mm -*> =©==8=i®=r =©=1®=:©::$$::©=®=:®=^?:®=!®:=©:^=:®::®::^=©::®= > JTtarning anb ^fabor. $ LIBRARY OF THE University of Illinois. CLASS. BOOK. VOLUME. y Hooks are not to he taken from the Library. Accession No . V >- 1 _ _ . ' * " * ~ ** • . • • ' ' 4 EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT , t , . , / U R P t fx ft OF THE United States Geological Survey TO THE SECBETARY OE THE INTERIOR » 1896-97 CHARLES 13. WALCOTT DIRECTOR IN FIVE PARTS PART IV— HYDROGRAPHY WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 180 7 i v i r, u * EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. PART IV.— HYDROGRAPHY. hi 424L5 I CONTENTS. Page. Davis, A. P. Report of progress of stream measurements for the calendar year 1896 (Plates i-xxxii) . 13 Leverett, Frank. The water resources of Indiana and Ohio (Plates xxxiii- xxxvii) . 419 Darton, N. H. New developments in well boring and irrigation in South Dakota (Plates xxxvm-XLVH) . 561 Schuyler, J. D. Water storage and construction of dams (Plates xlviii-cii) . 617 v LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. Department of the Interior, United States Geological Survey, Division of Hydrography. Washington, June 1, 1897. Sir: I have the honor to transmit herewith the manuscript for a volume on hydrography, prepared for publication as one of the parts of the Eighteenth Annual Eeport of the Survey. This material con¬ sists of a report of the progress of stream measurements and related investigations carried on by the Division of Hydrography during the calendar year 1896, j>repared by Mr. Arthur P. Davis, hydrographer in charge of river work, and three other papers whose character renders it desirable that they be printed in the Annual Report. The first of these is by Mr. Frank Leverett, assistant geologist, and relates to the water supply of Indiana and of the greater portion of Ohio. The observations upon which this paper is based were obtained during sev¬ eral years of field work pertaining to the study of glacial phenomena, carried on under the direction of Prof. T. C. Chamberlin. The infor¬ mation regarding the water resources is of such value that it seemed desirable to arrange and digest this for publication independently of the discussion of glacial phenomena. This was accordingly done by Mr. Leverett during the past year. The next paper has been prepared by Mr. 1ST. H. Darton, assistant geologist, from the results of investigations carried on in Dakota during the season of 1896. This is essentially a continuation of his paper in the Seventeenth Annual Report, entitled “Preliminary report on artesian waters of a portion of the Dakotas.” This later paper adds to the data previously presented and shows the results obtained by utilization in irrigation of the flowing wells. In this work Mr. Darton was assisted by Maj. Fred F. D. Coffin, formerly State engineer of irrigation of South Dakota. With these papers has been included one by Mr. James D. Schuyler, of Los Angeles, California, whose name is identified with the planning and construction of some of the greatest irrigation works of the coun¬ try. In 1896, as opportunity offered, he prepared this paper upon the VII VIII LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. subject of storage reservoirs of tbe western part of the country. The demand for information of this character is so great and the paper is so notable, illustrating to the public the extent of development and the success attained in water conservation, that it is desirable to include it in the Annual Report. Very respectfully, F. H. Newell, Hydrograplier in Charge. Hon. Charles D. Walcott, Director , United, States Geological Survey. INTRODUCTION. The completion of this volume marks the revival of extended sys¬ tematic investigation of the hydrography of the United States. This book is, in effect, the ninth annual report of what has been known as the Irrigation Survey. Its {^reparation and publication has been made possible by the act of June 11, 189G (Stat. L., vol. 29, p. 436), which enlarged the scope of the work and authorized the preparation of reports upon the best methods of utilizing the water resources of arid and semiarid sections. For some years before this date the sums available for hydrographic work were so small that it was practicable merely to continue observations at previously established stations, compute discharges, and compile for publication the data accumulated in the office. The act above referred to not only enabled the investigations to be carried on more thoroughly, but in a later paragraph (Stat. L., vol. 29, p. 453) gave authority for printing a new series of publications, limited in size to 100 pages and to an edition of 5,000 copies. This series, entitled, for distinction from the ordinary bulletins of this Survey, “Water-Supply and Irrigation Papers,” affords an opportunity for the Division of Hydrography to put before the public, in a series of pamphlets published at short intervals, the results of investigations in various lines. The hydrographic data obtained during past years are scattered through a number of publications. In order to facilitate reference to these, the following brief review is given of the progress of the inves¬ tigation, showing in chronologic order the development of the work. First year , 1888-89. — The Irrigation Survey was organized in accord¬ ance with the provisions of the act of October 2, 1888. The results of the first year's work are given in the Tenth Annual Report of the Geo¬ logical Survey, Part II, Irrigation. This volume is devoted mainly to the details of organization and of the plans adopted and partly exe¬ cuted. Second year , 1889-90. — The results of the operations outlined in the report just named are given in the Eleventh Annual Report, Part II, Irri¬ gation. This contains a discussion of the hydrography and of the engi¬ neering surveys for canals and reservoirs, the statement of the Director of the Geological Survey to the House Committee on Irrigation, a report upon the topography, and a list of irrigation literature. IX X INTRODUCTION. Third year , 1890-91. — The results of operations are given in the Twelfth Annual Report, Part II, Irrigation. This contains a state¬ ment of the location and survey of reservoir sites, by A. H. Thompson; a paper on the hydrography of the arid region, by F. II. Newell, and a discussion of irrigation in India, by Herbert M. Wilson. Fourth year , 1891-92. — The discussion of results obtained is continued in the Thirteenth Annual Report, Part III, Irrigation. This consists of a paper upon water supply for irrigation, by F. H. Newell; two papers by Herbert M. Wilson, the first upon American irrigation engi¬ neering and the second upon the engineering results of the Irrigation Survey; and a report by A. H. Thompson upon the location and sur¬ vey of reservoir sites during the fiscal year. Fifth year , 1892-93. — The Fourteenth Annual Report, Part II, con¬ tains a paper entitled, “ The Results of Stream Measurements,” by F. H. Newell. With this are two others bearing upon hydrography, the first entitled “Potable Waters of Eastern United States,” by W. J. McGee; the second, “Natural Mineral Waters of the United States,” by A. C. Peale. Sixth year, 1893-94. — The results of field work during this year are shown in Bulletin No. 131. Seventh year, 1894-95. — The operations of this year are also shown in Bulletin No. 131. The Sixteenth Annual Report, Part II, contains a paper entitled “The Public Lands and Their Water Supply,” by F. H. Newell. This gives in condensed form the results of hydrographic work in preceding years. There is also in the same volume a report on the “Water Resources of a Portion of the Great Plains,” by Robert Hay. Eighth year, 1895-96. — Bulletin No. 140, entitled “Report of Progress of the Division of Hydrography,” gives the results of field work dur¬ ing the greater part of this year. The Seventeenth Annual Report contains a paper by G. Iv. Gilbert on the “Underground Waters of the Arkansas Valley in Eastern Colorado,” one by Frank Leverett on the “Water Resources of Illinois,” and another, by N. H. Dartou, on “Artesian Waters of a Portion of the Dakotas.” Ninth year, 1896-97. — The report of progress of stream measure¬ ments is given in the present volume. The general results of investigations of artesian and underground waters and of methods of utilizing the water resources are shown in the new series of Water-Supply and Irrigation Papers. Of these, 25 have been prepared, and a number have already been issued. The operations of the division are set forth in greater detail in the report of the Director, Part I of this Annual Report, pages 70-82. F. H. N. REPORT OF PROGRESS OF STREAM MEASUREMENTS FOR THE CALENDAR YEAR 1896. BY ARTHUR ROWELL HA VIS. 1 18 GEOL, FT 4 1 CONTENTS. Page. Introduction . 13 Chesapeake watershed . 16 Rowlandville station on Octoraro Creek . 16 Woodstock station on Patapsco River . 16 Laurel station on Patuxent River . 18 Potomac Basin . 18 Potomac River above Sheuandoah River . 19 Springfield station on South Branch . 19 Cumberland station on Potomac.River . 22 Great Cacapon station on Potomac River . 25 Shenandoah River . 2o Port Republic statiou on North and South rivers . 25 Millville station on Shenandoah River . 26 Potomac River below Shenandoah River . 29 Point of Rpcks station on Potomac River . 29. Frederick station on Monocacy River . 34 Chain Bridgo statiou on Potomac River . 35 James River Basin . 36 James River . 36 Glasgow station on North River . 36 Buchanan station on James River . 39 South Atlantic watershed . 42 Roanoke River . 42 Roanoke station on Roanoke River . 42 Clarksville station on Dan and Staunton rivers . 42 Neal station on Roanoke River . 47 Tar, Neuse, aud Cape Fear rivers.... . 50 Tar boro station on Tar River . 50 Selma statiou on 'Neuse River . . 52 Fayetteville station on Cape Fear River . . 51 Yadkin River . 57 Salisbury station on Yadkin River . 57 Norwood station on Yadkin River . 60 Catawba River . 61 Rockliill station on Catawba River . 61 Catawba station on Catawba River . 64 Broad River . 65 Gaffney station on Broad River . 65 Alston station on Broad River . 67 Saluda River . 68 Waterloo station on Saluda River . 68 General discussion of Georgia strenms . 68 Waterpower streams . 69 3 4 CONTENTS. South Atlantic watershed— Continued. Page. Okef'enokee Swamp . 71 Savannah Basin . 72 Calhoun Falls station on Savannah River . 73 Savannah River at Augusta, Georgia . . . 75 Ogeechee Basin . 77 Altamaha Basin . 77 Carey station on Oconee River . 78 Macon station on Ocmulgee River . 79 Gulf of Mexico watershed . 84 Apalachicola Basin . 84 Oakdale station on Chattahoochee River . 85 West Point station on Chattahoochee Riyer . . . 90 Miscellaneous discharge measurements . 92 Mobile Basin . 93 Canton station on Etowah River . 94 Carters station on Coosawattee River . 96 Resaca station on Oostanaula River . 98 Riverside station on Coosa River . 99 Lock No. 5 on Coosa River . 101 Tuscaloosa station on Black Warrior River . 103 Miscellaneous measurements . 108 Texas streams . i . 110 Ohio River tributaries . Ill Kanawha Basin . Ill Alderson station on Greenbrier River . Ill Fayette station on New River . 113 Tennessee Basin . 1 . 116 Asheville station on French Broad River . . . 116 Bryson station on Tuckaseegee River . 116 Judsou station on Little Tennessee River . 117 Murphy station on Hiwassee River . 118 Chattanooga station on Tennessee River . 119 Miscellaneous measurements . 123 Upper Missouri Basin . 123 Townsend station on Missouri River . 123 Gallatin River . 124 Salesville station on West Gallatin River . 124 Bozeman station on Middle Creek . 127 Logan station on Gallatin River . 128 Madison River . 131 Three Forks station on Madison River . 131 Jefferson River . 135 Sappington station on Jefferson River . 135 Yellowstone River . 136 Sheridan station on Little Goose Creek . 136 Sheridan station on Big Goose Creek . 137 Buffalo station on Clear Creek . 138 Platte Basin . 141 North Platte River . 141 Laramie River . 142 Woods Landing station on Laramie River . 145 Uva station on Laramie River . 148 Orin Junction station on North Platte River . 150 Camp Clarke station on North Platte River . 153 North Platte station on North Platte River . 156 CONTENTS, 5 Platte Basin — Continued. rage. South Platte River . 159 Deansbury station on South Platte River . 159 Denver station on South Platte River . 162 Orchard station on South Platte River . . . 166 Morrison station on Bear Creek . 167 Marshall station on South Boulder Creek . 169 Boulder station on Boulder Creek . 171 Lyons station on St. Vrain Creek . 172 Arkins station on Big Thompson Creek . 174' Loup River . 176 St. Paul station on North Loup River . 