. Flotcers in terminal and axillary spikes, very
minute.

2. PHYLLANTHUS. Linn.

Monoecious. STERILE FL. Perianth 5 — 6-parted. Fi-
laments united. FERTILE FL. as the sterile. Nectary ? a
12-angled margin. Styles 3. Capsule 3-celled.

Monoecia. Monadelphia.

EUPHORBIACE^E. 311

P. carolinlensts Walt. : stem erect ; branches distichous ; leaves al-
ternate, oval, obtuse, smooth, somewhat distichous ; • flowers few,
(2 — 4) axillary, on pedicels, nodding. — P. obotatus mild. Pursh. Torr.
HAB. Banks of streams. Penn. to Geor. July, Aug. ^. —
Stem 12 inches high, with distichous branches. Flowers on short
pedicels, axillary, nodding. Stamens 6, united at base.

3. RICINUS. Linn.

Monoecious. STERILE FL. Perianth 5-partecL Stamens
numerous ; filaments united, branching. FERTILE FL. Pe-
rianth 3-parted. Styles 3, 2-parted. Capsule mostly echi-
nate, 3-celled, 3-seeded. Monoecia. Monadelphia.

R. communis Linn. : stem herbaceous, glaucous-pruinose ; leaves
peltate palmate ; lobes lanceolate, serrate ; capsule echinate.

HAB. Around plantations at the South. Aug., Sept. @. — In-
troduced. Cultivated extensively in various parts of the U. S.
for the purpose of obtaining oil from the seed. Castor-oil Bean.

4. ACALYPHA. Linn.

Monoecious. STERILE FL. Perianth 3 — 4-parted. Sta-
mens 8 — 16, united. FERTILE FL. Styles 3, 2-parted.
Capsule 3-celled ; cells 1-seeded. Monoecia. Monadelphia.

1. A. virginica Linn. : pubescent ; leaves on short petioles, lanceo-
late-oblong, remotely and obtusely serrate ; involucre cordate, ovate,
acuminate, toothed ; fertile flowers at the base of the sterile spike.

HAB. Road sides, &c. Can. to Car. June — Aug. 0. — Stem
12 — 18 inches high, erect, pubescent. Involucre on a short pe-
duncle, shorter than the leaves. Sterile floicers very small. Cap-
sule hispid. Three-seeded Mercury.

2. A. caroliniana Walt. : leaves on long petioles, rhombic-ovate,
acuminate, serrate, entire at base ; involucre cordate, toothed ; fertile
flowers at the base of the sterile spike. tV*.*;^

HAB. Fields. Penn. to Car. July, Aug. ^.—Stem 9—18
inches high. — The A. carolinana of Elliott is apparently a dis-
tinct species.

5. EUPHORBIA. Linn.

Monoecious. Rarely furnished with a perianth. Involucre
monophyllous, campanulate, 8 — 10 toothed, the inner seg-
ments membranaceous and erect. • STERILE FL. 12 or more.
Stamen 1 ; filament articulated in the middle. FERTILE FL.
solitary, stipulate, naked. Stigmas 3, 2-cleft. Capsule 3-
lobed. Monoecia. Monandria.

* Flowers in terminal fascicles,

1. E. dcntata Mich. : hairy ; leaves opposite, oval, dentate ; flowers
crowded at the summit of the stem.

312 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.

HAB. Shady rocks. Pcnn. to Tenn. July, Aug. <*).— The
upper haves spotted.

2. E. hypericifolia Linn. : smooth, branching, erect-Fpreading :
branches divaricate ; leaves opposite, oval-oblong, slightly falcate, ser-
rate ; corymbs terminal.

b. ? hirsuta Torr. : stem slender or hairy ; leaves oblong, smooth.

serrulate.

HAB. Fields and road sides. Can. to Flor. Aug., Sept. ®. —
Stem erect, 1 — 2 feet high, very smooth. Leaves 3-nerved
and spotted. Flowers small. — Var. b. is 8—12 inches high.
much branched and purple. . .

3. E. maculata Linn. : erect-spreading or procumbent ; leaves oppo-
site, serrate, oblong, hairy ; flowers axillary, solitary ; inner segments
of the involucre coloured.

HAB. Near cultivated grounds. N. Y. to Car. Aug. — Oct ®.
Stem 6—12 inches long, generally purple. Leaves on short pe-
tioles, oblique at base, 3-nerved. Flowers crowded near the sum-
mit, but in reality solitary in each axil. Spotted Spurge.

4. E. polygonifolia Linn. : procumbent, branching, very smooth,
succulent ; leaves oblong-ovate, linear-lanceolate, entire, obtuse, some-
times subcordate at base ; flowers solitary in the divisions of the stem;
stipules simple.

HAB. Sands on sea shore. N. Y. to Car. July, to Sept. H.
— Stem 8 inches long. Stipules subulate and simple.

5. E. ipecacuanJia Linn. : procumbent or nearly erect, small, smooth;
leaves opposite, obovate and lanceolate ; peduncles axillary, 1 -flower-
ed, elongated.

HAB. Sandy soil. N. J. to Car. June. L£. — Root very long
and tapering. Stem short. Leaves sessile, varying in form
from obovate to linear. Flowers solitary, on peduncles which
are about as long as the leaves.

6. E. portulaccoides Linn. : erect ; leaves entire, oval, retuse j pe-
duncles axillary, 1-flowered, as long as the leaves. •

HAB. Sandy soils. Penru June— '•Aug. Zf . — Dr. Torrey thinks
it may be a variety of E. coroUata.