176 St. Paul station on Middle Loup River . 179 Miscellaneous measurements . 181 Columbus station on Loup River . 182 Platte River . . . . 188 Columbus station on Platte River . 188 Norfolk station on Elkhorn River . 190 Miscellaneous measurements . 193 Kansas Basin . 194 Republican River . 194 Haigler station on North Fork of Republican River . . . 194 Wauneta station on Frenchman River . 196 Palisade station on Frenchman River . 197 Superior station on Republican River . . 199 Junction City station on Republican River . 203 Measurements at points other than gaging stations . 206 Smoky Hill River . 207 Beloit station on Solomon River . 207 Beverly station on Saline River . 210 Ellsworth station on Smoky Hill River . 212 Kansas River . 215 Manhattan station on Blue River . . . 215 Lecompton station on Kansas River . 218 Lawrence station on Kansas River . 219 Arkansas Basin . 223 Arkansas River . 223 Salida station on Arkansas River . 224 Canyon station on Arkansas River . 225 Pueblo station on Arkansas River . 227 Little Fountaiu Creek . 231 Trinidad station on Purgatoire River . 231 Hutchinson station on Arkansas River . 232 Verdigris and Neosho rivers . 234 Liberty station on Verdigris River . 235 Iola station on Neosho River . 238 Medicine and Cimarron rivers . 240 Kiowa station on Medicine River . 240 Arkalon station on Cimarron River . 243 Canadian River . 245 Watrous station on Mora River . 245 Rio Grande Basin . 245 Del Norte station 011 Rio Grande . 246 Embudo station on Rio Grando . 218 Abiquiu station on Charna River . 252 Rio Grande station on Rio Grande . 252 6 CONTENTS. Rio Grande Basin — Continued. Page. San Marcial station on Rio Grande . 254 El Paso station on Rio Grande . 257 Colorado Basin . 260 Grand River . 260 Grand Junction station on Grand River . 260 Dolores station on Dolores River . 261 Fall Creek station on San Miguel River . 264 Fort Crawford station on Uncompahgre River . 265 Green River . 268 Granger station on Blacks Fork . 268 Greenriver City station on Green River . 272 Blake station on Green River . 275 San Juan River . . . . 278 Arboles station on San Juan River . 279 Arboles station on Piedras River . 281 Durango station on Animas River . 283 Gila River . 286 Buttes station on Gila River . . . 286 Buttes reservoir on Gila River . 291 Whitlow station on Queen Creek . 292 Whitlow reservoir on Queen Creek . . . 295 Salt and V erde rivers . 297 Lower Colorado River . 298 Yuma station on Colorado River . 298 Interior Basin in Nevada . 299 Humboldt River . 299 Elko station on Humboldt River . 299 Battle Mountain station on Humboldt River . 302 Golconda station on Humboldt River . 303 Oreana station on Humboldt River . 306 Battle Mountain station on Rock Creek . 308 Mason’s ranch station on South Fork of Humboldt River . 311 Interior Basin in Utah and Idaho . 311 Bear River . 311 Soda Springs station on Bear River . 312 Battle Creek station on Bear River . 313 South Fork of Little Bear River . 313 East Canyon Creek . 313 Blacksmith Fork . 313 Logan station on Logan River . 316 Measurements of Cub River . 318 Collinston station on Bear River . 319 .Ogden, Weber, and Provo rivers . 321 Eden station on Ogden River . 321 Uinta station on Weber River . 323 Provo station on Provo River . 325 Utah Lake . 327 Columbia Basin . 330 Snake River . 330 Blackfoot River . 330 McCammon station on Portneuf River . 333 Montgomery station on Snake River . 334 Camas station on Little Camas Creek . 336 Taponis station on Malad and Little Wood rivers . 336 CONTENTS. 7 Columbia Basin — Continued. Snake River — Continued. rage. Grand View station on Bruneau River . 339 Boise station on Boise River . 310 Caldwell station on Boise River . , . 314 Nyssa station on Owyliee River . 346 Vale station on Malheur River . 348 Payette station on Payette River . 350 Weiser station on Weiser River . 352 YakimaRiver . 355 North Yakima station on Naches River . . . 355 Yakima station on Yakima River . 356 Kioca station on Yakima River . 358 Spokane and Umatilla rivers . 359 Spokane station on Spokane River . 359 Gibbon station on Umatilla River . 361 San Francisco Bay drainage . 361 Sacramento River . 361 Redbluff station on Sacramento River . 362 Jelly s Ferry station on Sacramento River . 365 San Mateo Creek . 370 Upper Crystal Springs and Pilarcitos-Sau Andreas reservoirs . 370 San Joaquin River . 371 Oakdale station on Stanislaus River . 371 Salt Springs Valley Reservoir . 375 Lagrange station on Tuolumne River . 378 Modesto station on Tuolumne River . . . 384 Herndon station on San Joaquin River . 385 Red Mountain station on Kings River . 390 Kingsburg station on Kings River . 393 Kern River . 395 Small lost creeks in southern California . .1 . 397 San Emidio ranch house station on San Emidio Creek . 397 Tejon ranch house station on Tejou House Creek . 400 Palmdale station on Little Rock Creek . 402 South Pacific Coast watershed . 405 Azusa station on San Gabriel River . 405 Warm Springs station on Santa Ana River . 411 Los Angeles River . 413 Sweetwater River . 415 Sweetwater dam on Sweetwater River . 415 Miscellaneous measurements . 416 California rainfall data . 418 . . . ILLUSTRATIONS. Page. Pi.ate I. Virginia drainage map . 36 II. Carolina drainage map . 48 III. Georgia drainage map . 70 IV. Discharge of Etowah River at Canton, Georgia, 1892-96. . 96 V. Discharge of Black Warrior River at Tuscaloosa, Alabama, 1889- 1896 . 108 VI. Discharge of North Loup River at St. Paul, Nebraska, 1895-96 . 178 VII. Discharge of Middle Loup River at St. Paul, Nebraska, 1895-96 . 180 VIII. Gaging station on Middle Loup River at St. Paul, Nebraska . 182 IX. Discharge of Loup River at Columbus, Nebraska, 1895-96 . 184 X. Discharge of Platte River at Columbus, Nebraska, 1895-96 . 190 XI. Discharge of Republican River at Junction City, Kansas, 1895-96.. 204 XII. Discharge of Solomon River at Beloit, Kansas, 1895-96 . 210 XIII. Discharge of Saline River at Beverly, Kansas, 1895-96 . 212 XIV. Discharge of Arkansas River at Hutchinson, Kansas, 1895-96 . 234 XV. Discharge of Medicine River at Kiowa, Kansas, 1895-96 . 242 XVI. Embudo gaging station on the Rio Grande, New Mexico . 250 XVII. Rio Grande gaging station on the Rio Grande, New Mexico . 252 XVIII. San Marcial gaging station on the Rio Grande, New Mexico . 254 XIX. El Paso gaging station on the Rio Grande, Texas . 258 XX. Buttes reservoir site on Gila River, Arizona . 292 XXI. Whitlow reservoir site on Queen Creek, Arizona . 294 XXII. Reservoir dam site on Salt River from entrance of canyon . 296 XXIII. Discharge of Rio Verde above Salt River, 1895-96 . 298 XXIV. Discharge of Salt River above junction with Rio Verde, 1895-96. .. 298 XXV. Head gates of Consolidated Canal on Salt River . 300 XXVI. Discharge of Bear River at Collinston, Utah, 1893-96 . 320 XXVII. Devil’s Gate on Weber River, Utah, one-half mile below gaging station . 324 XXVIIL Provo station on Provo River, Utah . 326 XXIX. Reservoir site on Blackfoot River, Idaho . 332 XXX. Flumes and pressure pipe on Yakima Valley Canal . 356 XXXI. Jellys Ferry station on Sacramento River, California . 366 XXXII. Red Mountain station on Kings River, California, looking southeast. 392 Fig. 1. Discharge of Potomac River at Cumberland, Maryland, 1895-96 . 24 2. Discharge of Shenandoah River at Millville, West Virginia, 1895-96.. 29 3. Discharge of Potomac River at Point of Rocks, Maryland, 1895-96... 33 4. Discharge of North Fork of James River, Glasgow, Virginia, 1896... 38 5. Discharge of James River at Buchanan, Virginia, 1896 . 41 6. Discharge of Cape Fear River at Fayetteville, North Carolina, 1896.. 57 7. Discharge of Yadkin River at Salisbury, North Carolina, 1896 . 59 8. Discharge of Catawba River at Rock Hill, South Carolina, 1896 . 63 9. Gaging station near Calhoun Falls, South Carolina . 73 10. Discharge of Ocmulgee River at Macon, Georgia, 1896 . 84 9 ILLUSTRATIONS. 10 Page. Fig. 11. Oakdale station on Chattahoochee River . 86 12. Discharge of Chattahoochee River at Oakdale, Georgia, 1895-96 . 89 13. Curves of current velocity and discharge of Coosa River at Lock No. 5, Georgia . 104 14. Discharge of New River at Fayette, West Virginia, 1896 . 115 15. Discharge of West Gallatin River near Salesville, Montana, 1896 . 126 16. Discharge of Gallatin River at Logan, Montana, 1895-96 . 130 17. Discharge of Madison River at Three Forks, Montana, 1896 . 134 18. Discharge of Clear Creek near Buffalo, Wyoming, 1896 . 141 19. Bridge across Laramie at Woods, Wyoming . 145 20. Looking up Laramie from bridge at Woods, Wyoming . 146 21. Discharge of Laramie River at Uva and Woods, Wyoming, 1896 . 148 22. Laramie River at Uva, Wyoming, above railroad bridge . 148 23. Laramie River wagon bridge at Uva, Wyoming . 150 24. Discharge of North Platte River at Orin, Wyoming, 1896 . 153 25. Discharge of South Platte River at Deansbury aud Denver, Colorado, 1896 . 166 26. North Loup River near Burwell, Nebraska . 177 27. Gaging station on Loup River at Columbus, Nebraska, showing location of gage rod . 185 28. Looking north across south channel of Platte River near Columbus, Nebraska . 188 29. Discharge of Frenchman River at Palisade, Nebraska, 1896 . 200 30. Discharge of Smoky Hill River at Ellsworth, Kansas, 1895-96 . 215 31. Discharge of Blue River at Manhattan, Kansas, 1895-96 . 219 32. Discharge of Kansas River at Lawrence, Kansas, 1895-96 . 223 33. Discharge of Arkansas River at Pueblo, Colorado, 1895-96 . 231 34. Discharge of Rio Grande at Del Norte, Colorado, 1895-96 . 249 35. Discharge of Rio Grande at Einbudo, New Mexico, 1895-96 . 251 36. Discharge of Rio Grande at Rio Grande, New Mexico, 1895-96 . 255 37. Cross section of Rio Grande at San Marcial, New Mexico . 257 38. Cross section of llio Rrande at El Paso, Texas . 258 39. Discharge of Dolores River at Dolores, Colorado, 1895-96... . 264 40. Discharge of San Miguel River at Fall Creek, Colorado, 1895-96 . 266 41. Discharge of Uncornpahgre River at FortCrawford, Colorado, 1895-96. 268 42. Gaging station on Blacks Fork near Granger, Wyoming . 270 43. Discharge of Blacks Fork near Granger, Wyoming, 1896 . 272 44. Ferry on Green River at Greenriver City, Wyoming . 273 45. Discharge of Green River at Greenriver City, Wyoming, 1896... . 275 46. Discharge of Green River at Blake, Utah, 1895-96 . 279 47. Discharge of San Juan River at Arboles, Colorado, 1895-96 . 281 48. Discharge of Piedras River at Arboles, Colorado, 1895-96 . 283 49. Discharge of Animas River at Durango, Colorado, 1895-96 . 285 50. Discharge of Gila River at Buttes, Arizona, 1895-96 . 291 51. Discharge of Queen Creek at Whitlow’s ranch, Arizona, 1896-97 . 295 52. Discharge of Humboldt River at Elko, Battle Mountain, Golconda, and Oreana, Nevada, 1896 . 309 53. Discharge of Bear River at Battle Creek, Idaho, 1893-1896 . 316 54. Discharge of Weber River at Devils Gate above Uinta, Utah, 1895-96.. 325 55. Discharge of Provo River in Provo Canyon near Provo, Utah, 1893- 1896 . 328 56. Discharge of Bruneau River near Grand View, Idaho, 1895-96 . 341 57. Discharge of Boise River above Boise, Idaho, 1895-96 . 344 58. Discharge of Sacramento River at Redbluff, California, 1895-96 . 366 59. Cross sections of Sacramento River at Jelly’s Ferry, California . 367 ILLUSTRATIONS 11 Page. Fig. 60. Rating curve for station at Jellys Ferry, California . 368 61. Discharge of Sacramento River at Jellys Ferry above Iron Canyon, California, 1895-96 . 369 62. Discharge of Stanislaus River at Oakdale, California, 1895-96 . 376 63. Lagrange dam . 378 64. Lagrange bridge, looking downstream . 379 65. Cross section of Tuolumne River at Lagrange bridge, California . 380 66. Rating curve for station at Lagrange bridge on Tuolumne River . 382 67. Discharge of Tuolumne River at Lagrange bridge, California, 1895-96. 383 68. Discharge of Tuolumne River at Modesto, California, 1895-96 . 386 69. Sections of San Joaquin River at Herndon, California, showing- changes in the bed . 387 70. Rating curve for Herndon station on San Joaquin River, California.. 388 71. Gaging station on San Joaquin River at Herndon, California . 389 72. Discharge of San Joaquin River at Herndon, California, 1895-96 . 390 73. Railroad and wagon bridges across the San Joaquin River at the Herndon gaging station . 391 74. Discharge of Kings River at Red Mountain, California, 1896 . 393 75. Discharge of Keru River, California, at “first point of measurement ” of Kern County Laud Compauy, 1894-95 . 