7. E. dentata Mich. : hairy ; leaves opposite, oval, dentate; flowers
crowded at the summit "of the stem.

HAB. Shady rocks. N. S. Ton. Tenn. Mich. July, Aug. ©.
—Upper leaves spotted.

** Floicers umbelled-involucratc.

8. E. peplus Linn. : umbel 3-cleft, dichotomous; involucels (floral
leaves) ovate ; leaves entire, obovate, petioled.

HAB. Cultivated grounds. Penn. to Vir. July, Aug. ®. —
Floral leaves large. Floicers conspicuous.

9» E. obtusata Pursh : umbel 3-cleft, twice dichotomous ; involucels
ovate, somewhat obtuse, subcordate ; leaves alternate, sessile, epatu-
late, serrulate, smooth ; capsules rauricate.

URTICE^E. 313

HAB. Waste grounds. Can. to Vir. July, Aug. It. — Stem
12 — 18 inches high, branched at the top, simple below.

10. E.mercurialina Muhl, : stem weak and slender, simply 3-cleft;
leaves opposite and ternate, subsessile, oval, entire ; peduncles termi-
nal, solitary, 1 -flowered.

HAB. Shady rocky situations. Penn. Pursh. July, Aug. 1£.

11. E. lathyrus Linn. : umbel 4-cleft, dichotomous ; leaves oppo-
site, lanceolate, entire.

HAB. Near gardens and cultivated grounds. N. S. July, Aug.
$ . — Introduced. Mole, Plant.

12. E. corollata Linn. : umbel 5-cleft, 3-cleft, dichotomous ; floral
leaves and those of the stem oblong, obtuse ; inner segments of the
involucre petaloid, obovate.

HAB. Dry fields. Can. to Car. July, Aug. If. — Stem 1 — 2
feet high, erect, rarely branched. 'Leaves petioled, varying
somewhat in form. Floioers in a terminal umbel, conspicuous.

13. E. pilosa Linn. : umbel 5-cleft, 3-cleft, bifid ; floral leaves ovate;
stem leaves lanceolate, somewhat hairy, serrulate at the summit ; pe-
tals entire.

HAB. Wet woods. Can. to Vir. June, July. U.—Stem 1—3
feet high. — Found in Canada by Mr. Goldie.

14. E. helioscopia Linn. : umbel 5-cleft, 2-cleft, dichotomous ; floral
leaves obovate ; stem leaves cuneiform, serrate, smooth ; capsule
smooth.

HAB. Fertile soils. N. Y. -to Car. June, July. 0. — Stem erect.
Leaves scattered, obovate or wedge-shaped. Capsule smooth.

ORDER CVIII. URTICE^E. Lind.

Flowers monoecious or dioecious, scattered or clustered.
Perianth membranous, lobed, persistent. Stamens definite,
distinct, inserted into the base of the calyx and opposite its
lobes. Ovary superior, simple ; stigma simple. Fruit a
simple indehiscent nut, surrounded either by the membranous
or fleshy perianth. Seed solitary, erect; embryo straight,
curved or spiral ; radicle superior.

Trees, shrubs or herbs, with alternate leaves, often covered
with pungent hairs.

1. URTICA. Linn.

Monoecious, rarely dioecious. STERILE FL. Perianth
single, of 4 leaves, containing the cup-shaped rudiment of a
germ. Stamens 4. FERTILE FL. Perianth of 2 leaves.
Stigma 1. Nitt 1-seeded, shining. Monoecia. Tetrandria.

27

314 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.

1. U. pumila Linn. : leaves opposite, ovate, acuminate, 3-nerved,
serrate ; lower petioles as long as the leaves ; flowers monoecious, tri-
androus, in clustered corymbs, shorter than the petioles.

HAB. Wet grounds. Can. to Car. July. ©. — Stem mostly
erect, 6 — 12 inches high, succulent, almost transparent. Leave*
shining. Rickwecd.

2. U. wens Linn.: leaves opposite, elliptic, somewhat 5-nerved,
acutely serrate ; spike glomerate, by pairs ; flowers clustered.

HAB. Cultivated grounds. Can. to Geor. June, July. ©.—
Stem 12 — 20 inches high, hairy -hispid. Plant stinging. Intro-
duced. Slinging Nettle.

3. U. dioica Linn. : leaves opposite, cordate, ovate-lanceolate,
coarsely serrate ; flowers dioecious ; spike paniculate, clustered, by
pairs, longer than the petiole.

HAB. Waste places. Can. to Car. June— Aug. If. — Stem
2—3 feet high, erect, branching. Floicers small, green, in axil-
lary racemes which are in pairs. Stinging.

Large Stinging Nettle.

4. U. procera MM. : leaves opposite, ovate-lanceolate, serrate ; pe-
tioles fringed ; flowers dioecious ; spikes branching, clustered, by
pairs, longer than the petioles.

HAB. Low grounds. N. Y. S. to Car. July, Aug. H. — Stem
3 — 4 feet high, obtusely 4-angled. Flowers in compact approxi-
mate clusters. — According to Mr. Elliott, the leaves of this
species are 'never cordate, and the spikes are uniformly longer
than the petioles, in which points it differs from the U. procera
of Pursh, which would seem to be a distinct species, probably
the next

5. U. gracilis Linn. : stem hispid ; leaves opposite, ovate-lanceolate,
serrate, cordate at base ; flowers dioecious ; peduncles hispid ; clust-
ers in pairs, somewhat branched, about as long as the petiole^. — U.
procera Pursh. ?