398 % REPORT OF PROGRESS OF STREAM MEASUREMENTS FOR THE CALENDAR YEAR 1896. By Arthur Powell Davis. INTRODUCTION. The measurement of streams by the Division of Hydrography dur¬ ing 189G lias been on a more extended scale and in the main of a some¬ what higher degree of accuracy than before attempted. A few stations at which measurements were made in 1895 have been abandoned for sundry reasons, the chief of which is the ascertained impracticability of obtaining accurate results, due to the rapidly shifting character of the river bed or other causes. A larger number of new stations have been established, chiefly in the eastern States of Maryland, Georgia, Alabama, and the Carol in as. There still remain in the list of stations maintained a few upon which success has not yet been attained in securing results of a sufficiently high grade of accuracy to give more than a general idea of the fluctua¬ tion of the stream flow. This is due to the changes of the stream beds, which are so rapid and erratic as to leave no ascertainable rela¬ tion between the discharge of the river and either the cross section of the stream bed or the height of water on the gage rod. Instances of stations with these difficulties are found on the Great Plains and on the lower Rio Grande, Gila, and Colorado rivers. There appears to be no solution of this difficulty except by largely increasing the number and frequency of actual measurements of discharge. The policy has been, therefore, to abandon a few of the less important of such sta¬ tions and to concentrate effort upon the rest. It is believed that this procedure will add greatly to the value of the results. In most cases the hydrographic work has been under the immediate supervision of skilled hydrographers, engaged either in engineering instruction or in general practice, who have been employed by the day for only such time as actually engaged in the work of this division. Following is a list of the resident hydrographers, with the territory under charge of each: California, J. B. Lippincott, civil engineer, Los Angeles. Colorado, Fillmore Cogswell, deputy State engineer, Denver. 13 14 PROGRESS OF STREAM MEASUREMENTS FOR 1896. Georgia and Alabama, Prof. B. M. Hall, civil engineer, Atlanta. Idaho, L. B Kendall, United States deputy surveyor, Boise. Kansas, eastern, Prof. E. C. Murphy, engineering department, State University, Lawrence. Kansas, western, W. G. Russell, civil engineer* Russell. Montana, Prof. Frank Beach, Agricultural Experiment Station, Bozeman. Nebraska, Prof. O. V. P. Stout, engineering department, State University, Lincoln. Nebraska, North Platte station, Charles P. Ross, civil engineer, North Platte. Nevada, L. H. Taylor, civil engineer, Battle Mountain. New Mexico, P. E. Harroun, civil engineer, Santa Fe. North Carolina and South Carolina, Prof. J. A. Holmes, State geologist, Chapel Hill. Utah, Prof. Samuel Fortier, State Agricultural College, Logan. Virginia and West Virginia, Prof. D. C. Humphreys, Washington and Lee Univer¬ sity, Lexington. Wyoming, Elwood Mead, State engineer, Cheyenne. Mr. Cyrus C. Babb, assistant hydrograplier, lias been occupied for a large portion of tbe year in traveling through tbe West, inspecting and repairing old stations and establishing new ones. Most of the measurements in the State of Maryland have been made by Mr. E. G. Paul, assistant hydrographer. The amount of work undertaken with the moderate appropriation could not have been accomplished without the assistance and coopera¬ tion of many of the States in which work is carried on and of a large number of railroad companies from which courtesies have been received, and also of many State and college officials and private citizens who have been actuated by an interest in the work and a keen appreciation of the value of its results. Important cooperation has been extended by the following railroads: Western and Atlantic Railroad; Atlanta, Knoxville and Northern Railroad; Sea¬ board Air Line; Atlanta, West Point and Western Railroad of Alabama; Georgia Railroad; Southern Railroad; Chesapeake and Ohio Railway; Norfolk and Western Railway; Denver and Rio Grande Railroad; Rio Grande and Southern Railroad; Colorado Midland Railroad; Union Pacific, Denver and Gulf Railroad; Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railroad: Southern Pacific Company; Union Pacific Railway. Ill the State of Maryland cooperation is extended by the State Weather Service through the courtesy and interest of Prof. W. B. Clark, State geologist, the State bureau paying the observers of river height on four stations. Cooperation is also extended by the State of ISTorth Carolina through the geological department, which defrays a part of the expense of the work in that State. In Georgia and Alabama arrangements have been made with Prof. William S. Yeates, State geologist of Georgia, and Dr. Eugene A. Smith, State geologist of Alabama, by which they pay the river observ¬ ers at the gaging stations in their respective States and receive the data obtained for publication in their reports. DAVIS.] INTRODUCTION. 15 A similar arrangement was made witli tlie State board of irrigation in connection with stream measurements in Kansas. In Colorado the State engineering department contributes a large portion of the services of the deputy State engineer. Important cooperation is also extended by some of the water commissioners in Colorado. An appropriation of $200 was made by the commissioners of Cache County, Utah, to aid in making a hydrographic survey of Cache Valley. Thanks are due to Mr. H. Huber, general manager of the El Paso Smelting Company, for valuable cooperation in obtaining measurements and soundings at El Paso, Texas. Especial mention should also be made of the assistance rendered by Mr. William Hood, chief engineer Southern Pacific Railroad, who has furnished daily rod readings of river height at numerous railroad bridges on the system, and who has rendered much valuable assistance in the compilation of physical data of California] by Mr. Walter James, chief engineer Kern County Land Company, for valuable information concerning the Kern River and for use of the station for the rating of the meters ; by Mr. H. N. Savage, for data in reference to the Sweetwater River; by Mr. J. D. Schuyler, for general information ; and by Mr. H. F. Parkinson, for information and assistance on the San Gabriel River. Credit is given in the body of this report to numerous individuals who have contributed important services and information which have enlarged the results of the hydrographic investigation. It is not practicable even to enumerate the names of the many individuals who have extended courtesies similar to those mentioned, having in the aggregate an important bearing upon the quantity and quality of the results obtained. The data obtained and the results of computations based upon these are presented in the following pages in as condensed form as possible, giving such facts as will enable the student to form an opinion for him¬ self as to the degree of accuracy of the investigation. In connection with the description of the localities at which measurements are made attention has been called to the name or designation of the adjacent quadrangle and corresponding topographic atlas sheet. Also, with the statements concerning the river basins, a list of names of these topo¬ graphic sheets is presented to facilitate reference to the maps. A study of these should be made in connection with discussions of the behavior of each stream. The tables of daily gage height are not given in this paper, as they have less relative interest and would swell the report to an unwieldy size. They may be found for the most part in Water- Supply and Irrigation Paper No. 11. 10 PROGRESS OF STREAM MEASUREMENTS FOR 1896. CHESAPEAKE WATERSHED. ROWLANDS VILLE STATION ON OOTORARO CREEK. This creek rises in Pennsylvania and flows into the Susquehanna River about 2 miles above Port Deposit, Maryland. The station was established November 21, 1896, at the wagon bridge in the village of Rowlaudsville, Maryland. The situation is not a model one for taking discharge measurements, owing to an eddy along the left bank and the proximity of the mouth of a small tributary which would cause cross currents in time of high water. A wire gage was attached to the floor timber on the upper side of the bridge, the scale being a 14-foot board painted white and spaced to tenths of a foot with small nails, fastened to the floor timber of the bridge. The observer is Hugh W. Caldwell. The initial point for making soundings is the end of the hand rail on the lower side of the bridge on the left bank of the stream. A bench mark was established and verified with surveyor’s level. The bench mark is a cross cut in top of capstone on the lower side of the bridge abutment on the left bank of the stream, and* is 17.67 feet above the datum of the gage. A measurement was made at this station on November 21, 1896, by E. G. Paul. The height of the water was 3 feet, the discharge 138 second-feet. Observations of height of water began at this point on November 22 and were continued until December 31, 1896, the height ranging from 3 to 3.20 feet, except in the case of a flood on November 29 rising to 4.30 feet. WOODSTOCK STATION ON PATAPSCO RIVER. The drainage area is 251 square miles, and is partly shown on the Ellicott and Frederick sheets of the Topographic Atlas. This station was established August 6, 1896, on the county bridge on the road from Woodstock to Granite, Maryland, a mile and a half below the junction with the North Branch, seen on the Ellicott atlas sheet. The bridge has been measured and distances from the initial point for making soundings have been stenciled on the guard plank under the hand rail on the upper side of the bridge. The pulley of the wire gage in use at this station is fastened to the floor timber of the upper side of the bridge 40 feet from an initial point established for making sound¬ ings. The scale is a board spaced to tenths of a foot with small nails and nailed to the floor timber of the bridge. The channel is rough, with large rocks in the bed of the stream. The stream is subject to high water and sudden floods, owing to the char¬ acter of its upper watershed. The bench mark is a United States Geological Survey standard copper bolt set in the face of the retaining wall of the entrance to the college grounds at the north end of the bridge. It is 22.06 feet above gage datum. Tlie record of daily gage PATAPSCO RIVER. DAVIS.^ 17 heights for 189G, from August G to December 31, is given in Water- Supply and Irrigation Paper jSo. 11, page 8. List of discharge measurements made on Patapsco River at Woodstock, Maryland. No. Date. Hydrographer. Meter num¬ ber. Gage height feet) . Area of section (square (feet) . Mean velocity (feet per second). Discharge (second- feet). 1896. 1 Aug. 6 E. G. Paul . 68 3. 60 93 1.33 123 2 Sept. 16 . do . . 68 3.90 109 1.83 200 3 Nov. 19 . do . 68 3. 90 101 2. 03 204 1897. 4 Feb. 10 . do . 68 4.20 143 2. 40 345 Rating table for Patapsco River at Woodstock, Maryland. [This table is applicable from August 1, 1896, to February 20, 1897.] Gage height. Discharge. Gage height. Discharge. Gage height. Discharge. Feet. Sec. feet. Feet. Sec. feet. Feet. Sec. feet.. 3. 30 70 3. 90 210 4.50 500 3. 40 85 4. 00 250 4. 60 560 3.50 100 4.10 300 4. 70 620 3. 60 125 4.20 350 4. 80 680 3. 70 150 4. 30 400 4. 90 740 3. 80 180 4.40 450 5.00 800 Estimated monthly discharge of Patapsco River at Woodstock, Maryland. [Drainage area, 251 square miles.] Discharge in second-feet. Run-off. Month. Maxi¬ mum. Mini¬ mum. Mean. Total in acre-feet. Depth in inches. Second-feet per square mile. 1896. August 16 to 31 . 150 77 120 3, 808 0. 28 0. 48 September . 195 55 116 6, 902 .52 .46 October . 230 100 151 9,284 .69 .60 November . 740 138 210 12, 496 .93 .84 December . 275 92 161 6,210 .74 .64 ■2 18 GEOL, PT 4 18 PROGRESS OF STREAM MEASUREMENTS FOR 1896. LAUREL STATION ON PATUXENT RIVER. This station is in the Laurel quadrangle, in latitude 39° 5.5', longi¬ tude 76° 50.5'. It was established August 3, 1896, on the bridge on the main cross street of the town of Laurel, Maryland. The initial point for soundings is the end of iron truss, upper side. The bridge was measured and distances from the initial point for sounding were sten¬ ciled on the floor timber of the upper side of the bridge. A wire gage with metal weight was attached to the lower side of the bridge, the scale being a 14-foot board spaced to tenths of a foot with small nails and fastened to the floor timber of the bridge. The flow of water past this station in time of dry weather is confined to certain hours of the day, owing to a dam at the large cotton mill situated about 1 mile up the stream from the station. During August, 1896, the cotton mill ran but five hours each working day, owing to the scarcity of water. The mill would run from 7 a. m. until noon. By that time the supply of water would be exhausted and the gates of the dam be closed. In but few instances during August, 1896, did water flow over the dam by 7 a. m. the next day. The bench mark is a copper bolt set in large capstone of the retain¬ ing wall on the lower side of the bridge abutment on the left bank of the stream. It is 21.22 feet above zero of gage height. The drainage area is 137 square miles, and is mapped on the Frederick, Laurel, and Monocacy sheets of the Topographic Atlas. The record of daily river heights for 1896, from August 3 to December 31, is given in Water- Supply and Irrigation Paper .No. 11, page 8. List of discharge measurements made on Patuxent River at Laurel, Maryland. No. Date. Hydrographer. Meter num¬ ber. Gage height (feet). Area of section (square feet). Mean velocity (feet per second). Discharge (second- feet). 