HAB. Rocky places. Can. to Penn. Pursh. MM. N. to Arc.
Amer. July, Aug. If.— Stem 2—3 feet high.

Slender StaUied Nettle.

C. U. capitata Linn. : leaves alternate, cordate-ovate, acuminate, ser-
rate, 3-nerved, twice as long as the petiole ; clusters spiked j spikes
solitary, shorter than the leaves, leafy at the summit ; stem naked.
HAB. Shady woods. Can. to Car. June. July, .it.— Stem
4 — 5 feet high, scabrous, furrowed. Leaves scabrous, those on the
stem generally opposite. Clusters lateral and axillary. — Re-
sembles U. dioica.

7. U. dvoaricata Linn. : leaves alternate, ovate, acuminate, serrate,
rather smooth ; petioles long, ciliate ; panicles axillary, solitary, di-
varicately branched, longer than the petiole ; stem stinging.

HAB. Damp rocky grounds. Can. to Car. July, Aug. If.—
Stem 2—3 feet high, branched. — Allied to .the next species, but
differs in the leaves being smooth and not cordate, the panicles
solitary and mixed with fertile flowers.

315

6. V. canadensis Linn. : leaves alternate, cordate-ovate, acuminate,
serrate, hispid on both sides ; panicles axillary, mostly in pairs, di-
varicately branched ; the lower ones sterile, and longer than the peti-
ole ; the upper ones fertile, elongated ; stem very hispid, stinging.
- HAB. Miry shaded grounds. Can. to Car. July, Aug. 2/. —
Stem 5—6 feet high. Leflves ovate, large — The fibres of this
species are very tough and strong, and it was formerly proposed
by Mr. Whitlow as a substitute for hemp. Canadian Nettle.

2, PARIETARIA. Linn.

Flowers polygamous, surrounded by a many-cleft involucre.
PERFECT FL. Perianth 4-cleft Stamens 4; filaments at
first incurved, then expanding with an elastic force. Ovary
I. Style 1. Nut 1, inclosed by the enlarged perianth.

Monoecia. Tetrandria.

P. pennsylvanica Muhl. : leaves oblong-lanceolate, veiny, with opake
dots ; involucre 3-leaved, longer than the flower.

HAB. . Moist rocks. Penn. to Geor. June. 0. — Stem 12 — 15
inches high, simple. Flowers in- compact axillary clusters.

Pettitory.

3. CANNABIS. Linn,

Dioecious. STERILE FL. Perianth 5-parted. Stamens
5. FERTILE FL. Perianth oblong, opening at the side.
Styles 2. Nut 2-valved, covered with the closed perianth.

Dioecia. Pentandria.

C. saliva Linn. : leaves petiolate, digitate ; leafets 5 — 7, lanceolate,
serrate.

HAB. In fields. June. 0. — Apparently indigenous, but proba-
bly introduced. Common Hemp. Neck Weed.

4. HUMULUS. Linn.

Dioecious. STERILE FL. Perianth single, 5-parted. Sta-
mens 5. Anthers with 2 pores at the extremity.. FERTILE
FL. Scales of the ament large, persistent, concave, entire,
single flowered. Perianth none. Styles 2. Seed 1.

Dioecia. Pentandria.

H. lupulus Linn.

HAB. Hedges, &c. Aug. If. — Stem twining, scabrous. Leaves
opposite, 3 — 5-lobed, rough. Flowers greenish. Medicinal.
Big. Med. Bot. iii. 163. ' Common Hop.

5. BOEHMERIA. Willd.
Monoecious. STERILE FL. Perianth 4-parted. Sta-

316 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.

metis 4. FERTILE FL. Perianth none. Style 1. Nut com-
pressed. Monoeda. Tetrandria.

1. B. cylindrica. Wittd. : leaves opposite, ovate-oblong, acuminate.
toothed, smooth ; flowers dioecious ; sterile spikes clustered, inter-
rupted ; fertile ones cylindrical ; stein herbaceous.

HAB. Wet ground. Can. to Flor. June — Aug. Z£. — .S/«.m
2 — 3 feet high. Leaves petioled, 3-nerved. Flowers minute :
the fertile ones forming a compact cylindrical spike which is
1 — 2 inches long.

2. B. lateriflora Muld. : leaves alternate, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate ,
serrate, scabrous ; flowers lateral, clustered ; stem herbaceous.

HAB. Shady woods. Penn. to Car. July. 1i. — Stem smooth.
leaves on long petioles, 3-nerved, scabrous on both sides. Civs
ters axillary and lateral, few-flowered.

ORDER CIX. ARTOCARPEjE. R. Broum. L/// /.

Flowers monoecious, in heads or amenta. Perianth usual-
ly divided, sometimes tubular or entire. Stamens solitary or
several, straight. Ovary 1- or 2-celled, superior, rarely in~
ierior ; ovule suspended ; style single, filiform ; stigma bifid.
Fruit usually a fleshy receptacle, covered by numerous nuts,
rarely reduced to a single flower. Seed suspended, solitary ;
embryo- straight or curved ; radicle pointing to the hilum.

Trees, shrubs or herbs. Leaves alternate, toothed or lobed,
or entire.

1. MORUS. Linn.

Monoecious. Perianth 4-parted, lobes concave.. STERILE
FL. Stamens 4. FERTILE FL. Stigmas 2. Seeds 1— 2,
covered by the fleshy perianth. Monoeda. Tetrandria.

1. M, rubra Linn. : dioeci6us ; leaves cordate, ovate, acuminate,
often 3-lobed, equally serrate, scabrous, pubescent beneath ; fertile
aments cylindrical ; fruit purple.

HAB. Woods. N. S. to Car. May. ^>.— -A large tree with

long virgate branches. Leaves often divided. Flowers, accord-

. ing to Mr. Elliott, always dioecious. — The fruit is esteemed by

some, and the wood is remarkably durable. " Red Mulberry.

2. M. alba Linn. : monoecious ; leaves deeply cordate, unequal at
base, ovate and lobed, unequally serrate, nearly smooth ; fruit white.

HAB. Naturalized in various parts of the U. S. May. *?.— A
tree from 20 to 30 feet high. — Employed chiefly in raising the
silkworm. ; Mute Mulberry.

AMENTACE^E. 317

ORDER CX. SAURURE^E. Rich. Lind.

Flowers naked, seated upon a scale, monoclinous. Sta-
mens 6, clavate, hypogynous, persistent ; filaments slender ;
anthers continuous with the filament, cuneate, with a thick
connecticum and 2 lateral lobes bursting longitudinally. Ova-
ries 4, each distinct, with 1 ascending ovule and a sessile re-
curved stigma, or connate into a 3 or 4-celled pistil, with a
few ovules ascending from the edge of the projecting semi-
dissepiments. Fruit consisting of 4 fleshy indehiscent nuts
or 3- or 4-celled capsule, opening at the apex and containing a
few ascending seeds. Seeds with a membranous integument ;
embryo minute, lying in a fleshy lenticular sac, which is seat-
ed on the outside of mealy albumen at the end most remote
from the hilum.

Herbs growing in marshy places, or floating in water.
Leaves alternate, with stipules.

1. SAURURUS. Libn.

Flowers in an ament, or crowded spike. Scales 1-flower-
ed. Stamens 6. Antliers adnate with the filaments. Cap-
sule 4, each 1- or rarely 2-seeded, not opening.

••* - Hexandria. Tetragynia.

-. ' ,, . \ .'.».;"

S. ccrnuus Linn. — Anonymos aquatics, Walt,

HAB. Swamps. Can. to Car. Aug. If, — Steml — 2 feet high,
leafy, forked above. Leaves sagittate-cordate, acuminate, nerved
beneath. Flowers very small, greenish-white, in spikes opposite
the leaves, cernuous. Lizard' s-tatt. Swamp Lily.

ORDER CXI. AMENTACE^E, Juss.

Flowers monoecious or dioecious. STERILE FL. in aments,
with scales, or a scaly perianth! Stamens inserted into the
scales, definite or indefinite, rarely monadelphous ; anthers 2-
celled. FERTILE FL. in aments, solitary or fasciculated,
with scales or perianths. Ovary free, simple, rarely several ;
stigmas many. Fruit a drupe, or a bony or membranaceous
capsule, mostly 1-celled. Seeds 1 or many ; albumen none ;
radicle straight.

Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate.
27*

318 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.

SUBORDER I.

1. SALIX. Linn.

Dioecious. STERILE F.L. Ament cylindrical. Scales 1-
flowered, imbricated, with a nectariferous gland at the base.
Perianth none. Stamens 1 — 5. FERTILE FL. Scales of
the ament 1 -flowered. Perianth none. Stigmas 2, often
cleft. Capsule 1 -celled, 2-valved, many-seeded. Seeds co-
mose. Diocciu. Diandria.

* Leaves entire or obscurely serrate.

1. 8. viminalis Linn. : leaves linear-lanceolate, very long, acumi-
nate, nearly entire, somewhat undulate, white silky beneath ; stipules
very small, sublanceolate ; branches virgate ; aments appearing before
the leaves ; scales roundish, very hairy ; germs sessile, ovate ; style
filiform ; stigmas acute, undivided.

HAH. Banks of streams. N. S. April, May. T?. — A middle
sized tree. Branches slender and flexile. Filaments yellow.
Anthers orange. Introduced. Osier. Basket WMoir.

2. S. Candida mild. : leaves linear-lanceolate, very long, obscurely
toothed at the point, pubescent above, white-tomentose beneath, with
the margin rerolute ; stipules lanceolate, as long as the petioles >
aments appearing before the leaves, cylindric ; scales obovate-fenceo-
late, very long, villous.

HAR. Shady woods. N. Y. and Penn. N. to Arc. Amer.
April, May. *>.

3. S.- muhlcnbergiana Wttld. : leaves lanceolate, nearly acute, entire,
pubescent-hoary, rugosely-veined beneath, with the margin revolute ;
stipules deciduous, lanceolate ; aments appearing before the leave?,
diandrous ; scales oblong, the margins villous ; germs ovate-lanceo-
late, clothed with silken hairs, on long pedicels ; style short ; stigmas
bifid.— S. alpina H'ult.

HAB-. Dry woods. N. Y. to Car. April. T?.— A shrub 2—5
feet high, often decumbent ; branches pubescent, greenish-yel-
low, with black dots. Scales white, with a red tip. Anther. -
purple and yellow. Dwarf or Speckled H'iUoio.

4. *S>. tristis MM. : leaves linear-lanceolate, acute at eaih end, en-
tire, with the margins revolule, smoothish above, rugosely veined and
tomentose beneath ; stipules none ; aments appearing before the leave*.