1 1896. Sept. 18 E. G. Paul . 67 4.60 117 1.37 161 2 Nov. 25 . do . 4.40 93 1.32 123 POTOMAC BASIN. The Potomac Biver, as the name is commonly applied, results from the union of the North Branch with the South Branch at a point about 12 miles below Cumberland, Maryland. The main features of this basin are outlined in Bulletin 140, pages 41-43. Following down the Potomac Biver, the drainage areas of the princi- POTOMAC RIVER. DAVIS.] 19 pal tributaries have been measured at them mouths and ascertained to be as follows: Drainage areas of tributaries of Potomac River. Sq. miles. Little Cacapon . 117 Great Cacapon. (Of this, North River has a drainage area of 205 square miles; Lost River, 189 square miles; Cacapon above North River, 404 square miles.) . 671 Warm Spring Creek . 16 Conoloway Creek . 125 Sleepy Creek . 146 Licking Creek . 195 Back Creek (to Virginia and West Virginia line, 185 square miles) . 288 Conococheague at Williamsport . 579 Opequon . . . 335 An detain . 305 Shenandoah . . . 3, 009 Monocacy . 941 Goose Creek . 384 Seneca Creek . 132 Rock Creek . 81 The areas of the Potomac drainage at various points in succession below the union of the North and South branches are as follows: Sq. miles. Above Great Cacapon River . 3, 388 At Hancock . . . 4, 099 At Williamsport . 5, 556 At Harpers Ferry above the Shenandoah . 6, 354 At Harpers Ferry below the Shenandoah . 9, 363 At W everton . . 9, 397 At Point of Rocks . 9, 654 At Edwards Ferry below Goose Creek . 11, 100 At Great Falls . 11,427 At Chain Bridge . 11,545 The principal river stations for ascertaining the fluctuation of the stream are stated below in geographic order, and the results obtained at each are shown in concise form. POTOMAC RIVER ABOVE SHENANDOAH. SPRINGFIELD STATION ON SOUTH BRANCH OF POTOMAC RIVER. This point is at the railroad bridge at Washington station, 2 miles above Springfield, West Virginia. It is shown on the Romney sheet of the Topographic Atlas, and is in latitude 39° 25' and longitude 78° 44'. Its drainage area is all shown on the Romney, Piedmont, Beverly, Franklin, Woodstock, Staunton, and Monterey sheets. Observations were discontinued in February, 1896, upon the exhaustion of funds, and have not been resumed. The bench mark is a cross cut in a broad cap¬ stone of the lower wall of the north abutment of the bridge, and is 24.58 20 PROGRESS OF STREAM MEASUREMENTS FOR 1896. feet above the surface of the water when the gage reads 3.G feet, or 28.18 feet above datum. The measurements of river height are made by means of a wire gage, the scale of which is marked to feet and tenths on the guard rail of the bridge on the lower side by means of brass tacks. The distance from the pulley to the zero of the gage is l.GG feet; the length of the gage wire is 34 feet. It is placed in the first panel of the bridge at the third span from the north. Measurements of discharge are made from the same bridge. The channel, both above and below the station, is straight ; the water is somewhat swift. The banks are liable to overflow at time of high water. This station is described in Bulletin 131, page 88. Eating tables and daily gage heights for 1895 are published in Bulletin 140, pages 44 and 45. The same rating table is used in computing the table of discharges given herewith. Additional measurements of minimum flow are required for completing the record for 1895. Observations were made at this point from January 1 to February 29, 189G, the height ranging from 3.60 to 9.40, but the greater part of the time fluctuating rapidly. From January 5 to 22 the river was reported as frozen. List of discharge measurements made on South Branch of Potomac River, West Virginia. No. Date. Hydrographer. Meter num¬ ber. Gage height (feet). Area of section (square feet) . Mean velocity (feet per second). Discharge (second- feet). 1 1894. May 31 R. H. Chapman _ 23 h 4. 70 532 2.02 1, 074 2 1895. Mar. 29 C. C. Babb . 29 1 5. 90 695 2. 95 2,049 3 Apr. 11 . do . 291 8.95 1, 488 2.95 4, 389 4 Apr. 26 . do . 291 . 4.20 395 2. 45 968 5 May 3 . do . 291 7. 40 974 3.62 3, 539 6 May 9 . do . 291 5. 25 481 3. 30 1, 588 7 May 22 . do ...1 . 291 8. 30 1, 238 3. 16 3,886 8 J line 4 . do . 29 h 3. 90 330 2. 15 710 9 June 6 . do . 29 h 3. 90 357 2. 13 759 10 June 14 . do . 29 h 3. 47 258 2.27 586 11 June 19 . do . 29 h 3. 10 195 1.79 349 12 July 16 . do . 76 3. 10 219 1. 73 378 13 July 17 . do . 76 3.00 195 1.82 355 14 1896. Aug. 6 D. C. Humphreys .. 1 a 4.40 465 2. 28 1,058 15 Nov. 18 A. P. Davis . 68 3.60 307 2. 06 634 DAVIS.] SOUTH BRANCH OF POTOMAC RIVER, 21 * Rating table for South Branch of Potomac River. Gage height. Discharge. Gage height. Discharge. Gage height. Discharge. Gage height. Discharge. Feet. Sec. feet. Feet. Sec. feet. Feet. Sec. feet. Feet. Sec. feet. 2.50 180 4. 40 1, 030 6. 30 2,370 8. 20 3, 795 2.60 210 4. 50 1, 090 6. 40 2, 445 8. 30 3,870 2. 70 240 4.60 1, 160 6. 50 2,520 8. 40 3, 945 2. 80 270 4. 70 1,230 6. 60 2,595 8. 50 4,020 2. 90 300 4.80 1, 300 6. 70 2,670 8. 60 4, 095 3. 00 330 4. 90 1, 370 6. 80 2,745 8. 70 4, 170 3. 10 360 5. 00 1, 440 6.90 2, 820 8. 80 4, 245 3. 20 400 5. 10 1, 510 7. 00 2,895 8. 90 4,320 3. 30 450 5. 20 1, 580 7. 10 2,970 9. 00 4,395 3. 40 500 5. 30 1,650 7. 20 3,045 9. 10 4,470 3. 50 550 5. 40 1,720 7. 30 3,120 9. 20 4,545 3. 60 600 5. 50 1,790 7. 40 3, 195 9. 30 4,620 3. 70 650 5. 60 1, 860 7. 50 3, 270 9. 40 4,695 3. 80 700 5. 70 1, 930 7. 60 3,345 9. 50 4,770 3. 90 750 5.80 2,000 7.70 3,420 9. 60 4, 845 4.00 800 5.90 2, 070 7. 80 3, 495 9. 70 4, 920 4.10 850 6.00 2, 145 7. 90 3,570 9. 80 4, 995 4. 20 910 6. 10 2, 220 8.00 3,645 9. 90 5,070 4. 30 970 6. 20 2, 295 8.10 3,720 Estimated monthly discharge of South Branch of Potomac River, near Springfield, West Virginia. [Drainage area, 1,443 square miles.] Month. Discharge in second-feet. Run-off. Maxi¬ mum. Mini¬ mum. Mean. Depth in inches. Second- feet per square mile. 1894. June . 1, 720 400 800 0. 61 0.55 July a . 700 210 317 0. 25 0. 22 August . 400 180 232 0. 18 0. 16 September . 1,930 180 395 0. 30 0. 27 October 1 to 20 . 910 210 500 0. 40 0. 35 1895. April 12 to 30 . 3, 270 800 1, 667 1.28 1. 15 May . 3, 570 1,030 2,204 1. 76 1. 53 June . 1, 230 270 600 0. 47 0. 42 July . 1, 300 240 512 0. 40 0. 35 1896. January . 2,820 600 856 0. 68 0. 59 February . 4, 695 500 2,023 1.51 1.40 a Record incomplete; figures missing from July 15 to 21, 1894. 22 PROGRESS OF STREAM MEASUREMENTS FOR 1896. CUMBERLAND STATION ON POTOMAC RIVER. This station is 1,000 feet below the mouth of Wills Creek, in latitude 39° 39', longitude 78° 46'. It is described in Bulletin 131, page 88. The river gage consists of a vertical rod 10 feet long, bolted to the east side of the abutment of the head gate of the eastern canal feeder just above the dam. The top of the rod, or the 10-foot mark, is 5.40 feet below the top of the abutment. Measurements of the river are made from the West Virginia Central Railroad bridge, about 200 yards below the dam across the Potomac. At high water the section is fairly smooth and the velocity high. At low water rocks, riffles, and angular cur¬ rents appear. Measurements of the canal feeders have also been made near the head gates. The record of daily river heights at this station were continued throughout 189G, and are shown in Water-Supply and Irrigation Paper No. 11, page 8. The drainage area above this station is 891 square miles, and is shown in part on the Piedmont and Romney sheets of the Topographic Atlas. List of discharge measurements made on Potomac River at Cumberland , Maryland. 1 No. Date. Hydrographer. Meter num¬ ber. Gage height (feet) . Area of section (square feet) . Mean velocity (feet per second). Discharge (second- feet). 1 1894. May 24 1895. Mar. 30 C. C. Babb . 23 1, 166 2. 60 3,037 2 . do . 29 1 4.50 1,088 3. 17 3, 446 3 Apr. 10 . do . 29 1 5. 40 1,560 3.88 6,054 4 Apr. 25 . do . 29 h 3. 30 423 1.49 630 5 May 3 . do . 29 h 3. 75 722 2.39 1,728 6 May 9 . do . 29 h 3. 40 465 1.67 777 7 May 23 . do . 29 h 3. 40 569 1.46 831 8 June 5 . do . 29 h 2.95 373 0. 69 256 9 June 6 . do . 29 h 3. 10 445 1.37 609 10 June 13 . do . 29 h 3.00 334 0. 86 287 11 July 17 . do . 76 3.05 357 0. 97 345 12 1896. June 24 D. C. Humphreys .. W. B. 3. 31 580 1.42 822 13 Aug. 6 . do . W. B. 3. 30 355 1.71 605 14 Nov. 18 A. P. Davis . 68 3. 38 577 1.33 765 1 Gagings include discharge of canal feeders. DAVIS.] POTOMAC RIVER ABOVE SHENANDOAH. 23 Ratine/ table of Potomac River at Cumberland, Maryland. Gage height. Discharge. Gage height. Discharge. Gage height. Discharge. Gage height. Discharge. Feet. See. feet. Feet. See. feet. Feet. See. feet. Feet. Sec. feet. 2.7 160 3.6 1, 285 4.5 3, 580 5.4 5, 875 2.8 200 3.7 1,540 4.6 3,835 5. 5 6, 130 2.9 240 ’ 3.8 1, 795 4.7 4,090 5. 6 6,385 3.0 300 3.9 2,050 4.8 4, 345 5.7 6, 640 3.1 400 4.0 2,305 4.9 4, 600 5.8 6, 895 3.2 500 4.1 2, 560 5.0 4, 855 5.9 7, 150 3.3 650 4.2 2,815 5.1 5, 110 6.0 7, 405 3.4 800 4.3 3, 070 5.2 5, 365 3 5 1, 000 4.4 3, 325 5.3 5,620 Estimated monthly discharge of Potomac River at Cumberland, Maryland. [Drainage area, 891 square miles.] Discharge in second-feet. Run-off. Month. Maxi¬ mum. Mini¬ mum. Mean. Depth in inches. Second- feet per square mile. 1895. January . 7, 405 325 1, 844 2. 39 2. 07 February . 4, 855 650 1, 128 1.32 1.27 March . 7, 405 1,540 3, 185 4. 12 3.57 April . 6, 385 525 1, 875 2.35 2. 10 May . 1,795 425 870 1.13 0. 98 Juno . 650 200 355 0. 45 0.40 July . 1,540 160 431 0. 55 0. 48 Estimated monthly discharge of Potomac River at Cumberland l, Maryland. [Drainage area, 891 square miles.] Discharge in second-feet. Run-off. Month. Maxi¬ mum. Mini¬ mum. Mean. Total in acre-feet. Depth in inches. Second-feet per square mile. 1896. January . 2,815 240 438 26, 931 0. 56 0. 49 February . 4, 600 400 1, 498 86, 165 1.81 1.68 March . 12, 505 300 1, 991 122, 422 2. 57 2.23 April . 4, 855 650 1,792 106, 631 2. 24 2. 01 May . 3, 580 240 1,351 83, 070 1.75 1.52 June . 2, 560 500 1, 396 83, 068 1.75 1.57 July . 17, 600 300 2, 141 131, 644 2. 77 2.40 24 PROGRESS OF STREAM MEASUREMENTS FOR 1896. Estimated monthly discharge of Potomac River at Cumberland, Maryland — Continued. [Drainage area, 891 square miles.] Discharge in second-feet. Run off. Month. Maxi¬ mum. Mini¬ mum. Mean. Total in acre-feet. Depth in inches. Second-feet per square mile. 1896. August . 1, 795 200 656 40, 335 0.85 0. 74 September . 17, 600 140 859 51, 115 1.07 0. 96 October . 6, 130 240 868 53, 370 1. 12 0. 97 November . 6, 130 400 1,116 66, 406 1.39 1.25 December . 1, 540 400 654 40, 212 0. 84 0. 73 Per annum . 17, 600 140 1, 230 891, 369 18.72 1.38 Sec.-ft. 8, 000 Fig. 1. — Discharge of Potomac River at Cumberland, Maryland, 1895-96. DAVIS.] SHENANDOAH RIVER. 25 GREAT CAOAPON STATION, WEST VIRGINIA, ON POTOMAC RIVER. Observations were carried on at this point from January 1 to March 7, 1890, the height ranging from 1.10 to 4.10 feet. This station is described on page 47 of Bulletin No. 140. SHENANDOAH RIVER. PORT REPUBLIC STATION, ON NORTH AND SOUTH RIVERS. This locality is described in Bulletin 140, page 50. On August 6, 1895, gages were established on the North and South rivers, which form the South Fork of the Shenandoah at Port Republic, Virginia. The gage for the North River is located on the county highway bridge, at Port Republic, and 500 feet above the mouth of South River. A painted rod was fastened to the third panel of the first span on the lower side of the bridge. It is nailed to the wooden uprights and fastened by wire to the iron diagonals. The zero of the rod is opposite the middle of the third upright, and is 4.50 feet from the outside edge of the pulley. The distance from the end of the weight to the marker is 31.98 feet. The bridge seat on lower end of right bank abutment is 24.6 feet above the datum of gage. The gage for the South River is located on the county iron bridge, just east of the town, and 300 feet above the mouth of North River. It is a wire gage. The edge of the pulley is 2.54 feet from the north edge of the third vertical. The marks on the gage are made by tacks driven into the rail on the upper side of the bridge at the fourth panel. The zero is 1 foot from the edge of the pulley. The distance from the bottom of the weight to the wire marker or zero point is 26.12. The top of the third floor beam from right bank, upper side of bridge, is 22.52 feet above gage datum. The zero of North River gage is 2.56 feet below the zero of South River gage. The drainage area of these stations is entirely mapped, and may be found on the Franklin, Harrisonburg, Staunton, Buckingham, and Lex¬ ington sheets. On August 29, 1895, a gaging of the South Fork of the Shenandoah was made just below the junction of the North and South rivers, giving an area of section of 165 square feet, mean velocity 2.09 feet per second, and a discharge of 345 second-feet. Deducting 87 second-feet, the dis¬ charge of South River on that date, gave a discharge of 258 second- feet for the North River. Similarly, on July 31, 1895, the discharge of the South Fork below the junction gave, area, 203; mean velocity, 2.33, and discharge 474. The discharge of the North River would be 335 second-feet. All gagings of South River include discharge of mill race. Measurements of discharge at this station are not sufficiently comprehensive to warrant the construction of rating curves. The record of daily gage height for both rivers for 1896 is given in Water- Supply and Irrigation Paper No. 11, page 9. 2 G PROGRESS OF STREAM MEASUREMENTS FOR 1896. List of discharge measurements made on Xorth River, at Port Republic, Virginia. No. Date. Hydro grapher. Meter num¬ ber. Gage height (feet). Area of section (square feet). Mean velocity (feet per second). Discharge (second- feet). 1895. 1 Aug. 6 Aug. 29 C. C. Babb . 29 2. 18 281 1.33 375 2 I). C. Humphreys.. N. 2. 09 a 258 1896. 3 June 5 . do . W. B. 2.20 276 1.55 427 4 July 31 . do . W. B. 2. 48 310 1.38 428 5 _ do ... . do . W. B. 2. 46 6335 a Result obtained by deducting the discharge of the South River, 87 second-feet, from total dis¬ charge of the South Fork of Shenandoah, 345 second-feet, measured below the junction. 6 Result obtained as on August 29, 1895, by deducting 139 second-feet, discharge of South River, from 474 second-feet, discharge of South Fork. List of discharge measurements made on South River, at Port Republic, Virginia. No. Date. Hydrographer. Meter number. Gage height (feet). Area of section (square feet) . Mean velocity (feet per second). Discharge (second- feet). 1895. Aug. 5 C.C. Babb . 29 56 1.30 a 72 1 Aug. 6 . do . 29 1.62 74 1.55 114 2 Aug. 29 D. C. Humphreys.. W.L.U. 1.34 68 1.28 87 1896. 3 June 5 D. C. Humphreys.. W.B. 1. 40 79 1.43 113 4 July 30 . do . W. B. 1.63 83 1.68 139 a Measurement made at Basic City, 200 feet above iron highway bridge. The surface of the water then was 19.29 feet below the top of the foot rail of the bridge, opposite the third or center vertical on the upper side of the bridge. MILLVILLE STATION ON SHENANDOAH RIVER. A station for measuring Shenandoah Eiver was established at a point 4 miles above Harpers Ferry, where there is a cable stretched across the river — the property of Becker Bros., of Baltimore. Per¬ mission was obtained to utilize this cable by swinging from it a suitable box from which discharge measurements could be made. On April 15, 1895, a vertical gage was placed in the river and securely fastened to the overhanging trunk of a tree. A deep notch was cut in the tree opposite the 8-foot mark. Daily observations were begun at this time. A further description of this station is given in Bulletin 140, page 53. DAVIS ] SHENANDOAH RIVER. 27 The station is shown on the Harpers Ferry sheet, and is 200 feet above the month of Flowing Run, in latitude 39° 17' and longitude 77° 47'. The drainage basin is entirely included on the Harpers Ferry, Winchester, Luray, Woodstock, Franklin, Harrisonburg, Staunton, Buckingham, and Lexington atlas sheets. On October 1, 1896, the cable was carried out by high water, and has not yet been replaced. On November 17 a copper bolt bench mark was driven into an auger hole in the root of a large sycamore tree on the left bank of the river, about 150 feet below the gage rod. The top of the bench mark is 1.78 feet below the 5-foot mark on the gage. The high-water mark of the flood of October 1 was connected by a level line with the gage, and found to be at gage height 19.72. The rating table is applicable only from January 1 to September 30. The record of daily gage heights for 1896 is given in Water-Supply and Irrigation Paper No. 11, page 10. List of discharge measurements made on Shenandoah River at Millville, West Virginia. No. Date. Hydrograplier. Meter num¬ ber. Gage height (feet). Area of section (square feet) . Mean velocity (feet per second). Discharge (second- feet). 1 1895. Apr. 24 C. C. Babb . 29 h 1.90 1,825 1. 18 2, 162 2 May 1 . do . 29 h 7. 50 4, 843 4.07 19, 711 3 May 2 . do . 29 li 6.80 4, 393 3.61 15, 859 4 May 4 . do . 29 li 5. 20 3, 463 3. 17 10, 981 5 May 8 . do . 29 k 3.08 2, 397 1. 80 4,311 6 May 21 . do . 29 k 3. 60 3,256 1. 76 5, 745 7 J tine 8 . do . 29 k 1.50 1, 645 0. 92 1,516 8 June 15 . do . 29 h 2. 35 2, 135 1.42 3,044 9 June 22 . do . 29 k 1.10 1, 464 0. 77 1,126 10 July 12 . do . 29 k 1.30 1, 549 0. 74 1, 150 11 1896. June 22 D. C. Humphreys .. W. B. 1.99 1, 903 1.32 2, 513 28 PROGRESS OF STREAM MEASUREMENTS FOR 1896. Bating table for Shenandoah River at Millville, West Virginia. [This table is applicable from January 1, 1896, to January 1, 1897.] Gage height. Discharge. Gage height. Discharge. Gage height. Discharge. Gage height. Discharge. Feet. Sec. feet. Feet. Sec. feet. Feet. Sec. feet. Feet. Sec. feet. 0 60 890 2.10 2, 500 3.50 5, 490 4. 90 9,950 0. 70 940 2. 20 2, 670 3.60 5, 790 5.00 10, 275 G. 80 990 2. 30 2, 840 3. 70 6, 090 5. 10 10, 600 0.90 1,040 2.40 3,020 3. 80 6, 390 5. 20 10, 925 1.00 1,090 2. 50 3, 210 3.90 6, 700 5.30 11,250^ 1.10 1,140 2. 60 3, 400 4. 00 7, 025 5. 40 11, 575 1.20 1,200 2. 70 3, 590 4. 10 7, 350 5.50 11, 900 1.30 1, 300 2.80 3, 780 4. 20 7, 675 5. 60 12, 225 1.40 1, 400 2. 90 3, 980 4. 30 8,000 5. 70 12, 550 1.50 1,510 3.00 4, 180 4. 40 8,325 5.80 12, 875 1.60 1, 650 3. 10 4,390 4.50 8, 650 5. 90 13, 200 1.70 1, 820 3. 20 4, 630 4.60 8, 975 6.00 13, 525 1. 80 1,990 3.30 4,900 4.70 9,300 6.10 13, 850 1.90 2.00 2, 160 2,330 3. 40 5, 190 4. 80 9,625 6. 20 14, 175 Estimated, monthly discharge of Shenandoah River at Millville, West Virginia. [Drainage area, 2.995 square miles.] Discharge in second-feet. Run-off. Month. Maxi¬ mum. Mini¬ mum. Mean. Total in acre-feet. Depth in inches. Second-feet per square mile. 1896. January . 11, 250 1, 040 2, 453 150, 829 0.94 0. 82 February . 12, 225 1, 400 3,725 214, 264 1.34 1.24 March . 11, 900 1, 400 3, 772 231, 931 1.45 1.26 April . 8, 975 1, 400 2, 750 163, 636 1.02 0.92 May . 4, 180 1, 140 2, 060 126, 664 0. 79 0. 69 June . 3,780 990 2, 129 126, 684 0. 79 0.71 July . 9, 300 1, 300 2, 798 172, 041 1. 07 0. 93 August . 1, 820 990 1,233 75, 814 0. 47 0.41 September . 12, 550 840 1,285 76, 462 0. 48 0. 43 October 3 to 30 . 12, 225 1, 040 2, 192 121, 717 0. 79 0. 73 November . 4, 630 1,040 1,958 116, 509 0. 72 0. 65 December . 6, 390 1, 400 2, 237 137, 548 0. 86 0.75 Per annum . 12, 550 840 2,383 1, 714, 099 11.72 0. 79 DAVIS.] POTOMAC BASIN. 29 POTOMAC RIVER BELOW SHENANDOAH RIVER. POINT OF ROCKS STATION ON POTOMAC RIVER, MARYLAND. This station is in latitude 39° 1G', longitude 77° 33', in Harpers Ferry- quadrangle. It is about G miles above the mouth of Monocacy Eiver, and also a number of smaller streams, and therefore the measurements Sec.-ft. 13, 000 12, 000 11, 000 10, 000 9,000 8.000 7,000 6, 000 5, 000 4, 000 3, 000 2, 000 1,000 0 12, 000 11, 000 10, 000 9,000 8,000 7, 000 6,000 5, 000 4,000 3, 000 2, 000 1, 000 0 Fiq. 2. — Discharge of Shenandoah River at Millville, West Virginia, 1895-96. of discharge do not represent the entire flow of the Potomac Eiver. The drainage area here is estimated to be 9,654 square miles. It is largely mapped on Topographic Atlas sheets Harpers Ferry, Win¬ chester, Eomney, Piedmont, Warrenton, Luray, Woodstock, Franklin, 30 PROGRESS OP STREAM MEASUREMENTS FOR 1896. Beverly, Harrisonburg, Staunton, Monterey, Buckingham, and Lex¬ ington. The station is described in Bulletin 140, page 54. At this point a toll bridge has been erected, crossing the stream 1,000 feet below the mouth of Catoctin Creek. A wire gage was placed on the toll bridge on February 17, 1895, near the center of the third span. The wire becoming badly rusted and frequently broken, a new wire gage was placed on the same datum at the east side of the first span. The scale is marked with nails on the hand rail. Observations on the new gage were begun November 16, 1896. Bench mark 1 is a copper bolt fastened in a hole drilled in a large capstone on the lower wing wall of the north abutment a short distance from the north end of the first iron truss, and is 41.3 feet above the datum of the gage. Bench mark 2, top of second floor beam from left bank, lower end, is 39.28 feet above datum. The distance from the end of the weight to the wire index is 44.19 feet. The initial point for sounding is the edge of the north abutment. The record of daily gage height for 1896 is given in Water-Supply and Irrigation Paper No. 11, page 10. List of discharge measurements made on Potomac River at Point of Rocks, Maryland r No. Date. Hydrographer. Meter number. Gage height (feet). Area of section (square feet). Mean velocity (feet per second). Discharge (second- feet). 1 1895. Mar. 25 C. C. Babb . 29 h 2. 79 10, 524 1.68 10, 524 2 Apr. 5 .do . 29 h 3. 16 6,338 2. 21 14, 032 3 Apr. 13 .do . 29 b 4. 01 7,851 2.23 17, 516 4 Apr. 23 .do . 29 b 1.84 4, 765 1.55 7, 371 5 May 1 .do . 29 b 4. 09 7,717 2. 73 21, 073 6 May 7 .do . 29 b 2.84 5, 780 2.16 12, 484 7 May 17 .do . 29 b 2. 09 5, 118 1.74 8,918 8 May 28 .do . 29 b 2. 19 5,290 1. 74 9, 189 9 June 3 .do . . 29 b 1. 27 3,998 1.13 4, 536 10 June 17 .do . 29 b 1. 04 3, 793 1.12 4,233 11 July 10 .do . 76 1.24 4, 695 1. 14 4, 695 12 Nov. 16 .do . 62 0.14 2, 355 0. 51 1, 202 13 1896 June 28 D. C. Humphreys. . W.B. 1A 1.82 5, 386 1. 20 6,462 14 Aug. 4 .do . W.B.1A 1.86 4,526 1. 55 7,057 15 Nov. 16 A. P. Davis . 68 1.60 4, 121 1.48 6, 109 16 1897. Feb. 9 C. C. Babb . 70 7.95 11, 668 3. 49 40, 654 17 Feb. 23 .do . 70 21.70 29, 627 5. 74 169, 913 DAVIS.] POTOMAC RIVER BELOW SHENANDOAH 31 Bating table for Potomac River at Point of Bocks, Maryland. Gage height. Discharge. Gage lieignt. Discharge. Gage heigh”. Discharge. Gage height. Discharge. Feet. See. feet. Feet. Sec. feet. Feet. Sec. feet. Feet. Sec. feet. 0.00 1, 000 4. 10 17, 820 8.20 42, 880 12.30 81, 420 0. 10 1,200 4.20 18, 340 8. 30 43, 820 12. 40 82, 360 0. 20 1, 400 4. 30 18, 860 8. 40 44, 760 12. 50 83, 300 0. 30 1, 650 4.40 19, 380 8.50 45, 700 12. 60 84, 240 0. 40 1,900 4.50 19, 900 8.60 46, 640 12. 70 85, 180 0. 50 2, 150 4.60 20, 420 8. 70 47, 580 12.80 86, 120 0.60 2, 400 4.70 20, 940 8. 80 48, 520 12.90 87, 060 0. 70 2, 700 4.80 21, 460 8.90 49, 460 13. 00 88, 000 0. 80 3, 050 4. 90 21, 980 9. 00 50, 400 13. 10 88, 940 0. 90 3, 400 5.00 22, 500 9. 10 51, 340 13. 20 89, 880 1.00 3, 800 5.10 23. 050 9. 20 52, 280 13. 30 90, 820 1. 10 4,150 5.20 23, 600 9.30 53, 220 13.40 91, 760 1.20 4, 500 5.30 24, 150 9.40 54, 160 13. 50 92, 700 1.30 4, 850 5.40 24, 700 9.50 55, 100 13.60 93, 640 1.40 5, 200 5.50 25, 250 9. 60 56, 040 13. 70 94, 580 1 50 5, 550 5.60 25, 800 9. 70 56, 980 13. 80 95, 520 1.60 5, 900 5.70 26, 350 9.80 57, 920 13. 90 96, 460 1.70 6, 300 5. 80 26, 900 9.90 58, 860 14.00 97, 400 1.80 6, 700 5. 90 27, 450 10. 00 59, 800 14. 10 98, 340 1.90 7, 150 6. 00 28, 000 10. 10 60, 740 14. 20 99, 280 2. 00 7, 600 6. 10 28, 550 10. 20 61, 680 14. 30 100, 220 2. 10 8, 050 6. 20 29, 100 10. 30 62, 620 14.40 101, 160 2. 20 8, 500 6.30 29, 650 10. 40 63, 560 14.50 102, 100 2. 30 8, 950 6. 40 30, 200 10. 50 64, 500 14. 60 103, 040 2. 40 9, 400 6.50 30, 750 10. 60 65, 440 14. 70 103, 980 2. 50 9, 850 6.60 31, 300 10. 70 66, 380 14.80 104, 920 2.60 10, 300 6. 70 31, 850 10.80 67, 320 14. 90 105, 860 2.70 10, 750 6. 80 32, 400 10.90 68, 260 15.00 106, 800 2.80 11, 200 6. 90 32, 950 11.00 69, 200 15. 10 107, 740 2. 90 11, 650 7. 00 33, 500 11. 10 70, 140 15.20 108, 680 3. 00 12, 100 7. 10 33, 250 11.20 71, 080 15. 30 109, 620 3. 10 12, 620 7. 20 35, 000 11.30 72, 020 15. 40 110, 560 3.20 13, 140 7.30 35, 700 11.40 72, 960 15. 50 111, 500 3.30 13, 660 7. 40 36, 500 11.50 73, 900 15.60 112, 440 3.40 14, 180 7.50 37, 250 11.60 74, 840 15. 70 113, 380 3.50 14, 700 7. 60 38, 000 11.70 75, 780 15. 80 114, 320 3. 60 15, 220 7.70 38, 750 11.80 76, 720 15. 90 115, 260 3. 70 15, 740 7. 80 39, 500 11.90 77, 660 16. 00 116, 200 3. 