HAB. Sandy woods. N. J. to Car. March, April. ^>. — A
shrub resembling the preceding, but differing in the form of the
leaves and in the absence of stipules.

5. & recurvata Pursh : leaves obovate-lanceolate, acute, very entire,
with the margin glandular, smooth, glaucous beneath, silky when
young ; stipules none ; aments appearing before the leaves, recurved ,
scales black at the point, with long hairs ; germs ovate, on short pe-
dicels, silky ; style very short ; stigmas bifid.

AMENTACE^E. 319

HAB. Shady woods. N. J. and Penn. April. 1? . —A low shrub,
with brown smooth branches and yellow buds.

6. 8. pedicillaris Pursh : branches smooth ; leaves obovate-laneeo-
late, acute, very entire, smooth and of the same colour on both sides ;
stipules none ; aments pedunculate, very smooth ; scales oblong, half
the length of the pedicel, scarcely hairy ; germs ovate-oblong, on a
very long pedicel ; stigmas sessile, bifid.

HAB. Catskill mountains, N. Y. April. ^>. Pursh.

7. S. rosmarinifolia Linn. : leaves straight, linear-lanceolate, acute
at each end, very entire, pubescent above, silky beneath ; stipules lan-
ceolate, erect ; aments appearing before the leaves.; scales oblong, ob-
tuse, ciliate ; germs pedicellate, lanceolate, villous ; stigmas subsessile,
bifid,

HAB. Wet meadows and mountain swamps. Penn. to Car.
March. *>. — A shrub 1 — 3 feet high ; the branches silky pu-
bescent. Leaves 1 1-2 inches long, becoming smooth when old.
— According to Sprengel, the Linnacan S. rosmarinifolia is iden-
tical with S. depressa of Hoffmann. ,*'; -

8. S. repens Linn. : creeping ; leaves elliptic-lanceolate, very entire,
acute, smooth, somewhat silky beneath ; stipules none ; aments ap-
pearing before the leaves, ovate, diandrous ; scales obovate, obtuse,
hairy, fuscous at the point ; germs ovate-oblong, on pedicels, pubes-
cent ; style very short ; sigmas 2-lobed ; capsule smooth. — & depressa
Ho/.

HAB. Can. and N. Y. 1 May. *?.— A very small creeping spe-
cies.

** Leaves remotely and obtusely serrate.

9. $. conifera Wangh. : leaves oblong-lanceolate, flat, remotely ser-
rate, acute, smooth above, tomentose beneath ; stipules lunate, sub-
dentate ; aments appearing before the leaves, diandrous ; scales lance-
olate, obtuse, villous ; germs on pedicels, lanceolate, silky ; stylo
bifid ; stigmas 2-lobed. — S. longirostris Mich.

HAB. Shady woods. N. Y. to Car. April. T?.— Shrub 4—8
feet high, with cone-like excrescences at the end of the branch-
es. Style long.

10. 8. myricoides MuhL: leaves oblong-lanceolate, acute, biglandu-
lar at base, obtusely serrate, smooth, glaucous beneath ; stipules ovate,
acute, glandular-serrate ; aments viilous, leafy at the base ; scales lan-
ceolate, obtuse, villous, black ; germs on long pedicels, lanceolate,
glabrous ; style bifid ; stigmas bifid.

HAB. Woods and meadows., N. Eng. to Vir. April. T?. — A
small shrub. Branches green ; younger ones purple, smooth.

11. S. prinoides Pursh : leaves oval-oblong, acute, remotely undu-
late-serrate, glabrous, glaucous beneath ; stipules semicordate, iccise-
ly toothed ; aments appearing before the leaves, .villous ; germs pedi-
cellate, ovate, acuminate, silky ; style long; stigmas bifid.

320 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.

HAB. On the banks of rivers. Penn. to Vir. March. April. f?.
— A sJirub 6—8 feet high.

12. &'. discolor WUld. : leaves oblong, somewhat obtuse, smooth, re-
motely serrate, very entire at the point, glaucous beneath ; stipules
deciduous, lanceolate, serrate ; aments appearing with the leaves, di-
androus, oblong, tomentose ; scales oblong, acute, hairy, black ; germs
imbsessile, lanceolate, tomentose ; style of middling length ; stigmas
2-parted.

HAB. Low grounds. N. Eng. to Car. April. 1?.— A shrub 01
small tree, dark brown. Filnments white ; anthers red, yel-
low when burst. — Perhaps identical with the preceding".

Bog Willow.

13. S. anguftata Pursh : leaves lanceolate, acute, very long, gradu-
ally attenuated at the base, serrulate, very smooth, nearly of the same
colour ; stipules semicordate j aments appearing before the leaves,
erect, somewhat glabrous ; germs pedicellate, ovate, smooth; style bi-
fid ; stigmas 2-lobed.

HAB. Banks of streams. N- Y. and Penn. W. to Miss. March,
April. ^>. — A shrub with very long leaves. -^-Resembles S.pri-
noides. According to Mr. Nuttall it is identical with the next.

14. S. longtfolia Muhl. : leaves linear, acuminate at each end, elon-
gated, remotely toothed, smooth, nearly of the same colour on both
sides ; stipules lanceolate, toothed ; aments peduncled, tomentose, di-
androus ; scales flat, retuse ; filaments bearded at base, twice the length
of the scales.