80 16, 260 7.90 40, 250 12.00 78, 600 16. 10 117,140 3.90 16, 780 8. 00 41, 000 12. 10 79, 540 16.20 118, 080 4.00 17, 300 8.10 41, 940 12.20 80,480 16. 30 119, 020 32 PROGRESS OF STREAM MEASUREMENTS FOR 1896. Rating table for I’otomac River at Point of Rocks, Maryland — Continued. Gage height. Discharge. Gage | height. Discharge. Gage height. Discharge. Gage height. Discharge. Feet. Sec. feet. Feet. Sec. feet. Feel. Sec. feet. Feet. Sec. feet. 16. 40 119, 960 18. 10 135, 940 19. 80 151, 920 21.50 167, 900 16. 50 120, 900 18. 20 136, 880 19.90 152, 860 21. CO 168, 840 16. 60 121, 840 18. 30 137, 820 20. 00 153, 800 21.70 169, 780 16. 70 122, 780 18. 40 138, 760 20. 10 154, 740 21.80 170, 720 16. 80 123, 720 18. 50 139, 700 20. 20 155, 680 21.90 171, 660 16. 90 124, 660 18.60 140, 640 20. 30 156, 620 ! 22. 00 172, 600 17.00 125, 600 18. 70 141, 580 20. 40 157, 560 22.10 173, 540 17. 10 126, 540 18. 80 142, 520 20. 50 158, 500 22. 20 174, 480 17. 20 127, 480 18. 90 143, 460 20. 60 159, 440 22. 30 175, 420 17. 30 128, 420 19.00 144, 400 20. 70 160, 380 22. 40 176, 360 17. 40 129, 360 19. 10 145, 340 20. 80 161, 320 22. 50 177, 300 17.50 130, 300 19. 20 146, 280 20. 90 162, 260 22. 60 178, 240 17. 60 131, 240 19. 30 147, 220 21.00 163, 200 22. 70 179, 180 17. 70 132, 180 19. 40 148, 160 21.10 164, 140 22. 80 180, 120 17.80 133, 120 19. 50 149, 100 21.20 165, 080 22.90 181, 060 17. 90 134, 060 19.60 150, 040 21.30 166, 020 23. 00 182, 000 18.00 135, 000 19. 70 150, 980 21.40 166, 960 Estimated monthly discharge of Potomac River at Point of Rocks, Maryland. [Drainage area, 9,654 square miles.] Discharge in second-feet. Kun-off. Month. Maxi¬ mum. Mini¬ mum. Mean. Total in acre-feet. Depth in inches. Second-feet per so uare mile. 1895. February 17 to 28 . 14, 900 5, 000 7, 142 396, 647 0. 77 0. 74 March . 49, 900 11, 400 21, 884 1, 345, 595 2. 62 2.27 April . 50, 900 5, 900 13, 383 796, 342 1.55 1. 39 May . 26, 400 6, 900 12, 109 744, 558 1.45 1.26 June . 7, 400 2, 150 3,655 217, 487 0. 43 0. 38 July . 10, 400 2, 400 3, 882 238, 696 0. 46 0. 40 August . 3,050 1, 200 1, 852 113, 876 0. 22 0. 19 September . 2, 400 1, 000 1, 428 84, 972 0.17 0. 15 October . 1, 200 825 984 60, 504 0. 12 0. 10 November . 1,400 1, 000 1,180 70, 215 0. 13 0. 12 December . 5, 000 1,000 2, 084 128, 141 0.25 0. 22 1896. January . 21, 980 1, 650 5, 633 346, 360 0. 67 0. 58 February . 33, 500 3, 400 10, 908 627, 434 1.23 1.14 March . . . • POTOMAC RIVER BELOW SHENANDOAH. DAVIS.] 33 Estimated monthly discharge of Potomac River at Point of Rocks, Maryland — Continued. [Drainage area, 9,654 square miles.] Month. Discharge in second-feet. Total in acre-feet. Run-off. Maxi¬ mum. Mini¬ mum. Mean. Depth in inches. Second-feet X>er square mite. April . May 11 to 31 . 5, 900 2, 150 3, 286 136, 872 0. 27 0.34 June . 14, 180 1,650 5, 982 355, 953 0. 69 0. 62 July . 28, 000 3, 800 9,613 591,080 1. 15 1.00 August . 9, 850 2, 150 4, 134 254, 190 0. 49 0.43 September . 24, 150 1, 650 2,665 158, 579 0.31 0.28 October . 171, 660 2, 700 13, 470 828, 238 1.61 1.40 November . 28, 000 2, 700 7, 368 438, 426 0.84 0. 76 December . 12, 100 2, 700 5, 385 331, 110 0. 64 0. 56 Sec.-ft. 60. 000 50, 000 40, 000 30, 000 20, 000 10, 000 0 120, 000 110, 000 100, 000 90, 000 80, 000 70, 000 60, 000 50, 000 40, 000 30, 000 20, 000 10, 000 0 JAN 10 2C FEB. t > 10 20 A A RCH 10 20 APRIL 10 20 MAY 10 20 JUNE 10 20 1 JULY 10 20 AUG. 10 20 I SEPT. I lio 20 1 OCT. 10 20 1 NOV. 10 20 1 DEC- 1 10 20 L _ / a 9 5 I | r i u L i l i L 1 / 70~ 79 27 J m V 1 1 k * J i Uri 4m eJL M, — 'O 'O | / s 9 5 _ , 1 11 _ I _ 1 L 3 wm * ir '*nn ^11 "*m Fig. 3. — Discharge of Potomac River at Point of Rocks, Maryland, 1895-96. 18 GrEOL, PT 4 - 3 34 PROGRESS OF STREAM MEASUREMENTS FOR 1896. FREDERICK STATION ON MONOCACY RIVER. This station was established by Mr. E. G. Paul, August 4, 1896, at the county iron bridge on the turnpike 4 miles northeast of Frederick, on the road leading from Frederick to Mount Pleasant, Maryland, about 2,000 feet above the mouth of Israel Creek and 3,000 feet below mouth of Tuscarora Creek on the Frederick atlas sheet. Latitude 39° 27', longitude 77° 22'. The drainage area is 605 square miles. A wire gage was attached to the floor timber on the lower side of the bridge, the pulley being 115 feet from an initial point established for making soundings. The bridge has been measured, and distances from the initial point stenciled every 5 feet on the top timber of the bridge floor. The stream at this station has two channels, being divided by a small, low island, which serves as a foundation for the middle pier of the bridge. The right channel was sounded and rated from the lower side of the bridge and the left channel from the upper side of the bridge, as these sections are freer from rocks than a continuous section on either side of the bridge. The stream is subject to high water and sudden floods, owing to the character of its upper watershed. The bench-mark is a cross cut in the top face of a capstone on the lower retaining wall of the bridge abutment on the rjght bank of the stream, and was verified with surveyor’s level. The bench mark is 24.97 feet above the surface of the water when the gage reads 4.2 feet. The rec¬ ord of daily gage heights for 1896, from August 4 to December 31, is given in Water-Supply and Irrigation Paper No. 11, page 11. List of discharge measurements made on Monocacy River at Frederick, Maryland. No. Date. Hydrogapher. Meter num¬ ber. Gage height (feet). Area of section (square feet). Mean velocity (feet per second). Discharge (second- feet). 1 1896. Aug. 5 E. G. Paul . 68 4.10 168 1.05 176 2 Sept. 16 . do . 67 3.80 103 0. 85 87 3 Nov. 19 . do . 68 4.20 165 1.25 206 4 1897. Feb. 9 E. G. Paul . 68 6.00 419 2.43 1, 019 5 Feb. 24 C. C. Babb . 70 8.95 1, 266 2.82 3, 569 DAVIS.] POTOMAC RIVER BELOW SHENANDOAH. 35 Rating table for Monocacg River at Frederick, Maryland. [This table is applicable from August 1, 1896, to December 31, 1896.] Gage height Discharge. Gage height. Discharge . Gage height. Discharge. Gage height. Discharge. Feet. Sec. feet. Feet. Sec. feet. Feet. Sec. feet. Feet. Sec. feet. 3.60 45 4.80 420 6.00 1,020 7. 20 2, 052 3. 70 65 4. 90 460 6. 10 1,106 7. 30 2, 138 3. 80 90 5.00 . 500 6.20 1, 192 7.40 2, 224 3.90 120 5. 10 550 6. 30 1, 278 7.50 2, 310 4.00 150 5.20 600 6.40 1, 364 7. 60 2,396 4. 10 180 5.30 650 6.50 1, 450 7.70 2, 482 4.20 210 5 40 700 6.60 1, 536 7.80 2,568 4.30 245 5.50 750 6.70 1, 622 7.90 2, 654 4.40 270 5.60 800 6.80 1, 708 8. 00 2,740 4.50 305 5.70 850. 6.90 1, 794 4.60 340 5.80 900 7.00 1, 880 4. 70 380 5. 90 960 7. 10 1, 966 Estimated monthly discharge of Monocacg River at Frederick, Maryland. [Drainage area, 665 square miles.] Discharge in second-feet. Run-oif. Month. Maxi¬ mum. Mini¬ mum. Mean. Total in acre-feet. Depth in inches. Second-feet per square mile. 1896. . August 4 to 31 . 270 45 119 6,604 0. 19 0. 18 September . 500 45 104 6, 188 0. 18 0. 16 October . 420 90 142 8, 732 0. 24 0. 21 November . 2,310 120 320 19, 041 0. 53 0. 47 December . 420 120 196 11, 928 0. 33 0. 29 CHAIN BRIDGE STATION ON POTOMAC RIVER. This station is described in Bulletin No. 140, on pages 50 to 61. Observations (not published) were continued until February 22, 1890, when the station was discontinued, owing to the many unfavorable features interfering with the accuracy of results. No measurements were made during 1890. It is within the area mapped on the Mount Vernon sheet of the Topographic Atlas, in latitude 38° 50' and longi¬ tude 77° 7'. A portion of the area drained is mapped on the Topo¬ graphic Atlas sheets Frederick, Mount Vernon, Harpers Ferry, Win¬ chester, Romney, Piedmont, Warrenton, Luray, Woodstock, Franklin, Beverly, Harrisonburg, Staunton. Monterey, Buckingham, and Lex¬ ington. 36 PROGRESS OF STREAM MEASUREMENTS FOR 1896. JAMES RIVER BASIN. JAMES RIVER. This stream is described in Bulletin 140, page 61, and its water powers are discussed by Prof. George F. Swain in Volume XVI of the Tenth Census reports. GLASGOW STATION ON NORTH RIVER. A station was established at the East Glasgow County bridge, about 1 mile above the mouth of North River, and observations were begun on August 21, 1895. The height of water is observed by means of a wire gage, the marks being placed on the guard rail on the lower side of the bridge. The distance from the top of fhe bridge over the gage to the zero is 32.20 feet, and that from the end of the weight to the marker of the gage is 27.86 feet. Discharge measurements were made at the rapids, 1 mile above the bridge. The initial point for sounding is on the right bank. The channel above the station is straight for about 200 feet, and curved below, the water moving with moderate velocity. At the place where observations of height are taken the stream is confined within its channel by the bridge abutments, and the bed is composed of rock and gravel, being fairly permanent. This station is in the Lexington quadrangle, in latitude 37° 38', longitude 79° 27'. Its entire drainage area is mapped on the Lexington, Monte¬ rey, Staunton, and Natural Bridge sheets. The record of daily gage heights for 1896 is given in Water-Supply and Irrigation Paper No. 11, page 11. List of discharge measurements made on North River at Glasgow, Virginia. No. Date. Hydrographer. Meter number. Gage height (feet). Area of section (square feet) . Mean velocity (feet per second). Discharge (second- feet) . 1 1895. Aug. 24 D. C. Humphreys . . W. and L.U. 0. 935 129 1.55 a 201 2 1896. Jan. 25 D. C. Humphreys . . W. B. 1A. 3. 80 1, 080 2. 75 2, 975 3 May 16 . do . W. B. 1A. 1.88 672 . 75 504 4 May 23 . do . ' . W. B. 1A. 1.70 631 .95 603 5 J uly 9 . do . W. B. 1A. 7.58 1,818 5. 57 610, 141 6 July 24 . do . W. B. 1A. 1. 75 623 1.02 634 7 Sept. 8 R. E. Hutton . W. B. 1A. 1.40 566 .45 257 8 Dec. 17 D. C. Humphreys .. W. B. 1A. 1.80 698 .69 480 a At rapids one-half mile above bridge. b By surface velocities. / l \ VIRGINIA DAVIS.] NORTH RIVER. 37 Rating table, North River, at Glasgow, Virginia. Gage. Discharge. Gage. Discharge. Gage. Discharge. Gage. Discharge. Feet. See. feet. Feet. Sec. feet. Feet. Sec. feet. Feet. Sec. feet. 0.6 60 3.5 2, 530 6.4 7, 550 9.3 14, 450 0.7 75 3.6 2, 675 6.5 7, 750 9.4 14, 700 0.8 100 3.7 2,825 6.6 7, 950 9.5 14, 975 0.9 125 3.8 2, 975 6.7 8, 150 9.6 15, 250 1.0 150 3.9 3, 125 6.8 8,350 9.7 15, 525 1.1 180 4.0 3, 275 6.9 8, 550 9.8 15, 800 1.2 215 4.1 3, 425 7.0 8, 750 9.9 16, 100 1.3 250 4.2 3, 575 7.1 8, 950 10.0 16, 400 1.4 300 4.3 3,725 7.2 9, 200 10.1 16, 700 1.5 350 4.4 3,900 7.3 9,450 10.2 17, 000 1.6 410 4.5 4, 075 7.4 9, 700 10.3 17, 300 1.7 475 4.6 4,250 7.5 9, 950 10.4 17, 600 1.8 540 4. 7 4, 425 7.6 10, 200 10.5 17, 925 1.9 630 4.8 4, 600 7.7 10, 450 10.6 18, 250 2.0 720 4.9 4, 775 7.8 10, 700 10.7 18, 575 2.1 820 5.0 4,950 7.9 10, 950 10.8 18, 900 2.2 930 5. 1 5, 125 8.0 11, 200 10.9 19, 225 2.3 1,040 5.2 5, 300 8.1 11, 450 11.0 19, 550 2.4 1, 150 5.3 5, 475 8.2 11, 700 11. 1 19, 875 2.5 1, 260 5.4 5,650 8.3 11, 950 11.2 20, 200 2.6 1, 370 5. 5 5, 825 8.4 12, 200 11.3 20, 525 2.7 1, 480 5.6 6, 000 8.5 12. 450 11.4 20, 850 2.8 1, 600 5.7 6, 175 8.6 12, 700 11.5 21, 175 2.9 1,720 5.8 6, 350 8.7 12, 950 11.6 21, 500 3.0 1, 850 5.9 6, 550 8.8 13, 200 11.7 21, 850 3.1 1,980 6.0 6, 750 8.9 13, 450 11.8 22, 200 3.2 2,110 6.1 6, 950 9.0 13, 700 11.9 22, 550 3.3 2, 250 6.2 7, 150 9.1 13, 950 12.0 22, 900 3.4 2, 390 6.3 7, 350 9.2 14, 200 38 PROGRESS OF STREAM MEASUREMENTS FOR 1896. Estimated monthly discharge of North River at Glasgow, Virginia. [Drainage area, 831 square miles.] Discharge in second-feet. Run-off. Month. Maxi¬ mum. Mini¬ mum. Mean. Total in acre-feet. Depth in inches. Second- feet per square mile. 1895. September . 132 75 114 6,783 0. 15 0. 14 October . 137 92 111 6, 825 0. 15 0.13 November . 187 137 156 9, 283 0. 21 0. 19 December . 875 117 272 16, 725 0.38 0.33 1896. January . 5,262 250 701 43, 102 0.98 0.85 February . 4, 120 370 1, 653 95, 081 2. 15 1.99 March . 8, 490 420 1,889 117, 140 2.63 2. 28 April . 5, 830 550 1, 080 64, 264 1.45 1.30 Mav . . . . 370 704 43, 286 28, 562 0. 98 0. 85 J une . 1,260 250 480 0.64 0. 58 July . 12, 450 330 1, 470 90, 386 2. 04 1.77 August . 2, 300 290 541 33, 264 0. 75 0. 65 September . 37, 250 190 1, 595 95, 503 2. 14 1.92 October . 5, 260 420 880 54, 109 1.22 1.06 November . 6, 400 420 1, 240 73, 785 1.67 1.50 December . 3, ooO 370 797 49, 005 1.49 0. 96 Per annum . 190 1,086 787, 487 18. 14 1.33 Sec.-ft. 13, 000 12, 000 11,000 10, 000 9, 000 8, 000 7, 000 6, 000 5, 000 4, 000 3,000 2, 000 1,000 0 JAN. 10 20 FEB 10 20 IMARCHI 1 10 20 1 1 APRIL 1 10 20 MAY 10 20 JUNE 10 20 JULY 10 20 AUG. 10 20 £ept. 10 20 OCT. 10 20 NOV, 10 20 1 DEC* 1 I _ 10 20 I _ -n! _ N "5 : - I _ a 1 1 r { L ■ 1 ■1' 1 ■ p f*|WTl mmn *m\ m It Fig. 4.