HAB. On the banks of the Susquehannah. Penn. W. to Mies.
Maid. July. *?.— A shrub aboat 2 feet high, with brown
branches and white branchlets.

*¥* Leaves closely and acutely serrate-

15. S. babylonica Linn. : branches pendulous ; leaves lanceolate,
acuminate, serrate, smooth, somewhat glaucous beneath; stipules
roundish-acuminate, serrate ; aments appearing with the leaves ;
germs sessile, ovate, smooth.

HAB. Road sides, near cultivated ground. May. T?.— A tree
which is introduced from Europe, but has been so much planted
for ornament as to have become almost naturalized.

Weeping Willoic.

16. & pursfdana Sjireng. : leaves very long, linear-lanceolate,
gradually attenuate above ; subfalcate at base, acute, approximate-
serrate, smooth on both sides, silky when young ; stipules lunate,
toothed, reflexed. — S.falcata Pursh. — & cordata \&r.falcata Torr. ?

HAB. Banks of streams. Penn. to Vir. Pursh. Penn. Darling-
ton. *?•— A small tree, 8—15 feet high, with smooth and slen-
der branches. — Humboldt having given the name offalcata to a
South American species of Sattz, Sprengel proposes to change
the name of Pursh' s plant. Sprcng. Syst. v. 608.

17. & nigra Marsh. : leaves lanceolate, acute at each end, serrulate,

AMENTACE^E. 321

smooth on both sides ; petiole and midrib tomentose above ; stipules
toothed ; aments appearing with the leaves, erect, cylindric, villous ;
scales oblong-, very villous ; filaments 3 — 6, bearded at base ; germs
pedicelled, ovate, smooth; style very short; stigmas bifid. — S. caroli-
niana Mich. — S.pentandra Walt.

HAB. Banks of streams. Penn. to Car. April, May. ^>. — A
tree from 15 — 20 feet high, generally branching from the base ;
branches very brittle at base. Sterile aments 3 inches long. Fil-
aments generally 5. '

18. S. lucida Muhl. : leaves ovate-oblong, cuspidate-acuminate,
rounded at base, serrate, smooth and shining on both* sides ; stipules
oblong, serrate ; aments appearing with the leaves, triandrous ; scales
lanceolate, obtuse at base, pilose, serrate at the point, smooth ; germs
lanceolate-subulate, smooth ; style bifid j stigmas obtuse.

HAB. Low grounds. N. Y. to- Vir. May. T?^— A shrub or
small tree with yellowish-brown branches. Leaves thick.

19. 8. rigida Muhl. : leaves oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, subcordale
at base, rigid, smooth, coarsely serrate, the lowest serratures elongated;
petioles villous ; stipules large, cordate, obtuse, serrate ; aments ap-
pearing with the leaves, triandrous ; scales lanceolate, woolly, black ;
germs on long pedicels, lanceolate, smooth; style very short ; stigmas
2-parted. — S. cordata Mich.

HAB. Swamps. N. Eng. to Vir. April, May. ^>. — A small
tree ; branches green, red towards the end, the younger ones
pubescent. — It is tough and much used by basket makers.

20. & cordata Muhl. : leaves oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, cordate
at base, acutely serrate, smooth, paler beneath ; stipules large, ovate-
roundish, serrate ; aments appearing with the leaves, triandrous ;
scales lanceolate woolly, black; germs on pedicels, lanceolate, smooth;
style very short ; stigmas bifid.

HAB. Low swampy ground. N. Y. to. Vir. N. to Arc. Amer.
April, May. *?. — A shrub 6 — 8 feet high, \rith large and broad
leaves.

21 £. grisea WiUd. : leaves lanceolate, acuminate, serrulate, smooth
above, silky or naked beneath ; stipules linear, deflexed, deciduous ;
_ aments appearing before the leaves ; scales oblong, hairy, black at the
point ; germs oblong, pedicelled, silky ; stigmas sessile, obtuse.— fif. se-
ricea Mufti.

HAB. Low grounds. Penn. to Vir, April. ^>. — A sjirub 3 — 8
feet high; branches greenish- purple, very brittle at the base.

•

22. S petiolaris Smith : leaves lanceolate, serrate, smooth, glaucous
beneath, silky at base, mostly unequal ; stipules lunate, toothed ;
aments appearing before the leaves, loose ; scales obovate, obtuse,
hairy, black ; germs on long pedicels, ovate, silky, stigmas sessile, 2-
lobed.

HAB. Swamps and banks of streams ; common. Pursh. April,
1?.— A small tree with slender smooth dark brown branches-

823 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.

23. & alba Linn. : leaves lanceolate, acuminate, serrate, silky on
both sides ; lower serratures glandular ; stipules obsolete ; aments ap-
pearing with the leaves, elongated ; scales elliptic-lanceolate, of the
same colour, pubescent ; germs subsessile, ovate-oblong ; style short ;
stigmas 2-parted, thick.

HAB. Road sides and river banks. Aprilr May. T?. — A tall tree,
introduced from Europe. Pursh.

24. S. vitellina Linn. : leaves lanceolate, acuminate, with thickened
serratures, smooth above, paler and somewhat silky beneath ; stipules
none ; aments appearing with the leaves, cylindric ; scales ovate-lan-
ceolate, externally pubescent ; germs sessile, ovate lanceolate, smooth;
•tigmas subsessile, 2-lobed.

HAB. Road sides and about farms. May. J?. — A middle-sized
tree, introduced from Europe.

25. & decipiens Hoff. : leaves lanceolate, acuminate^ serrate, very
smooth, same colour on both sides ; petioles glandular toothed ; sti-
pules roundish ; aments appearing with the leaves ; scales obovate,
villous ; germs subsessile, lanceolate, smooth ; stigmas sessile, 2-part-
ed.— S.fragilis Linn — 5>. russeliana Smith.

HAB. Road sides, &c. Introduced into the N. S. ? Native in
Arc. Amer. Richardson. April, May. *>. — A small tree with
very brittle branches.

26. S. ambigua Pursh : leaves lanceolate, acuminate, same colour on
both sides, smooth, glandular, serrate ; aments appearing with the
leaves ; nectary large ; its lobes lanceolate, smooth, toothed at the
summit ; terminal flowers triandrous.

HAB. Low grounds. N. Y. and N. J. April. *>. — The only
authority for this as an American species, I believe, is Pursh,
who says it resemble* in leaves and habit S. riicllina, and in
fructification S. decipiens. Sprengel considers it a variety of S.
triandra of Linnceus.

2. POPULUS. Linn.

Dioecious. JJment cylindrical; scales lacerated. STE-
RILE FL. Anthers 8 — 30, arising from a turbinate, oblique,
entire, single perianth. FERTILE FL. Perianth turbinate,
entire. Stigmas 4. Capsule superior, 2-celled, 2-valved,
many-seeded. Seeds cornose. Dioecia. Octandria.

1. P. balsamtfera Linn. : leaves ovate, acuminate, appressed-serrate,
white and reticular-Veined beneath ; T>uds resinous.

HAB. Can. and N. to the Arctic Sea ; abundant. Introduced
into N. Y< March. *?.— A tree from 70—80 feet high, the
young buds of which are covered with an odoriferous balsam.

Balsam Poplar. Tacamahac.

2. P. candicans Ait. : leaves cordate, ovate, acuminate, obtusely and
unequally serrate, white beneath, somewhat 3-nerved, reticular-vein-

AMENTACE^E. 323

ed ; petioles hairy ; buds resinous ; branches terete. — P. canadcrisis
and latifolia Moench.

HAB. Woods. N. Eng. Pursh. March. f?. — A tree from
40—50 feet high ; leaves large ; buds covered with balsam.

Balm of Gilead.

3. P. trcmuloides Mich. : leaves roundish, abruptly acuminate, den-
tate-serrate, pubescent on the margin.— P. trepida Willd. ?

HAB. Woods. N. S. N. to Subarc. Amer. April. T?.— A
tree from 20 — 30 feet high, with smooth bark. Leaves small,
light, roundish. Flowers in pendulous silken aments.

4. P. monili/era Ait. : leaves subcordate-deltoid, smooth, glandular
at base, serrate ; serratures cartilaginous, hamate, somewhat hairy ;
nerves spreading ; petioles compressed above ; older branches terete.
— P. glandulosa and P. caroliniensis Moench.

HAB. Banks of the Hudson, near Troy, N. Y. ; apparently native.
April. *>. — A tree 70—80 feet high. Fertile aments very long.
— Michaux remarks that this tree has not been met with in N.
America growing wild, but it has been generally considered a
native of this country. Virginian Poplar.

5. P. kudsonica Mich. : leaves rhomboid, with a very long acumina-
tion, dentate-serrate, smooth ; young branches hairy. — P. betulifotia
Pursh.

HAB. Banks of streams. N. S. March. T?.— A tree 30—40
feet high, with spreading branches, which are covered with a
grayish- white bark when youug. American Black Poplar.

6. P. grandidentata Mich. : leaves ovate, nearly round, acute, unequal-
ly and sinuately toothed, smooth, the younger ones villous ; petioles
compressed near the summit.

b. pendula Nutt. : branches pendulous.

HAB. Can. and N. S. April. J?. — A tree from 40 to 50 feet high,
covere<^lvith a smooth greenish hark. Young leaves covered with
a thick down, which disappears as they become older. The
large and unequal . indentations on the margins of the leaves
sufficiently characterises this species. — Var b. is found on the
Alleghany mountains, Penn. American Large Aspen.

7. P. lavigata Alt. : leaves roundish-ovate, deltoid, acuminate, sub-
cordate, unequally serrate, smooth, glandular at base ; petioles com-
pressed ; younger branches angled. — P. canadensis Mich.

. HAB. Rocky grounds. -Can. to Vir. W. to the Rocky Moun-
tains. March. *>. — A tree from 70 to 80 feet high ; branches
angular, the angles forming whitish lines. Leaves large, deltoid,
somewhat cordate ; petioles with two glands at the base. — This
species has been confounded with P. angulata, but according to
the younger Michaux it is distinct. Cotton Wood.

8. P. heterophytta Linn. : leaves roundish-ovate, obtuse, uncinately
toothed; the sinus small, cordate and somewhat auricled; when young
tomentose.

HAB. Swamps. N. Y. to Car. and W. to Miss. May. J?.

324 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.

—A tree 60—80 feet high, with the branches not angled.
Lwccs with lobes or auricles that often conceal the insertion of
the petiole.

SUBORDER II. MYRICE.E.
3. MYRICA. Linn.

Dioecious. Ament ovate-oblong ; scales lunulate. STE-
RILE FL. Stamens 4 — 6. Anthers 4-valved. FERTILE FL.
Ovary I- Stigmas 2. Drupe 1-celled, 1-seeded.

Dioecia. Tetrandria.