— Discharge of North Fork of James River, Glasgow, Virginia, 1896. DAVIS.] JAMES RIVER. 30 BUCHANAN STATION ON JAMES RIVER. This point was described in Bulletin 140, page 63. It is on James River, about 30 miles above the mouth of North River, and one-half mile above mouth of Purgatory Creek, in latitude 37° 32', longitude 79° 41', in the Natural Bridge quadrangle of the topographic surveys. The area drained past this point is mapped on the Staunton, Monterey, Lewisburg, Dublin, Christiansburg, and Roanoke sheets. Measure¬ ments of river discharge were made at this point largely because of the fact that the Weather Bureau has maintained a gage here for about two years, with daily observations. The bridge at this point is of wood, is covered, and crosses the river on two spans. The Weather Bureau rod was fastened to the upper face of the pier in the middle of the river, and is therefore about 150 feet from the shore. This gage has been washed out. A wire gage was therefore established at this point. The gage board is nailed on the outer rail on the lower side of the bridge, about 40 feet from the left bank, and referred to the zero of the old gage. The bench mark at this point is the offset in the pier, which is opposite the 4-foot mark of the old rod. The top of stone post under southwest corner of porch C. & O. passenger station is 22.68 above zero of gage. Discharge measurements are made at a bridge about three-fourths of a mile above, as the section at the covered bridge where the gage is located is not favorable, owing to the sluggish current during low water. At the point where measurements are made, the initial point for sound¬ ings is taken on the right bank, the channel is nearly straight both above and below, and the bed of the stream changes but little, if any. The record of daily gage heights for 1896, from January 25 to Decem¬ ber 31, is given in Water-Supply and Irrigation Paper No. 11, page 12. List of discharge measurements made on James River, at Buchanan, Virginia. ]STo. Date. Hydrographer. Meter number. Gage height (feet). Area of section (square feet) . Mean velocity (feet per second). Discharge (second- feet) . i 1895. July 31 C. C. Babb . 29h -0. 13 686 0. 742 509 2 Aug. 1 . do . 29h — 0. 19 525 1.04 543 3 Sept. 6 D. C. Humphreys.. WB,1A -0. 48 386 1.03 397 4 1896. Jan. 25 D. C. Humphreys .. WB, 1 A 4. 13 2,526 2. 11 5, 337 5 May 22 . do . W B, 1 A 1.90 915 2. 44 2, 234 6 July 9 . do . Floats 11.51 4, 033 6.74 27, 144 7 July 24 . do . W B, 1 A 0. 56 822 1.38 1, 142 40 PROGRESS OF STREAM MEASUREMENTS FOR 1896. Bating table for James River , at Buchanan, Virginia. [This table is applicable from January 1, 1896, to January 1, 1897.] Gage height. Discharge. Gage height. Discharge. | Gage height. Discharge. Gage heiglit. Discharge. Feet. Sec. feet. Feet. Sec. feet. j Feet. Sec. feet. Feet. Sec. feet. — 0. 10 600 3.30 4, 060 7. 10 11, 350 10. 90 24, 200 —0.20 540 3. 40 4, 200 7. 20 11, 600 11.00 24, 700 —0. 30 490 3. 50 4, 350 7. 30 11, 850 11.10 25, 200 — 0. 40 440 3. 60 4, 500 7. 40 12, 100 11.20 25, 700 — 0. 50 390 3. 70 4,650 7. 50 12, 350 11.30 26, 200 —0. 60 340 3.80 4,800 7.60 12, 600 11.40 26, 700 0. 00 660 3. 90 4, 950 7.70 12, 875 11.50 27, 200 0. 10 720 4. 00 5, 100 7.80 13, 150 11.60 27, 700 0. 20 780 4. 10 5, 260 7. 90 13, 425 11.70 28, 200 0. 30 840 4.20 5, 420 8.00 13, 700 11.80 28, 700 0. 40 910 4.30 5, 590 8. 10 13, 975 11.90 29, 350 0. 50 980 4. 40 5, 770 8.20 14, 250 12.00 30, 000 0. 60 1, 050 4. 50 5, 950 8. 30 14, 525 12.10 30, 650 0. 70 1, 130 4.60 6, 130 8.40 14, 800 12. 20 31, 300 0. 80 1,210 4.70 6,310 8.50 15, 075 12.30 31, 950 0. 90 1,290 4. 80 6,490 8. 60 15, 350 12. 40 32, 600 1.00 1,370 4.90 6,670 8. 70 15, 650 12.50 33, 250 1.10 1, 460 5. 00 6, 850 8. 80 15, 950 12.60 33, 900 1.20 1, 550 5. 10 7, 030 8.90 16, 250 12. 70 34, 650 1.30 1,640 5. 20 7,210 9. 00 16, 600 12. 80 35, 400 1.40 1, 740 5.30 7, 400 9. 10 16, 950 12.90 36, 150 1. 50 1,840 5.40 7, 600 9. 20 17, 300 13.00 37, 000 1.60 1, 950 5. 50 7, 800 9.30 17, 650 13. 10 37, 850 1.70 2, 060 5. 60 8,000 9. 40 18, 000 13. 20 38, 700 1.80 2, 170 5. 70 8, 200 9.50 18, 375 13.30 39, 600 1.90 2,280 5.80 8, 400 9.60 18, 750 13.40 40, 500 2. 00 2, 390 5.90 8, 600 9. 70 19, 125 13. 50 41, 400 2. 10 2, 500 6.00 8, 800 9. 80 19, 500 13.60 42, 300 2. 20 2,620 6. 10 9,015 9. 90 19, 875 13. 70 43, 250 2. 30 2,740 6. 20 9,230 10.00 20, 250 13. 80 44, 200 2. 40 2, 860 6.30 9, 460 10.10 20, 625 13. 90 45, 150 2. 50 2, 980 6. 40 9, 690 10.20 21, 000 14.00 46, 100 2.60 3, 100 6. 50 9, 920 10.30 21, 400 14. 10 47, 100 2. 70 3, 230 6. 60 10, 150 10.40 21, 800 14. 20 48, 100 2.80 3, 360 6.70 10, 380 10.50 22, 250 14 30 49, 200 2. 90 3,500 6. 80 10, 610 10. 60 22, 700 14.40 50, 300 3.00 3, 640 6.90 10, 850 10. 70 23, 200 14.50 51, 450 3. 10 3. 20 3, 780 3, 920 7. 00 11,. 100 10.80 i 23, 700 14.60 52, 600 DAVIS.] JAMES RIVER. 41 Estimated monthly discharge of James Hirer at Buchanan, Virginia. [Drainage area, 2,058 square miles.] Mofith. Discharge in second-feet. Total in acre feet. Run off'. Maxi¬ mum. Mini¬ mum. Mean. Depth in inches. Second feet per snuare mile. 1895. September . 490 390 430 25, 587 0. 19 0. 17 October . 440 440 440 27, 055 0. 20 0. 17 November . 600 490 596 35, 464 0. 26 0. 23 December 1 to 28 . 3, 640 600 1, 214 67, 421 0. 49 0. 47 1896. January . a 5, 100 600 1, 008 61, 982 0. 56 0. 49 February . 7, 210 980 2, 510 144, 351 1.31 1.21 March . 16, 950 980 3,385 208, 126 1.88 1.63 April . 11, 100 440 1,814 107, 921 0. 98 0. 88 May . 1, 895 340 992 60, 996 0. 55 0. 48 June . 2,445 780 1, 136 67, 617 0.61 0. 55 July . 21, 200 780 2,311 142, 099 1.29 1. 12 August . 1, 840 600 962 59, 177 0.54 0. 46 September . 31, 950 490 1, 566 93, 183 0. 84 0. 76 October . 7, 400 540 1,083 66, 565 0. 60 0. 52 November . 11, 600 540 1, 333 79, 335 0. 72 0. 64 December . . 5, 770 780 1, 469 90, 347 0. 89 0. 71 Per annum . 31, 950 340 1,631 1, 181, 699 10. 77 0.79 a For the first twenty-four days of January the gage was not read, but the river is known to have been nearly stationary and about zero. The assumption has been made that the reading was zero. Sec-ft, 26, 000 24, 000 22, 000 20, 000 18, 000 16, 000 14, 000 12, 000 10, 000 8, 000 6, 000 4, 000 2,000 0 Fig. 5. — Discharge of James River at Buchanan, Virginia, 1896. 42 PROGRESS OF STREAM MEASUREMENTS FOR 1896. SOUTH ATLANTIC WATERSHED. The topography and water powers of this region are discussed in detail by Mr. George F. Swain, special agent, in Volume XVI of the report of the Tenth Census, pages 667 to 824. Other references to various localities comprised in this classification may be found in Bulletin 140 of the United States Geological Survey. ROANOKE RIVER. The main “Roanoke River is formed by the junction of the Dan and Staunton at Clarksville, near the southern boundary of Virginia. The Staunton River is, however, in its upper portion also known as the Roanoke. ROANOKE STATION ON ROANOKE RIVER. This station was established by Prof. D. C. Humphreys July 10, 1896. It is located in the Roanoke quadrangle, in latitude 37° 16', longitude 79° 5G', and is in the edge of the town of Roanoke, Va., on the Walnut street car line. The drainage area is 388 square miles, and is mapped on the Roanoke and Christian sburg sheets. The gage is of wire, and the scale is painted in feet and tenths on a horizontal rod fastened to the floor of the bridge. The distance from the end of weight to marker is 24.39 feet. The top of lower end of first floor beam is 21.99 feet above datum of gage height. The right bank is above high water, but the left may overflow at extreme high water. The channel is nearly straight and the current good. The observer is A. B. Rawn, son of Mr. J. C. Rawn, a prominent engineer of Roanoke. Two discharge measurements were made in 1896 by Professor Hum¬ phreys, with Haskell meter Xo. 1 A, at Walnut street bridge. The first, on June 2G, at gage height 1.21, gave a mean velocity of 128 square feet and a discharge of 244 second-feet. That on July 10, at gage height 3.28, gave a mean velocity of 4.34 and a discharge of 2,057. The records of gage heights are given in Water-Supply and Irrigation Paper Xo. 11, page 11. CLARKSVILLE STATION ON DAN AND STAUNTON RIVERS. This station is described in Bulletin 140, pages 66 and 67. It was established on October 28, 1895. On Dan River the rod is fastened to the inside of the guard rail of the fourth panel of the third span west of the Southern Railroad bridge. The distance from the zero of the rod to the outside of the pulley wheel is 3 feet; the length of the wire rope is 33.17 feet. The water power from Dan River has been devel¬ oped to a considerable extent at Clarksville. An examination at points above showed that the dams at Danville pond the water, and as a result modify the natural characteristics of the stream. DAVIS.] DAN RIVER. 43 The gage on Staunton River is fastened to the inside of the guard rail of the fourth panel of the third span from the west. The distance from the zero to the outside of the pulley wheel is 3 feet; the length of the wire ga$e is 33 feet; the distance of the water surface below the top and upper end of the third-floor beam of the second span from the west was 27.15 feet when the gage height was 0.25 foot. The distance from the east abutment of the Dan River bridge to the west abutment of the Staunton River bridge is 165 feet. The observer is Lucius Wootton. About 4 miles above the junction of the Dan and Staunton rivers is a cut-off, apparently occupying an old channel, diverting water from the Dan to the Staunton. The banks are 10 feet high and about 225 feet apart. At its mouth is a shoal or riffle about 70 feet long. The aver¬ age width of the water surface in the channel is 150 feet. The total fall between the two rivers was estimated to be 2 feet, occurring princi¬ pally at the riffle at the mouth of the channel. The total length of the channel is about 1,000 feet. This cut-off, by carrying water from the Dan, vitiates the separate computations of discharge made at the sta¬ tions below, but does not affect the total discharge for the Roanoke. The Weather Bureau has a gage on Roanoke River about 1,000 feet below the railroad crossing. This gage is attached firmly to the pro¬ jecting trunk of an old tree. The records of daily gage heights for 1896, from February 7 to December 31, are given in Water-Supply and Irrigation Paper No. 11, pages 12 and 13. List of discharge measurements made on Dan Diver at Clarksville, Virginia. No. Date. Hyilrographer. Meter num¬ ber. Gage height (feet). Area of section (square feet) . Mean velocity (feet per second. Discharge (second- feet) . 1 1895. Oct. 2 C. C. Babb . 29 0. 38 591 1.31 773 2 Oct. 28 . do . 29 0.65 719 1.44 1,032 3 Dec. 5 . do . 62 1.12 865 1.60 1, 382 4 1896. Apr. 22 E. W. Myers . 21 2. 43 1, 209 1.89 2, 291 5 a May 5 . do . 21 2. 30 1, 465 1.83 2,694 6 May 26 . do . 21 2. 30 1, 465 1.47 2, 155 7 July 15 . do . 21 3. 50 1,932 2. 39 4,626 8 Sept. 15 A. P. Davis . 68 1.70 953 1.50 1, 433 a For measurement No. 5 channel hail cut out badly, averaging almost all way across a cut of 1 foot. 44 PROGRESS OF STREAM MEASUREMENTS FOR 1896. Bating table for Dan River at Clarksville, Virginia. Gage height. Discharge. Gage height. Discharge. Gage height. Discharge, i Gage height. Discharge. Feet. Sec. feel. Feet. Sec. feet. Feet. Sec. feet. Feet. Sec. feet. 0.00 590 3. 10 4, 575 6. 20 12, 650 9. 30 21, 075 0.10 645 3. 20 4, 800 6. 30 12, 925 9.40 21, 350 0.20 700 3. 30 5,025 6.40 33,200 9. 50 21, 625 0. 30 760 3. 40 5,250 6.50 13, 475 9. 60 21, 900 0. 40 825 3. 50 5, 475 6. 60 13, 750 9. 70 22, 175 0. 50 895 3.60 5, 725 6. 70 14, 025 9. 80 22, 450 0.60 965 3. 70 5, 975 6.80 14, 300 9. 90 22, 725 0. 70 1,040 3. 80 6, 225 6. 90 14, 575 10.00 23, 000 0. 80 1, 115 3. 90 6, 475 7. 00 14, 800 10. 10 23, 275 0. 90 1, 195 4,00 6,725 7. 10 15, 075 10.20 23, 550 1.00 1, 280 4.10 6, 975 7. 20 15, 350 10. 30 23, 825 1.10 1, 365 4.20 7, 225 7.30 15, 625 10. 40 24, 100 1.20 1, 450 4.30 7, 475 7.40 15, 900 10. 50 24, 375 1.30 1, 545 4.40 7, 725 7. 50 16, 175 10. 60 24, 650 1.40 1, 645 4. 50 7, 975 7. 60 16, 450 10. 70 24, 925 1.50 1,760 4.60 8, 250 7.70 16, 725 10. 80 25, 200 1.60 1,880 4. 70 8, 525 7. 80 17, 000 10. 90 25, 475 1.70 2, 000 4. 80 8, 800 7.90 17. 275 11.00 25, 750 1. 80 2, 130 4. 90 9, 075 8. 00 17, 550 11.10 26, 025 1.90 2, 275 5. 00 9,250 8. 10 17, 825 11.20 26, 300 2. 00 2,425 5. 10 9, 525 8. 20 18, 100 11.30 26, 575 2. 10 2, 575 5. 20 9, 800 8.30 18, 375 11.40 26, 850 2. 20 2, 725 5. 30 10, 075 8.40 18, 650 11.50 27, 125 2.30 2, 900 5.40 10, 350 8.50 18, 925 11.60 27, 400 2.40 3, 075 5.50 10, 625 8. 60 19, 200 11.70 27, 675 2. 50 3,250 5.60 10, 900 8. 70 19, 475 11.80 27, 950 2.60 3, 525 5.70 11, 175 8.80 19, 750 11.90 28, 225 2. 70 ' 3,725 5. 80 11, 450 8.90 20, 025 12. 00 28, 500 2.80 3,925 5.90 11,825 9. 00 20,300 12.10 28, 775 2. 90 4, 125 6. 00 12, 100 9. 10 20, 575 12. 20 29, 050 3.00 4,350 6. 10 12, 375 9. 20 20, 800 DAVIS.] STAUNTON RIVER. 45 Estimated monthly discharge of Dan River at Clarksville , Virginia. [Drainage area, 3,700 square miles.] Discharge in second-feet. Run-off. Month. Maxi¬ mum. Mini¬ mum. Mean. Total in acre-feet. Depth in inches. Second-feel p6r square mile. 1896. February . 20, 163 2, 091 5, 070 291, 626 1.48 1.37 March . 17, 245 2, 231 4, 935 303, 453 1. 53 1.33 April . 24, 017 2,091 4, 777 284, 231 1.44 1.29 May . 7,650 1,255 2, 715 166, 940 0. 84 0.73 June . 5, 900 1, 255 2, 145 127, 636 0. 64 0. 58 July . «33, 000 1, 131 4, 800 295, 152 1.49 1.29 August . 2,605 839 1, 204 74, 034 0. 37 0. 32 September . 10, 542 825 1, 373 81, 693 0.41 0. 37 October . 20, 218 1, 131 1, 856 114, 125 0. 58 0. 50 November . 14, 620 1,251 2, 260 134, 470 0. 68 0. 61 December . 8, 855 1, 469 2, 365 145, 424 0. 72 0. 63 a Estimated. List of discharge measurements made on Staunton River at Clarksville, Virginia. No. Date. Hydrographer. Meter num¬ ber. Gage height (feet). Area of section (square feet). Mean velocity (feet per second). Discharge (second"- f'eet). 1 1895. Oct. 3 C.C. Babb . 29 0. 07 550 0. 97 533 2 Oct. 28 . do . 76 0. 28 659 1.31 861 3 Dec. 5 . do . 62 0.61 917 1.25 1, 151 4 1896. April 22 E. W. Mvers . 21 3. 43 1, 256 1.58 1,971 5 May 26 . do . 21 3. 20 1, 401 1.39 1,956 6 July 15 . do . 21 4.70 1, 890 2. 25 4, 252 7 Sept. 15 A. P. Davis . 68 2. 00 723 1.03 748 46 PROGRESS OF STREAM MEASUREMENTS FOR 1896. Rating table for Staunton River at Clarksville, Virginia. Gage height. Discharge. Gage height. Discharge. Ga«je heignt. Discharge. Gage height. Discharge Feet. Sec. feet. Feet. Sec. feet. Feet. Sec. feet. Feet. Sec. feet. 0.00 685 2 '20 3, 395 5. 50 11,475 8. 80 20,800 —0. 10 630 2. 30 3, 575 5. 60 11,750 8.90 21, 100 —0. 20 580 2. 40 3, 760 5. 70 12, 025 9.00 21,400 — 0. 30 535 2. 50 3, 950 5. 80 12, 300 9. 10 21, 700 —0. 40 500 2. 60 4, 150 5. 90 12, 575 9. 20 22, 000 — 0. 50 470 2. 70 4, 370 6. 00 12, 850 9. 30 22, 300 — 0. 60 440 ' 2.80 4, 600 6. 10 13, 125 9.40 22, 600 — 0. 70 410 2. 90 4,850 6.20 13,400 9. 50 22, 900 — 0. 80 380 3. 00 5, 100 6. 30 13, 675 9. 60 23, 200 —0.90 350 3. 10 5, 350 6. 40 13, 950 9. 70 23, 500 —1.00 330 3. 20 5, 600 6.50 14. 225 9. 80 23, 800 0.00 685 3.30 5, 850 6.60 14, 500 9. 90 24, 100 0. 10 745 3. 40 6, 100 6. 70 14, 775 10.00 24, 400 0. 20 820 3.50 6, 350 6. 80 15, 050 10. 10 24, 700 0. 30 900 3. 60 6, 600 6.90 15, 325 10. 20 25, 000 0.40 980 3.70 6, 850 7.00 15, 600 10. 30 25, 300 0. 50 1, 065 3. 80 7, 100 7. 10 15, 890 10. 40 25, 600 0. 60 1, 160 3.90 7,350 7.20 16, 180 10. 50 25, 900 0. 70 1, 255 4. 00 7, 600 7.30 16, 370 10. 60 26, 200 0. 80 1,350 4.10 7, 850 7. 40 16, 660 10.70 26,500 0. 90 4. 20 8, 100 7. 50 16, 950 10. 80 26, 800 1.00 1, 560 4.30 8, 350 7. 60 17, 240 10. 90 27, 100 1. 10 1,680 4. 40 8, 600 7. 70 17, 530 11.00 27, 400 1.20 1, 810 4.50 8, 850 7.80 17, 820 11.10 27, 700 1.30 1,950 4.60 9, 100 7.90 18, 110 11.20 28, 000 1.40 2, 095 4.70 9, 350 8.00 18, 400 11.30 28, 300 1.50 2, 240 4.80 9, 600 8. 10 18, 700 11.40 28, 600 1.60 2, 395 4. 90 9, 850 8.20 19, 000 11.50 28, 900 1.70 2, 555 5. 00 10, 100 8.30 19, 300 11.60 29, 200 1.80 2,715 5. 10 10, 375 8.40 19, 600 11.70 29, 500 1.90 2,880 5.20 10, 650 8.50 19, 900 11.80 29, 800 2. 00 3, 050 5. 30 10, 925 8.60 20, 200 11.90 30, 100 2. 10 3, 220 5. 40 11, 200 8.70 20, 500 12. 00 30, 400 DAVIS.] ROANOKE RIVER. 47 Estimated monthly discharge of Staunton River at Clarksville, Virginia. [Drainage area, 3,450 square miles.] Month. Discharge in second-feet. Total in acro-feet. Run-off. Maxi¬ mum. Mini¬ mum. Mean. Depth in inches. Second- feet per sq uare mile. 1896 February . 19, 660 1, 852 4, 554 261, 946 1.42 1.32 March . 16, 554 1, 852 3, 084 189, 635 1.02 0. 89 April . 23, 890 1, 732 3, 990 237, 405 1.28 1. 15 May . 7, 325 916 2, 240 137, 737 0. 75 0. 65 June . 5, 450 680 1,608 95, 682 0. 52 0. 46 July . a36, 000 823 3,611 222, 040 1.20 1.04 AlIgUBt . 2, 459 635 860 52, 881 0.28 0. 24 September . 3, 899 645 1, 150 68, 425 0. 37 0. 33 October . 19, 900 892 1,620 99, 614 0.54 0. 47 November . 14, 005 1, 023 1, 979 117, 850 0. 63 0. 57 December . 5, 125 1,245 2, 008 123, 472 0. 67 0. 58 a Estimated. NEAL STATION ON ROANOKE RIVER. The gage on this stream is on the Norfolk and Carolina Railroad bridge near Neal, North Carolina. The zero of the gage rod is over the center of the fourth door beam of the second span from the north end of the bridge. The distance from the zero of the rod to the outer rim of the pulley is 2.47 feet, and the distance from the end of the weight to the pointer on the wire is 44.66 feet. The section is a fairly good one, the course of the river being straight for some distance above and below the station, and the bottom smooth, but being muddy it is apt to cut out in seasons of high water. Both banks are also liable to overflow. The observer is W. M. Adams, Neal, North Carolina. The seven discharge measurements given in the table are the basis for the construction of a rating table for this station. The record of daily gage heights for 1896, from July 27 to December 31, is found in Water- Supply and Irrigation Paper No. 11, page 15. 48 PROGRESS OF STREAM MEASUREMENTS FOR 1896. List of discharge measurements made on Roanoke River at Neal, North Carolina. Date. Hydrographer. Meter number. Gage height (feet). Area of section (square feet). Mean velocity (feet per second). Discharge (secona- feet). 1896 1 July 27.. E. W. Myers ... 2154 7.05 3, 152 1.53 4,849 2 Sept. 7 . . . do . 2154 1.31 2, 148 1.21 2,610 3 Dec. 19 .. .do . 2154 11. 60 5,214 1.76 9, 180 1897 4 Jan. 23.. E. W. Myers . . . 2154 12. 65 5, 551 2. 37 13, 155 Feb. 27 . . . do . 2154 27.95 44, 666 1.44 64, 132 6 Mar. 17. . . do . 2154 24.71 31.590 1. 19 37, 659 7 May 17. . . do . 2154 18.40 7, 240 2. 65 19, 219 Rating table for Roanoke River at Neal, North Carolina. Gage height. Discharge. Gage height. Discharge. Gage height. Discharge. Gage height. Discharge. Feet. See. feet. Feet. Sec. feet. Feet. Sec. feet. Feet. Sec. feet. 0.00 2, 200 2. 70 2,995 5.40 4,015 8. 10 5, 790 0. 10 2,210 2. 80 3, 030 5. 50 4,060 8.20 | 5,880 0. 20 2,220 2.90 3, 065 5. 60 4,105 8.30 5, 970 0. 30 2, 230 3.00 3, 100 5.70 4, 150 8. 40 6, 060 0.40 2, 245 3.10 3, 135 5.80 4,200 8.50 6, 150 0. 50 2, 265 3.20 3, 170 5.90 4, 250 8.60 6,240 0.60 2, 285 3. 30 3, 205 6.00 4,300 8. 70 6, 330 0. 70 2,310 3.40 3,240 6. 10 4, 350 8. §0 6,420 0. 80 2,335 3.50 3,275 J 6. 20 4, 400 8.90 6, 510 0.90 2, 365 I 3. 60 3, 310 6. 30 4, 450 9. 00 6, 600 1.00 2,400 3.70 3, 345 6. 40 4, 500 9. 10 6, 690 1.10 2, 435 3. 80 3, 380 6. 50 4, 555 9. 20 6, 780 1.20 2, 470 3. 90 3, 415 6.60 4, 610 9. 30 6, 870 1.30 2, 505 4.00 3, 450 6. 70 4, 665 9.40 6, 960 1. 40 2, 540 4. 10 3, 490 6.80 4, 720 9. 50 7,050 1.50 2, 575 4. 20 3, 530 6.90 4, 775 9. 60 7, 140 1.60 2,610 4. 30 3, 570 7.00 4, 850 9. 70 7, 230 1.70 2,645 4.40 3,610 7. 10 4, 925 9. 80 7, 320 1.80 2, 680 4.50 3, 650 7. 20 5, 010 9. 90 7,410 1.90 2, 715 4.60 3, 690 7. 30 5, 095 10.00 7, 500 2.00 2, 750 4. 70 3, 730 7.40 5, 180 10. 10 7, 600 2. 10 2, 785 4.80 3, 770 7. 50 5, 265 10.20 7,700 2. 20 2, 820 4.90 3,810 7. 60 5,350 10. 30 7, 800 2. 30 2, 855 5.00 3, 850 7. 70 5, 435 10. 40 7, 900 2. 40 2,890 5. 10 3, 890 7. 80 5, 420 10. 50 8,000 2. 50 2,925 5. 20 3, 930 7. 90 5, 510 10. 60 8, 100 2. 60 2,960 5. 30 3, 970 8. 00 5,700 10. 70 8,200 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT PART IV PL. II to CAROLINA DRAINAGE MAP. DAVIS.] ROANOKE RIVER, 49 Rating table for Roanoke River at Neal, North Carolina — Continued. Gage height.’ Discharge. Gage height. Discharge. Gage height. Discharge. Gage height. Discharge. Feet. Sec. Feet. Feet. Sec. Feet. Feet. Sec. Feet. Feet. Sec. Feet. 10. 80 8,300 15.20 13, 905 19. 50 21, 160 23. 80 33, 740 10. 90 8, 400 15.30 14, 060 19.60 21, 600 23. 90 34, 140 11.00 8, 500 15. 40 14, 215 19.70 21,820 24.00 34, 550 11.10 8, 600 15. 50 14, 370 19. 80 22, 040 24. 10 34, 970 11.20 8,710 15. 60 14, 525 19.90 22, 270 24. 20 35, 400 11.30 8, 820 15.70 14, 680 20.00 22, 500 24. 30 35, 840 11.40 8,930 15. 80 14, 835 20.10 22, 730 24.40 36, 290 11.50 9,040 15. 90 14, 990 20. 20 22, 970 24.50 36, 750 11.60 9,150 16. 00 15, 150 20. 30 23, 220 24. 60 37, 220 11.70 9, 260 16. 10 15, 310 20. 40 23, 470 24.70 37, 700 11.80 9,370 16.20 15, 470 20. 50 23, 720 24. 80 38, 190 11.90 9,485 16. 30 15, 630 20. 60 23, 970 24. 90 38, 690 12.00 9,600 16.40 15, 790 20. 70 24,220 25. 00 39, 200 12. 10 9,715 16. 50 15, 950 20. 80 24, 480 25. 10 39, 720 12. 20 9,830 16. 60 16, 110 20. 90 24, 740 25.20 40, 250 12. 30 9, 950 16. 70 16, 270 21.00 25, 000 25. 30 40, 790 12.40 10, 070 16. 80 16, 430 21.10 25, 260 25.40 41, 340 12. 50 10, 190 16.90 16, 590 21.20 25, 520 25.50 41, 900 12. 60 10, 310 17. 00 16, 750 21.30 25, 780 25. 60 42, 460 12. 70 10, 430 17. 10 16, 910 21.40 26, 050 25. 70 43, 030 12. 80 10, 550 17. 20 17, 070 21.50 26, 320 25. 80 43, 610 12. 90 10, 670 17. 30 17, 235 21.60 26, 590 25. 90 44, 200 13. 00 10, 800 17. 40 17, 400 21.70 26, 860 26. 00 44, 800 13. 10 10,930 17. 50 17, 565 21.80 27, 140 26. 10 45, 420 13. 20 11,060 17. 60 17, 730 21.90 27, 420 26. 20 46, 060 13. 30 11, 190 17.70 17, 895 22. 00 27, 700 26. 30 46, 730 13. 40 11, 325 17. 80 18, 060 22. 10 27, 990 26. 40 47, 430 13. 50 11, 460 17. 90 18, 225 22. 20 28, 280 26. 50 48, 170 13. 60 11, 595 18. 00 18, 400 22. 30 28, 580 26.60 48, 950 13.70 11, 730 18. 10 18, 575 22.40 28, 880 26. 70 49, 770 13.80 11, 870 18. 20 18, 750 22.50 29, 190 26. 80 50, 630 13. 90 12, 010 18.30 18, 930 22. 60 29, 500 26. 90 51, 540 14.00 12, 150 18. 40 19, 120 22. 70 29, 810 27.00 52, 500 14.10 12, 290 18. 50 19, 310 22. 80 30, 130 27. 10 53, 500 14.20 12, 430 18.60 19, 500 22. 90 30, 460 27.20 54, 500 14.30 12, 570 18.70 19, 690 23.00 30, 800 27. 30 55, 600 14.40 12, 715 18.80 19, 890 23. 10 31, 140 27. 40 56, 700 14.50 12, 860 18. 90 20, 090 23. 20 31, 490 27. 50 57, 900 14.60 13, 005 19.00 20, 300 23. 30 31, 840 27. 60 59, 100 14. 70 13, 150 19.10 20, 510 23. 40 32, 200 27. 70 60, 400 14.80 13, 300 19. 20 20, 720 23. 50 32, 570 27. 80 61, 700 14. 90 13, 450 19. 30 20, 940 23. 60 32, 950 27. 90 63, 000 15.00 13, 600 19. 40 21, 380 23. 70 33, 340 28.00 64, 300 15. 10 13, 750 > 18 GrEOLj PT 4 - 4 50 PROGRESS OF STREAM MEASUREMENTS FOR 1896. Estimated monthly discharge of Roanoke River at Neal, North Carolina. [Drainage area, 8,717 square miles.] _ C _ _ _ Discharge in second-feet. Run-off. Month. Maxi¬ mum. Mini¬ mum. Mean. Total in acre-feet. Depth in inches. Second-feet per souare mile. 1896. August . 4, 105 2, 750 3, 154 193, 933 0.41 0.36 September . 6, 510 2, 400 3,217 191, 424 0.41 0. 37 October . 39, 720 2, 890 9, 117 560, 586 1. 21 1.05 November . 23, 220 2, 890 5, 896 350, 836 0. 75 0. 68 December . 21, 820 3,415 7, 423 456, 425 0. 98 0. 85 TAR, NEUSE, AND CAPE FEAR RIVERS. TARBORO STATION ON TAR RIVER. The gage on this stream is on the Atlantic Coast Line bridge that crosses the river at Tarboro, North Carolina, and was put in July 25, 1896. The zero of the gage is over the center of the fifth floor beam from the east end of the bridge. The outer rim of the pulley is 3 feet from the zero of the gage, and the distance from the end of the weight to the pointer on the wire is 38.30 feet. The gage reading is zero when the weight touches the bottom of the stream. The river here is a little obstructed by sand bars, and the gage was put in here only temporarily and will soon be moved to the new steel county bridge which crosses about 100 yards above. The observer is E. II. Williams. Four discharge measurements were made in 1896, and three have been made in 1897, from which a rating table has been constructed, and discharges estimated, for 1896. The record of daily gage height for 1896, from July 26 to December 31, is given in Water-Supply and Irrigation Paper No. 11, page 15. List of discharge measurements made on Tar River at Tarboro, North Carolina. No. Date. Hydrograplier. Meter number. Gage height (feet). Area of section (square feet). Mean velocity (feet per second). Discharge (second- feet) . 1 1896. July 25 E. W. Myers . . . 2154 4. 35 1,061 1. 85 1, 963 2 Sept. 5 . do . 2154 0. 43 225 1. 67 376 3 Sept. 17 A. P. Davis _ 68 4. 51 1,081 2. 12 2, 294 4 Dec. 17 E. W. Myers . . . 2154 13. 20 3,676 2.35 8,651 5 1897. Jan. 23 E. W. Myers _ 2154 6.65 1,822 1.98 3, 520 6 Feb. 26 . do . 2154 13. 53 3, 489 2.32 8, 106 7 Mar. 15 . do - , . . . 2154 18. 13 5, 263 2. 46 12, 993 DAVIS.] TAR RIVER. 51 Rating table for Tar River at Tarboro, North Carolina. Gage height. Discharge. Gage height. Discharge. Ga