1. M. gale, Linn. : leaves cuneate-lanceolate, serrate at the apex, ob-
tuse ; sterile ainents imbricated ; scales acuminate, ciliate ; fruit in
scaly heads.

HAB. Bogs and mountain lakes. Can. and N. S. May. f? . —
A branching shrub 4—5 feet high. Leaves alternate. Fruit
with a strong penetrating spicy scent.

Sweet Gait. Dutch Myrtle.

2. M. certfera Linn. : leaves cuneate-lanceolate, with a few serra-
tures near the summit, acute ; sterile ainents loose ; scales acute ;
fruit globular, naked. — M. caroliniensis and pennsylcanica Pursh. ?

HAB. Shady woods. N. Eng. to Flor. May, June. 1?.— A
shrub 2 — 8 feet high, but sometimes (especially at the South,)
10 — 18 feet, diffusely spreading. Leaves varying in width,
sometimes entire, somewhat pubescent. Fruit small, dry and
juiceless, but by boiling, a wax of very pleasant flavour is ex-
tracted from it, which in used for making candles, &c. Biff.
Med. Bot. iiL • Bayberry. Wax Myrtle.

4. COMPTONIA. Gaert.

Monoecious. STERILE FL. Ament cylindncal ; scales 1-
flowered. Perianth 2-parted. Stamens 3, forked ; anthers
6. FERTILE FL. Ament globose ; scales 1-flowered. Styles
2. Nut ovate. Monoecia. Triandria.

C, asplenifolia Ait. — Liquidambar asjilenifoliumLinn.
HAB. Woods. Can. to Geor. April, May. >>.— A shrub 2—4
feet high. Leaves long, linear, cut almost to the midrib into
numerous roundish lobes. Flowers in oval sessile aments —
The whole plant when rubbed, has a strong and somewhat fra-
grant scent Nuts forming a round burr. Stceet Fern.

SUBORDER III. BETULINE^E.
5. BETULA. Linn.

Monoecious. Ament cylindrical. STERILE FL. Perianth
none. Stamens 10—12. FERTILE FL. Scales imperfectly

AMENTACE^E. 325

3-lobed, 3-flowered. Perianth none. Styles 2. Nuts com-
pressed, with* a membranaceous margin, 1-seeded.

<-f.l3 Monoecia. Polyandria.

1. B. populjfolia 'Ait. : leaves deltoid, long-acuminate, uneqitally ser-
rate, very smooth ; petioles smooth ; scales of the strobile with round-
ieh lateral lobes. ^f* r«

HAB. Rocky woods. Can. and N. S. May. 1?.— A tree from
30 — 40 'feet high, with white bark which is easily separable into
thin layers. Leaves tapering to a long point. Flowers in long
pendulous aments. White Birch.

• 2. B. excelsa Ait. .- leaves ovate, acute, serrate ; petioles pubefcent,
shorter than the peduncles ; scales of the strobile with- rounded lateral
lobes, — B. lutea Mich.f.

HAB. Low grounds. N. Eng. and N. Y; May, June. >>.
— A tree from 70 — 86' feet high, with a yellowish bark, which
is^slightly fragrant. Fertile dtoents ovate, erect. — Used for fuel.

Yellow Birch.

3. B. nigra Linn. : leaves rhombic-ovate, doubly serrate, acute, pu-
bescent beneath, entire at base ; fertile 'ament ovate ; scales villous,
with the segments linear and equal. — B. rubra Mich.f.

HAB. Banks of streams. N. J. to Car. May; *?.— A middle-
sized tree, though sometimes quite large. Leaves on short pe-
tioles and acutely serrate. — The wood is of little, consequence.

,./£...'.. Red Birch.

4, B.papyracea Ait. : leaves ovate, acuminate^ doubly serrate ; veins
beneath hirsute ; petioles smooth; fertile aments pedunculate, nodding;
scales with short suborbicular lateral lobes — B. papyri/era Mich.

HAB. Can. and N. Y. N. to Hudson's Bay. May, June. *>,
— A large tree, "the bark of which is used by the Indians for con-
structing their canoes. Canoe Birch.

5: B. lento. Linn. : leaves cordate-ovate, sharply serrate, acuminate;
nerves beneath and petioles hairy ; scales of the ament smgoth j lobes
obtuse, equal, with elevated veins. — B. carpinifolia Mich.

HAB. Woods. Can. to Geor. May, June. T?.— A large tree,
with the branches spotted with wjiite when young. Its bark is
fragrant and aromatic. Leaves cordate at base and terminating
in a long point. — The wood of this species has1 a fine grain, and
is susceptible of polish. Black Birch. Mahogany Birch.

6. B. pumila Linn. : young branches pubescent, without dots; leaves
orbicular-obovate ; petioles densely pubescent beneath ; fertile ament
cylindrical.

HAB. Mountain bogs. Can. , N. Y. and Penn. May, June. ^ .
— A shrub 2 — 3 feet high, with the leaves on short petioles.

7. B. glandulosa Mich. : branches glandular, punctate, smooth ;
leaves obovate, -serrate, very entire at base, smooth, subsessile ; fertile
ament oblong ; scales half 3-cleft ; seeds orbicular, with a narrow
margin.

. 28

326 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS..

HAB. Mountains. Can. and N. S. W. to N. W. Terr. May.
•lp .—A shrub about 2 feet high. •

8. B. nana Linn. :' very smooth,; leaves orbicular, crenate, reti